MCTGP Draft Workshop, WCOWMA conference 2015
Composting Toilet Guidelines and other Initiatives
Rupert Benzon Ministry of Health Health Protection Branch
Composting Toilet Initiative
• Concerns raised by stakeholders that option needed for ‘low flow’ systems • Approval to move forward with composting initiative granted by Ministry of Health in late 2014 • Composting Toilets to be an option for onsite (filing with Health Authority)
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Outcomes of Composting Toilet and greywater system Guidelines
• Enhanced understanding of composting toilets as an onsite alternative • Designs and installations suitable to site specific conditions • System designs which protect public health and the environment • Developments based on reduced water consumption footprint • ‘Outcome‐based’ – criteria for compost material and grey water quality. • Support of composting toilet applications through health authority filing process
Other Initiatives
• Review of Maintenance Bylaws as Tools for Onsite Management – Review what is being done across Canada – Develop principles or common elements – Goal to promote local government’s authority and potential role in maintenance
• ‘Ground Water at Risk of Pathogens’ document – Provides a framework for determining risk to drinking water supplies and disinfection requirements – Document and consultation process available at: www.health.gov.bc.ca/protect/dwconsult.html
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Recap of Accomplishments
• Version 3 Standard Practice Manual
• Training on SPM V3
Thank you!
Rupert Benzon Land Use Manager [email protected] (250) 952‐2128
Michele Gee Drinking Water/Wastewater Engineer [email protected] (250) 952‐1476
Mike Zemanek Director –Healthy Community Environments [email protected] (250) 952‐2372
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Composting toilet and greywater practice
WCOWMA Workshop 2015
Introductions
Ian Ralston ROWP Eng.L Ed Hoeppner ROWP
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Context and draft process
Manual of Composting Toilet and Greywater Practice (MCTGP) Early draft ASTTBC for Ministry of Health Ian Ralston, TRAX Timeline Consultation
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Technical group
Gord and Ann Baird Geoff Hill Ed Hoeppner Michael Payne Mike Seymour
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Purpose of the Manual
Standards and guidelines Filing approach For: Non water borne waste management Greywater systems Seasonal diversion systems Source separation systems
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Manual approach
Based on SPM, does not repeat SPM Split to standards and guidelines Separate rationale Performance objectives Appendices
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Basis for standards
Same approach as SPM Outcome (performance objectives) Rationale Where practical, builds on SPM standards Allow opportunity for innovation
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Filing under the SSR
Composting toilet systems On site burial of composting toilet residual organic matter Greywater systems Seasonal diversion systems for greywater sub surface irrigation
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Under the OMRR
Land application Possibly with simplified process
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BC Building Code
WC required by BCBC for Part 9 bldgs. Composting toilet as equivalent Generic wording for alternative solution Manual and rationale as support Approval rests with AHJ (local authority)
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MCTGP SOURCE SEPARATED WASTE SYSTEMS
Typical sanitary drainage and sewerage systems
Water closets for human waste Plumbing fixtures Combined sanitary drainage system To onsite sewerage system No intentional recycling of resources
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Ecosan
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Source separation
Water closets for human waste
Blackwater Plumbing fixtures
Greywater Separate sanitary drainage system To onsite separate sewerage systems Intentional recycling of some resources
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Composting toilets
Composting toilets for human wastes Plumbing fixtures
Greywater Greywater onsite sewerage system
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Composting toilet option
Non water borne system: Collection Conveyance Treatment (composting) Discharge
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Other separation options for human waste
Water borne sanitary drainage with:
Separation of feces and TP by filter
Or by centrifugal action (Aquatron) Ultra low flush toilets Vacuum toilets and collection
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Source separation options
Urine Brownwater Types of greywater:
Very Light Greywater
Laundry Greywater
Light Greywater
Dark Greywater Seasonal greywater diversion
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MCTGP PURPOSES
Why use a composting toilet?
Constraints for conventional system Water conservation Reduced volume for solid waste removal Recycling of organic matter and nutrients Life style choice
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Why use a greywater system?
Smaller sewerage system Irrigation to use water and nutrients
Water conservation in summer
Flexible seasonal options Life style choice
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Why use source separation?
Treatment and discharge designed for specific waste or wastewater type Reuse of nutrients from urine Reuse of water for irrigation
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MCTGP COMPOSTING TOILETS
Primary purposes
Safely collect and contain human waste Manage odors and prevent vector or human access during storage Manage leachate and safely discharge leachate or diverted Provide for safe and practical management of residual organic matter.
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Secondary objectives (e.g.)
Volume or mass reduction Stabilization for transport Stabilization and sanitizing for:
On site burial
On site land application
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A composting toilet system
Toilet pedestal
Collection and conveyance system
Composting processor
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Pedestal and inputs
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Collection or conveyance
Direct to processor To bucket or bin To dedicated bin processor Ultra low flush, or foam toilets Water borne with filtration or Aquatron Diversion of urine (improves process)
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Aquatron separator
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Compost filter
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Types of composting processor
Batch Continuous
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Composting
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Batch bins
Milkwood
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Batch bins
Milkwood 40
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Aquatron batch carousel
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Inclined floor continuous processor
Clivus Multrum 42
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Foam flush toilet
Water and soap 0.18 L water per flush No water trap (vent fan used)
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Continuous mouldering decomposition process
Clivus Multrum44
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The composting process
Aerobic Moist Warm May use worms or BSF larvae Often with additives
E.g. bulking agents
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Stabilization and sanitizing
Stability Maturity Pathogen removal
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Stages (typical batch)
Collection and addition Mesophilic phase Thermophilic phase Mesophilic cooling phase Curing phase
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Stages of composting
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Other potential phases
Pre-treatment
Microaerobic fermentation
Pasteurization
Drying toilet collection Continuous mouldering process May be followed by batch process Incineration
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Residual organic matter
Off site discharge On site discharge
Burial
Land application
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On site discharge
Process standards Documentation of process Testing of residual organic matter Burial standards (under SSR) Land application, professional, OMRR
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Batch sanitizing step
Process standards Documentation of process Testing of residual organic matter Burial standards (under SSR) Land application, professional, OMRR
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Batch curing or sanitizing steps
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Outcome based standards With documentation and testing
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MCTGP ON SITE BURIAL OF RESIDUAL ORGANIC MATTER
Process standards
Incineration Curing
Stabilizes
Long term curing = sanitizing Specific sanitizing steps
Still required stability (curing)
May reduce required curing time
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Batch sanitizing steps
Thermophilic step Pasteurization pH adjustment Urea addition
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Process monitoring
Documented monitoring Review by AP
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Material testing
Stability and maturity testing Quality standards By AP or under AP supervision
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Burial, follows SPM standards
Site and soil evaluation Vertical Separation and other standards per gravity standards Cover standard and no disturbance Loading rates
Based on SPM
Adjusted by factor
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MCTGP GREYWATER SYSTEMS
Source separated wastewater
Urine Composting toilet leachate Blackwater and brownwater Water separated from blackwater Greywater
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Urine
Low pathogen content Most of the nitrogen High phosphorous A person’s urine will fertilize approx. 80% of crop intake
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Composting toilet leachate
High strength (BOD close to sewage) Pathogens similar to septic tank effluent
High NH3 and salts Low volumes Some composting systems retain Combine with greywater or dark greywater
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Types of greywater
Dark grey = Kitchen Light grey = all but Kitchen
Very light grey = Bath, shower, hand basins
Laundry Total greywater:
High P content (~50% of total WW)
BOD ~50 – 60% of total
Flow ~60% of total
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Type Average BOD Fecal flow (mg/L) Coliforms (L/c/dy) Log10CFU/100mL
Light Grey 108 200 1 to 5
Dark Grey 12 1200 5 to 7.6
Blackwater 51 700
Sewage 171 420 5 to 7
Septic tank effluent 171 216 4 to 6 68
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Types of greywater system
All season Seasonal diversion Urine diversion Urine storage for seasonal use
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MCTGP URINE DIVERSION AND STORAGE
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Urine diversion
Waterless urinals Urine diverting toilets Urine diversion in CT pedestal Urine separation in CT conveyance
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Waterless urinals
New or retrofit Trap with oil Curtain valve
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Maintenance issues with liquid traps
Each urinal has two plastic insert pipes, which are removed to replace the blue blocking liquid (this liquid just drains to the sewer)
30 August 2006 in UNESCO-IHE 73 building after approx. 5 months of use
Low cost waterless urinal Urinal bowl viewed from underneath for South Africa and beyond
(minimal maintenance required) Supplier: Addicom, see detailed info on next 3 slides Price: approx. $100
Addicom EcoSmellStop device (ESS)
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Ernst waterless urinal (at a camping park in Switzerland)
This painted-on fly improves men’s aiming (don’t laugh, it’s true!)
Same EcoSmellStop device as Addicom 76 (previous slide)
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Advantages and disadvantages of rubber tube/curtain vs. oil based odour control systems
. Advantages:
Quick and easy to clean
Does not need frequent and costly replacement of blocking fluid
Can be inspected without losing blocking fluid
Much less likely to develop hard blockages . Disadvantages:
May need regular manual cleaning
Rubber tube may loose elasticity over time and need replacement (but low cost)
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Urine diverting toilet
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Urine diverting seat for composting toilet pedestal
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Urine storage
~ sterile with 6 months at 20 C Store and fertigate Dilute 1 urine : 10 water or greywater Or urine can just be combined with the all season greywater system
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Urine fertigation
Subsurface To diversion system mulch basins To other seasonal sub irrigation system Standards provided
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MCTGP GREYWATER SYSTEM STANDARDS
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Adjusted standards
Adjust SPM standard by multiplier DDF Septic tank size HLRs
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DDF adjustment
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Septic tank size
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All season greywater systems
Meet all standards of SPM Use adjusted design inputs Allows use of mulch cover for chambers
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Adapting dispersal systems
Subsurface Drip Dispersal for irrigation Sand lined beds Bottomless sand filters as planter beds Shallow or at grade chamber systems
Mulch cover standard
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Irrigation demand growing season only
Diversion systems Zoned systems Water addition in summer Forest irrigation in winter
Aquifer recharge
Nutrient benefit
Nutrient risk also…
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Seasonal diversion
Light greywater only Small, residential only Most standards per SPM Summer season VS, no summer LLR Must have alternate discharge
Sewer
Onsite system Direct subsurface discharge
Mulch basins and branched drains
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Diversion of light greywater
Y valve Sliding gate valves Backflow risk management Labeling Divert during rainfall events
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MCTGP TECHNIQUES FOR SUB IRRIGATION
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Mulch basins and branched drains
Gravity dispersal, splitting flows using splitter tees To shallow basins with mulch Can use chambers for the basins Maintenance (including cleaning chambers and replacing mulch) will be needed
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Oasis branched drain
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Oasis branched drain
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Splitter
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Branched drain and mulch
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Tipping D-BoxMulch basin with chambers, low HLR
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Sub irrigation mulch basin
To sand media or soil with chambers
All systems
Basin, “trench” or “bed”
Consider risk from rainfall input
Direct discharge OK for seasonal diversion To mulch media with chambers or other enclosures
Small flow residential seasonal diversion only
Direct discharge OK
Partial treatment in mulch
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Mulch basin layout Allison Bailes http://www.energyvanguard.co m/blog-building-science-HERS- BPI/bid/38249/How-to-Install- a-Branched-Drain-Greywater- System-in-a-Green-Home
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Branched drains to all season system
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Discharge to soil with blinding layer
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Chambers under mulch only. All season system
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Clivus Multrum greywater illustration, chamber system
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Mulch infiltrative surface (small flow residential seasonal diversion only)
Mulch standard Based on performance Similar to sand mound loading
High HLR to mulch
Minimum mulch depth
Basal area HLR
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Small mulch basins with mulch infiltrative surface
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Dosed mulch basin.
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Subsurface drip dispersal
Good option for subirrigation where using combined wastewater stream Flexible, easy application to varying zones Meet SPM standards Not for direct application, Type 1 pre- treatment at minimum
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Subsurface drip dispersal- further cautions
Use tubing and components designed for Wastewater and for subsurface use Essential to maintain unsaturated conditions
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URS New Zealand
Employee Presentation 3-00 - p 114
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Installing around greens in stage 2
Employee Presentation 3-00 - p 115
Tee – installed in 1 day (URS)
Employee Presentation 3-00 - p 116
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Long term Irrigated vs. Non-Irrigated
URS
Planter bed systems
Adaptation of bottomless sand filter Meet SPM standards Not for direct application, Type 1 pre- treatment at minimum Design for irrigation and fertigation objectives
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Precast Planters Combined Wastewater Treatment
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Cast in Place Planter Combined Greywater Treatment
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Seasonal Evapotranspiration
Not in Manual so far Design recognizing ET for seasonal diversion systems Or for summer use only sites Or with pump and haul in winter
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Questions?
Ian Ralston Eng.L.
250-246-4774 [email protected]
Ed Hoeppner ROWP
250-335-2037 [email protected]
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