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© in This Web Service Cambridge University Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03763-2 - Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c. AD 600–1150: A Comparative Archaeology Christopher Loveluck Index More information Index Aachen Alan Barbetorte, Count of Brittany, 335 Carolingian palace, 115, 119 Alan the Great of Brittany, 136 rotunda palatine chapel of Charlemagne, Al-Andalus, 115, 123, 183, 204 225 Albon (Dauphiné), donjon, 245 Aalborg, 313 Alchred of Northumbria, 175 Aarhus, 313 Alcuin of York, Abbot of St Martin of Tours, abacus, 258, 321 177, 179 Abd-al-Rahman III, caliph of Al-Andalus, 233 Aldfrith of Northumbria, sceattas of, struck Aberlemno, 262 between AD 685 and 705, 190 accounting, 117 ale, 252 activity zones, 60 Alfred the Great of Wessex, 22, 25, 180, 343 Ada, wife of Wibert, Count of Aquitaine, 215 concepts behind burhs, 343 Adalbero of Laon, 22 pilgrimage to Rome, 344 Adémar of Chabannes, 233 Al-Hakkam, caliph of Al-Andalus, 233 Adinkerke (West Flanders), coin finds, 193 Al-Idrisi, Moroccan-born geographer working administrative towns, 302 in Sicily for Roger II, between c. 1138 Adomnàn of Iona, 20 and 1154, 323 Adriatic Sea, 20 alienable exchange, 19, 206 Adur, River, 354 allod holders, 23, 36, 42 Ælfgar, king's thegn, 267 Alps Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham, 22, 128, 207, 258, foothills, 289 277, 319 mountains, 20 Ælfric's Colloquy, 207 Alsace region, 73 aerial photographs, 76, 83, 130 Altfrid, Life of St Liudger, 179 Æthelfrith of Bernicia and Northumbria, 170 Altofonte (Sicily) Æthelred the Unready, King of England, 353 courtyard palace of Roger II, 247 Æthelstan, King of England, 335, 344 hunting park, 248 Æthelstan, son of Æthelred the Unready, 268 Amazon rainforest, 157 Æthelwald Moll of Northumbria, 175 Amiens Æthelwulf of Wessex, 121, 354 mint, 156 father of Alfred the Great, 344 town, 69, 71 pilgrimage to Rome, 344 anchorages, 153 Africa, north, 201 ancillary buildings, 60 Agde, Council of, in 152 Andenne ware, 253, 347. See also pottery agency Andone (Charente) of social change, 7–8, 12, 27, 29 castrum, castle, 226, 233 for village formation, 284 ceramic hunting horn, 265 agriculture crossbow trigger mechanism, 266 in and on peripheries of townscapes, 168 discs from hauberk or byrnie, 269 Aidan, Abbot of Lindisfarne, Bishop of the enamelled disc brooch, 255 Northumbrians, 170 angel sculptures, 176 aisled buildings, See buildings Angers Aisne, River, 10 burgus Andecavensis merchant community, valley, 201 333 433 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03763-2 - Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c. AD 600–1150: A Comparative Archaeology Christopher Loveluck Index More information 434 Index Angers (cont.) purchasing or being granted rural estates, comital and episcopal foci, 333 302 development of the town, 333 specialist, 4, 14, 72, 277 market places, 334 Asia, 120 monasteries central, 121, 123, 309 Ronceray, 334 Asia Minor, 122 St Aubin, 334 astrolabe, 258, 321 St Nicholas, 334 Atcham (Shropshire), settlement, estate centre, port landing places, 334 130 replacement of bridge across the River Atlantic Approaches, 196, 198 Maine in stone, 334 Atlantic Ocean, 142, 146 suburbium civitas, 334 fringes, coast, 92, 96, 103–4, 106, 108, 168 Via triumphalis of Fulk Nerra, 334 maritime networks, 143, 203–4, 320 Anglo-Saxon merchants, 153, 174, 179 maritime zone, 203 Anglo-Scandinavian towns, 277 salt trade, 194, 320 animal husbandy, specialist, 186 slave trade, 320 annexes. See buildings Attigny (Aisne), Carolingian palace, estate anthropological theories, 6, 12, 15–16, 18 centre, 115, 118 Antonine Wall, 120 Auberoche, 250–1 anvil, 143 Augustinian mission, 112 Apostle pillars, 176 Augustinians, the, 301 aqueducts, 115 Augustus Caesar, 233 Aquitaine aula, 136. See also hall Dukes of, 233 authority, public, 218 region, 221 Avar invasions, 15 Arab conquests, 14–15, 19 Avenum, merchant quarter of Orléans, 168 arabic numerals, 258, 321 Avranches (Manche), donjon, 227 Arctic, 180, 256 Avre, River, 225 Arculf, 20 axes, 195, 289 Ardenne forest, 220 axial plan, 126, 132, 134 Argentan (Orne), prospering of peasants on urban fringe, 338 Badorf ware, 117, 125, 193, 195 aristocracy, 10–11, 95, 99, 124, 128, 191–2, See also pottery 199 Baie de Bourgneuf, 179 aristocrats, 45, 68, 75, 114, 221 bailey, 220 households of, 206 courtyard, 222 lifestyles of, 166 ring-work ramparts, 222 Arles, (Bouches-du-Rhône) mint, 119 balances, See exchange armour, 134, 255, 286, 289, 315 Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, 259 chain-mail, 266–7 Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, 356 greave (leg guard), 269 Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders, 270 iron discs sewn on to leather, 266 Ballinderry 2 crannog (Co. Offaly), 142 mailcoats, 267, 269 Baltic Sea, 15, 181 scale, 266, 269 Bamburgh (Northumberland), fortified centre, Arnau Mir de Tost, Catalan aristocrat, 252, 255 Northumbrian royal centre, 144, 170 arrowheads, 90, 266, 289 Bangor (Gwynedd), Romanesque cathedral, artificer, 349 238 artisans, 4, 17, 19, 22, 25, 28, 118, 142, 153, 158, Bantham Ham (Devon), beach landing place, 168, 174, 205–6, 211–12, 232, 257, 302, market, seasonal settlement, 201 310, 316, 328, 333 Barcelona holding public offices, 302 Catalan County of, 160 households of, 206 cathedral and episcopal palace complex, 108, migration to towns, 312 160 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03763-2 - Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c. AD 600–1150: A Comparative Archaeology Christopher Loveluck Index More information Index 435 comital residence, 160 billhook, 93 excavations of cathedral and episcopal bipartite estates, 9–10, 36, 42–3, 124, 141 complex, 156 Birsay (Mainland, Orkney), settlement, estate Barking Abbey (Essex), monastery, 137 centre, central place, 95, 142 barley, 67, 77, 92, 94–5 bishoprics based at monasteries in northern barrow, 62, 94, 103 See also burial mound Britain, 170 barter, 210 bishops, 21, 108, 155, 162–3, 169, 171 Barton Bendish (Norfolk) of Amiens, 225 five manors in 1066, owned by freemen and British, 170 a freewoman, 279 of Cologne, 225 loosely nucleated village, 279 of Llandaff, 291 basse-cour, See bailey of Orléans, 336 Bay of Biscay, 54, 194, 202, 353 of Selsey, 200, 279 Bayeux Tapestry, 263, 269 of Tongres–Maastricht–Liège, 159 beach landing sites, 183, 189 bishops' palaces, 246 beacon fortifications, 221 Bishopstone (Sussex) beaked whale, 90 courtyard plan, 279 bear, 166 estate centre, manorial centre, 199–200, 279 bear claws, 117 bison, 132 bear-skin cloak, 117 Black Death, the, 360 brown, 255 black rat, 309 bearing of arms, 289 Black Sea, 101 Beaugency (Loiret), donjon, castle, 231 blackberry, 67 Beaulieu-les-Loches (Indre-et-Loire), black-burnished ware, 184, 188, 193 monastery of, 234 See also pottery Beaumont (Oxford), palace, 245 Blair, John, 85, 171 Beaumont-sur-Oise (Val-d'Oise), donjon, Blois (Loir-et-Cher), château, discs from castle, 231 hauberk or byrnie, 269 Beaumont-sur-Sarthe (Sarthe), donjon, castle, boar, 47, 55, 67–8, 94, 117, 132, 166, 252, 289 228 boats, 146 beaver, 166 log, 182 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, 178 Boethius, 22 behavioural settings, 361 bog iron, 97 bells, 208, 278 Bökelnburg (Schleswig-Holstein), ringfort, used by travellers to announce their 220 presence, 208 bone- and antler-working, 70 belt buckle sets, 102–3 Bookland, 36, 85, 141 Belvoir, castle of the Knights Hospitaller, Boos (Seine-Maritime), cemetery, 44 257 Bordeaux Benedict III, Pope, 121 mint, 194 Benedict Biscop, 113 port, town, 204 Benedictine reforms, 114, 120, 176, 234 region around, 107 Benedictine rule, 271, 298 Borg (Lofoten Islands, Norway), chieftain's Beowulf, 178 settlement, estate centre, 304 Berbers, 15 boroughs, 25, 330, 352, 358 Bernard of Clairvaux, 300 founded in border regions, 358 Bertram II de Verdun, 223 judicial definition of a town, 352 Beverley (East Yorkshire) rural villages with a market and sometimes a horticulture, dark earth, 165 mint, 358 Lurk Lane, monastery, 137, 189 rural villages with urban status, 352 Biddle, Martin, 20 Bosham (Sussex), 352 Biéville-Beuville (Calvados), settlement, estate estate centre, 200 centre, 110, 202 harbour, 200 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03763-2 - Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c. AD 600–1150: A Comparative Archaeology Christopher Loveluck Index More information 436 Index Boston (Lincolnshire), town, 77 multicelled wooden, 111 Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) post-hole foundations, 77 lighthouse, town, 115 post-in-trench foundations, 77 port, 178 replacement of, 60 Bourras (Nièvre), Cistercian monastery, 299 spatial organisation of, 41, 46–7, 49, 59, 62, Boves (Somme) 221 Cluniac priory, 225 standing, 5 estate centre, castle, 225, 239 sunken featured, 62, 89–90, 126 Bovigny, 140 Buiston crannog (Ayrshire), 123 Bowcombe (Isle of Wight), settlement, bulk goods, 16, 19, 204 metalwork scatter, market?, 200 burgenses, 330 bows and arrows, 266 burgesses, 9, 23–4, 200, 260, 313, 330, 352, 354, Bramford (Suffolk), settlement, 81 358 Brebières (Pas-de-Calais), settlement, 33 acting as drivers for royal hunts, 260 Breedon-on-the-Hill (Leicestershire), angel status of, 24 sculpture, 176 burghal forts, 221 Breteuil (Sarthe), double-ring-work castle, burghal ports, role in procuring silver for 239 coinage, 345 Brevium Exempla, 134 burgus Sancti Martini, Tours, 154 bridges, 168, 218 burhs, 25, 218, 344 on pilgrimage routes, 219 agricultural households, 348 Bridlington (East Yorkshire), monastery, 189 archaeological character, 344 Bristol aristocratic landowners purchasing urban Benedictine priory of St James, 353 haga estates, 348 development of the port town, 352 artisan and merchant populations, 348 Romanesque stone town-house, 327 defences bronze, 319 Hereford, Oxford, Stafford, 346 brooches, 143, 156 of shire central places, 345 disc, 226 Worcester, extension of Roman enamelled, 255 earthworks, 346 Domburg type, 196 horticulture and agriculture within walled penannular, 97 circuits, 347 pewter disc, 354 moneyers working in, 348 safety-pin type, 97 refurbishment of Roman walled circuits, small equal-armed, 196 London, Winchester, Rochester, 346 Bruges relationship of burghal ports to rural development of the town, c.
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