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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03763-2 - Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c. AD 600–1150: A Comparative Archaeology Christopher Loveluck Index More information

Index

Aachen Alan Barbetorte, Count of Brittany, 335 Carolingian palace, 115, 119 Alan the Great of Brittany, 136 rotunda palatine chapel of Charlemagne, Al-Andalus, 115, 123, 183, 204 225 Albon (Dauphiné), donjon, 245 Aalborg, 313 Alchred of Northumbria, 175 Aarhus, 313 Alcuin of York, Abbot of St Martin of Tours, abacus, 258, 321 177, 179 Abd-al-Rahman III, caliph of Al-Andalus, 233 Aldfrith of Northumbria, sceattas of, struck Aberlemno, 262 between AD 685 and 705, 190 accounting, 117 ale, 252 activity zones, 60 Alfred the Great of Wessex, 22, 25, 180, 343 Ada, wife of Wibert, Count of Aquitaine, 215 concepts behind burhs, 343 Adalbero of Laon, 22 pilgrimage to Rome, 344 Adémar of Chabannes, 233 Al-Hakkam, caliph of Al-Andalus, 233 Adinkerke (West Flanders), coin finds, 193 Al-Idrisi, Moroccan-born geographer working administrative towns, 302 in Sicily for Roger II, between c. 1138 Adomnàn of Iona, 20 and 1154, 323 Adriatic Sea, 20 alienable exchange, 19, 206 Adur, River, 354 allod holders, 23, 36, 42 Ælfgar, king's thegn, 267 Alps Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham, 22, 128, 207, 258, foothills, 289 277, 319 mountains, 20 Ælfric's Colloquy, 207 Alsace region, 73 aerial photographs, 76, 83, 130 Altfrid, Life of St Liudger, 179 Æthelfrith of Bernicia and Northumbria, 170 Altofonte (Sicily) Æthelred the Unready, King of England, 353 courtyard palace of Roger II, 247 Æthelstan, King of England, 335, 344 hunting park, 248 Æthelstan, son of Æthelred the Unready, 268 Amazon rainforest, 157 Æthelwald Moll of Northumbria, 175 Amiens Æthelwulf of Wessex, 121, 354 mint, 156 father of Alfred the Great, 344 town, 69, 71 pilgrimage to Rome, 344 anchorages, 153 Africa, north, 201 ancillary buildings, 60 Agde, Council of, in 152 Andenne ware, 253, 347. See also pottery agency Andone (Charente) of social change, 7–8, 12, 27, 29 castrum, castle, 226, 233 for village formation, 284 ceramic hunting horn, 265 agriculture crossbow trigger mechanism, 266 in and on peripheries of townscapes, 168 discs from hauberk or byrnie, 269 Aidan, Abbot of Lindisfarne, Bishop of the enamelled disc brooch, 255 Northumbrians, 170 angel sculptures, 176 aisled buildings, See buildings Angers Aisne, River, 10 burgus Andecavensis merchant community, valley, 201 333 433

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03763-2 - Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c. AD 600–1150: A Comparative Archaeology Christopher Loveluck Index More information

434 Index

Angers (cont.) purchasing or being granted rural estates, comital and episcopal foci, 333 302 development of the town, 333 specialist, 4, 14, 72, 277 market places, 334 Asia, 120 monasteries central, 121, 123, 309 Ronceray, 334 Asia Minor, 122 St Aubin, 334 astrolabe, 258, 321 St Nicholas, 334 Atcham (Shropshire), settlement, estate centre, port landing places, 334 130 replacement of bridge across the River Atlantic Approaches, 196, 198 Maine in stone, 334 Atlantic Ocean, 142, 146 suburbium civitas, 334 fringes, coast, 92, 96, 103–4, 106, 108, 168 Via triumphalis of Fulk Nerra, 334 maritime networks, 143, 203–4, 320 Anglo-Saxon merchants, 153, 174, 179 maritime zone, 203 Anglo-Scandinavian towns, 277 salt trade, 194, 320 animal husbandy, specialist, 186 slave trade, 320 annexes. See buildings Attigny (Aisne), Carolingian palace, estate anthropological theories, 6, 12, 15–16, 18 centre, 115, 118 Antonine Wall, 120 Auberoche, 250–1 anvil, 143 Augustinian mission, 112 Apostle pillars, 176 Augustinians, the, 301 aqueducts, 115 Augustus Caesar, 233 Aquitaine aula, 136. See also hall Dukes of, 233 authority, public, 218 region, 221 Avar invasions, 15 Arab conquests, 14–15, 19 Avenum, merchant quarter of Orléans, 168 arabic numerals, 258, 321 Avranches (Manche), donjon, 227 Arctic, 180, 256 Avre, River, 225 Arculf, 20 axes, 195, 289 Ardenne forest, 220 axial plan, 126, 132, 134 Argentan (Orne), prospering of peasants on urban fringe, 338 Badorf ware, 117, 125, 193, 195 aristocracy, 10–11, 95, 99, 124, 128, 191–2, See also pottery 199 Baie de Bourgneuf, 179 aristocrats, 45, 68, 75, 114, 221 bailey, 220 households of, 206 courtyard, 222 lifestyles of, 166 ring-work ramparts, 222 Arles, (Bouches-du-Rhône) mint, 119 balances, See exchange armour, 134, 255, 286, 289, 315 Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, 259 chain-mail, 266–7 Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, 356 greave (leg guard), 269 Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders, 270 iron discs sewn on to leather, 266 Ballinderry 2 crannog (Co. Offaly), 142 mailcoats, 267, 269 Baltic Sea, 15, 181 scale, 266, 269 Bamburgh (Northumberland), fortified centre, Arnau Mir de Tost, Catalan aristocrat, 252, 255 Northumbrian royal centre, 144, 170 arrowheads, 90, 266, 289 Bangor (Gwynedd), Romanesque cathedral, artificer, 349 238 artisans, 4, 17, 19, 22, 25, 28, 118, 142, 153, 158, Bantham Ham (Devon), beach landing place, 168, 174, 205–6, 211–12, 232, 257, 302, market, seasonal settlement, 201 310, 316, 328, 333 Barcelona holding public offices, 302 Catalan County of, 160 households of, 206 cathedral and episcopal palace complex, 108, migration to towns, 312 160

Index 435

comital residence, 160 billhook, 93 excavations of cathedral and episcopal bipartite estates, 9–10, 36, 42–3, 124, 141 complex, 156 Birsay (Mainland, Orkney), settlement, estate Barking Abbey (Essex), monastery, 137 centre, central place, 95, 142 barley, 67, 77, 92, 94–5 bishoprics based at monasteries in northern barrow, 62, 94, 103 See also burial mound Britain, 170 barter, 210 bishops, 21, 108, 155, 162–3, 169, 171 Barton Bendish (Norfolk) of Amiens, 225 five manors in 1066, owned by freemen and British, 170 a freewoman, 279 of Cologne, 225 loosely nucleated village, 279 of Llandaff, 291 basse-cour, See bailey of Orléans, 336 Bay of Biscay, 54, 194, 202, 353 of Selsey, 200, 279 Bayeux Tapestry, 263, 269 of Tongres–Maastricht–Liège, 159 beach landing sites, 183, 189 bishops' palaces, 246 beacon fortifications, 221 Bishopstone (Sussex) beaked whale, 90 courtyard plan, 279 bear, 166 estate centre, manorial centre, 199–200, 279 bear claws, 117 bison, 132 bear-skin cloak, 117 Black Death, the, 360 brown, 255 black rat, 309 bearing of arms, 289 Black Sea, 101 Beaugency (Loiret), donjon, castle, 231 blackberry, 67 Beaulieu-les-Loches (Indre-et-Loire), black-burnished ware, 184, 188, 193 monastery of, 234 See also pottery Beaumont (Oxford), palace, 245 Blair, John, 85, 171 Beaumont-sur-Oise (Val-d'Oise), donjon, Blois (Loir-et-Cher), château, discs from castle, 231 hauberk or byrnie, 269 Beaumont-sur-Sarthe (Sarthe), donjon, castle, boar, 47, 55, 67–8, 94, 117, 132, 166, 252, 289 228 boats, 146 beaver, 166 log, 182 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, 178 Boethius, 22 behavioural settings, 361 bog iron, 97 bells, 208, 278 Bökelnburg (Schleswig-Holstein), ringfort, used by travellers to announce their 220 presence, 208 bone- and antler-working, 70 belt buckle sets, 102–3 Bookland, 36, 85, 141 Belvoir, castle of the Knights Hospitaller, Boos (Seine-Maritime), cemetery, 44 257 Bordeaux Benedict III, Pope, 121 mint, 194 Benedict Biscop, 113 port, town, 204 Benedictine reforms, 114, 120, 176, 234 region around, 107 Benedictine rule, 271, 298 Borg (Lofoten Islands, Norway), chieftain's Beowulf, 178 settlement, estate centre, 304 Berbers, 15 boroughs, 25, 330, 352, 358 Bernard of Clairvaux, 300 founded in border regions, 358 Bertram II de Verdun, 223 judicial definition of a town, 352 Beverley (East Yorkshire) rural villages with a market and sometimes a horticulture, dark earth, 165 mint, 358 Lurk Lane, monastery, 137, 189 rural villages with urban status, 352 Biddle, Martin, 20 Bosham (Sussex), 352 Biéville-Beuville (Calvados), settlement, estate estate centre, 200 centre, 110, 202 harbour, 200

436 Index

Boston (Lincolnshire), town, 77 multicelled wooden, 111 Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) post-hole foundations, 77 lighthouse, town, 115 post-in-trench foundations, 77 port, 178 replacement of, 60 Bourras (Nièvre), Cistercian monastery, 299 spatial organisation of, 41, 46–7, 49, 59, 62, Boves (Somme) 221 Cluniac priory, 225 standing, 5 estate centre, castle, 225, 239 sunken featured, 62, 89–90, 126 Bovigny, 140 Buiston crannog (Ayrshire), 123 Bowcombe (Isle of Wight), settlement, bulk goods, 16, 19, 204 metalwork scatter, market?, 200 burgenses, 330 bows and arrows, 266 burgesses, 9, 23–4, 200, 260, 313, 330, 352, 354, Bramford (Suffolk), settlement, 81 358 Brebières (Pas-de-Calais), settlement, 33 acting as drivers for royal hunts, 260 Breedon-on-the-Hill (Leicestershire), angel status of, 24 sculpture, 176 burghal forts, 221 Breteuil (Sarthe), double-ring-work castle, burghal ports, role in procuring silver for 239 coinage, 345 Brevium Exempla, 134 burgus Sancti Martini, Tours, 154 bridges, 168, 218 burhs, 25, 218, 344 on pilgrimage routes, 219 agricultural households, 348 Bridlington (East Yorkshire), monastery, 189 archaeological character, 344 Bristol aristocratic landowners purchasing urban Benedictine priory of St James, 353 haga estates, 348 development of the port town, 352 artisan and merchant populations, 348 Romanesque stone town-house, 327 defences bronze, 319 Hereford, Oxford, Stafford, 346 brooches, 143, 156 of shire central places, 345 disc, 226 Worcester, extension of Roman enamelled, 255 earthworks, 346 Domburg type, 196 horticulture and agriculture within walled penannular, 97 circuits, 347 pewter disc, 354 moneyers working in, 348 safety-pin type, 97 refurbishment of Roman walled circuits, small equal-armed, 196 London, Winchester, Rochester, 346 Bruges relationship of burghal ports to rural development of the town, c. 900–1150, 341 territories, 345 fortified residence/palace of Counts of shire central places, 344 Flanders, 224 as model for Rouen?, 335 mint, 225 to shire towns, 347 refuge of Godwin and sons, 1050s, 342 urban artisans granted rural estates by buckles, 110 landed magnates, 348 Buckquoy (Mainland, Orkney), settlement, 95 urban pottery industries, 347 building, principal residential, 67, 80, 126, burial grounds, 60, 63, 140 See also cemetery; 130–1, 134, 136, 141, 145, 254, graves 275, 279 burial groups, 61 buildings burial practices, 100 with annexes, 130 diversity of, 140, 152 dry-stone footings/construction, 46–7, 80, in association with estate church/parish 85, 109–11, 145 church, 50 earth-fast timber construction, 51, 89, 105, burials 111, 126, 128, 188 in basilica and mortuary chapels, 103 masonry construction, 85, 111 furnished, 139, 201

Index 437

isolated, 38, 62, 65, 140 Carew (Pembrokeshire) Bury Bible, 323 Cross, 295 Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk) promontory castle, 295 monastery of, 324 takeover of Welsh estate centre, 295 urban growth around monastery, 355 Carisbrooke (Isle of Wight) Bussy-Saint-Georges ‘Les Dix-huit Arpents’ castle, 236 (Seine-et-Marne) shell keep, 242 church and cemetery, 62, 75 Carlton Colville (Suffolk), settlement, estate settlement, 58–9 centre, 85, 88–9 Bussy-Saint-Martin (Seine-et-Marne), 37 Carolingian emperors, 17, 19, 114–15, 119 butchery marks, 69 imperial architecture, 230 Buzenol (Belgian Lorraine), embryonic castle, imperial identity, 114, 120, 122 220 mausoleum at Saint-Denis, 232 byrnie, short mailcoat, 268 symbols of power, 232 Byzantine, 15, 101, 115, 121, 123, 230–1, 257, Carousel, Paris, evidence of horticulture, 169 309, 315 cart wheel, 52 coinage, 258 Carver, Martin, 104 emperors, 19 cash rents, 279 imagery used by the Ottonians, 233 cashel, See ringfort imperial symbolism, 116 castellum, 224 lead seal from Winchester, 258 Castelseprio (Varese), settlement, fortified master-builder, 233 centre, 106 merchants, 153, 179 Castle Acre (Norfolk), military recruitment in Anglo-Saxon Cluniac priory, 244 England, 258 manor house, donjon, castle, 243 Byzantine–Persian wars, 15 Castle Rising (Norfolk), 243 Byzantium, 119, 123, 232 Castlemartin (Pembrokeshire), ring-work castle, 295 Ca'Vendramin Calergi, Venice, castles, 28, 222 merchant–patrician's house, 252 built in burghal shire towns in England, 236 Cadiz, 204 defensive role, 222 Caerwent (Gwent), Roman town, central place, earth and timber, 293 estate centre, monastery, 151 embryonic, 220 Caesarea, Cathedral of St Peter, 259 at former royal estate centres in Britain, caliphs, 123 236 Callebaut, Dirk, 229 landscape settings, 222 ‘Camp de Péran’, Plédran (Côtes-d'Armor), manorial centres converted into small ringfort, 136, 216 castles, 244 canonical zone, Tournai, dark earth, 166 military role, 229 canons, 172 motte and ring-work castles, 238 Canterbury symbolic role, theatres of power, 222 Archbishops of, 187, 170 castrum, 167, 224 cathedral, Kentish royal centre, monasteries, cathedral group, 21, 108, 152, 155, 160, 167 112 cathedrals, 114, 152, 155, 172 Christ Church Cathedral, 172 Catholme (Staffordshire), settlement, 90 destination for lead from Peak District, cats, 96 187 cattle mint, 137, 175 age when killed, 125, 131 Romanesque stone town-houses, 351 principal domesticate consumed, 125, 128, St Peter and St Paul, monastery of, 172 131 Capetians, 222, 231–2 as a proportion of main domesticated capital cities, 25 livestock consumed, 47, 55, 68, 92, 94, Cardiff (Glamorgan), castle, 236 96, 106, 132, 136

438 Index

cattle (cont.) Charles the Simple, 216, 306 raised in coastal saltmarshes, 77, 183, 186 Charleville-Mézières (Ardenne), central place, rise in consumption of, c. 700–900, 69 town, 18 social value of, 93, 131 ‘Château des Fées’, Bertrix (Ardenne), Cemaes, 296 periodically used fortification, 215 cemeteries Château Gaillard ‘Le Recourbe’ (Ain), duration of use, 54 settlement, 34, 57–8 enclosed, in Ireland, 92 Château Thierry (Aisne) extramural, 151, 162 dark earth/terre noire, 164 multiple burial foci within settlements, estate centre, castle, town, 117 139–40 Cheapside, London, 316, 352 small, associated with farms/hamlets, Cheddar (Somerset), royal estate centre, 54, 81 minster, 86, 245 cemetery Chelles (Île-de-France) associated with mortuary chapel/funerary monastery, 120 church, 62, 65, 90, 109, 132 relics from, 19 barrow, 94 Chelsea, Council of, in 816, 176 enclosed, 94, See burials Chennebrun (Eure), borough, 360 Late Antique (fourth to fifth century), 160 Chepstow (Gwent), donjon, castle, 236 not associated with a chapel/church, 65 chess, played in elite and urban contexts, 257 parish, 65 chessmen, 221, 289 central Middle Ages, 25, 75, 312 Arab/Islamic-style non-figurative forms, 256 central places, 28 bone/antler, 256 Centre National d'Archéologie Urbaine, 333 hoard from the Isle of Lewis, 256 Ceolnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury, penny ivory and rock crystal, 256 coinage of, 175 Chessy ‘Le Bois de Paris’ (Seine-et-Marne) ceramics, See pottery graves/cemetery, 38 cereals, 42, 67, 76–7, 79, 81, 84, 93–4, 149, 182, mortuary chapel, 44 193, 290 settlement phases, 38 Ceresiacum,42 two-aisled building, 38 cetaceans, 211, 251 See also dolphins; Chester (Cheshire), 165 porpoises; whales chevaliers–paysans, 289 chain-mail, 269, 289 chevauchée, 269 chalk coastlines chickens, 47 of the Côte Opale, 178 Childeric grave, 104 of Kent, 178 China, 121 chamber buildings, 226 chopping blocks, 211. See also whale vertebrae champion landscapes, 284 Christendom, 3, 183 Channel, the, 15, 19, 33, 51–2, 55, 73, Christian epigraphic memorials, 102 83, 98, 119, 125, 178, 180–1, Christianisation of space, 155 196, 198 Christ-in-Majesty (Maiestas Domini)image,230 networks, 200 church Charavines-Colletière (Dauphiné) built in masonry, 18, 63, 151, 155 discs from hauberk or byrnie, 269 location within settlements, 63, 91, 111 fortifed farm, small estate centre, 287 mortuary church/chapel, 18, 44, 63, Charente, River, 54, 183, 195, 203 151, 155 estuary, 183, 194, 202 parish, 53, 65 Charlemagne, 111, 114–15, 118–19, 156, 177, timber, 112 233 replacement of, in stone, 64 Charles Martel, 120 Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 118 Charles the Bald, 44, 71, 95, 110, 118, 120, 122, churches 135, 150, 216, 218, 225, 331, 343 construction of, 61 Charles the Fat, 135, 218 monastic, 113

Index 439

church-wright, 349 coins, 20, 200 cider, 252 found by metal-detector, 83 cinnabar, 122 in graves, 139 Cirencester (Gloucestershire) Colchester dark earth, 165 donjon, 236 urban growth around monastery, 355 Romanesque stone town-houses, 351 Cissbury (Sussex), burghal fort, 221 town, 351 Cistercians, 271, 298 collection centre, 86 ironworkings, 292 Collège de France, Paris myth, 299 dark earths/terres noires, 165 Cîteaux (Côte-d’Or), Cistercian monastery, 298 settlement activity, 167 civitas, 154 Cologne Clairvaux (Aube), Cistercian monastery, 299 Cathedral, 103 clapper bell, 80 burials, 105 Clofesho, Council of, in 803, 176 ivory workshops, 256 cloisonné garnet, 144 town, 72, 79, 89 cloister, 111 colonica at royal palaces, 246 estates, 43, 141 Clonmacnoise (Co. Offaly), monastery, 104, Riniaco, 111 108 colonisation, 77 closure deposit, 278 and drainge of wetlands, 275 clothing fashion, 258 deforestation to create arable land, 275 colours of, for export, 310 of upland/mountain regions, 275 Cluniac order, 271 columns, 115, 233 Cluny (Saône-et-Loire) capitals, 115, 120 annual gifts of gold from kings of León- Comacchio (Ferrara), port, emporium, town, Castille and Navarre, 235 20, 183 monastery of, 234 comital residences, 106, 228 urban growth around monastery, 355 commercial revolution, the, 363 Cnut the Great of Denmark and England, 26, commodity production, specialist, 181 267, 271 communication corridors, 14, 82 coastal islands, 183 community, 7 margins, 178, 189 Compiègne (Oise) marshes, 183 Carolingian palace, estate centre, town, populations, transformation of world-view, 115 312 castellum, 331 producers, specialist, 206 development from Carolingian palace to regions, 182 town, 331 salterns, 201 estate centre, Carolingian palace, town, 114, seaways, 190 118–19, 150 societies, 18, 28, 180, 182, 194, 201, 361 rotunda palatine chapel of Charles the Bald, waterways, 73 225, 232 coasts, 4, 14, 16, 55, 77, 90, 93, 96, 182, 201 Conches (Eure), de Tosny lords of, 240 cod, 96, 186, 198, 202, 251 connectivity, 20, 28, 91, 97, 179, 181, 183 coinage between east and west, 259 gold, struck in Francia, 154 Conques (Aveyron), monastery of St Foy, as indicator of networks, 181, 189 235 minted under (archi)episcopal authority in Constantine the Great, 118 England, 83, 172, 175 consumer sites, 24 presence in coastal zones, 73, 186, 202, 361 consumption silver, on rural settlements conspicuous, 74, 85, 106, 110, 116, 128–9, in Francia, 71, 110, 117, 131, 139 132, 136, 139, 142, 145, 186, 249, use at estate centres, 134, 188 255, 277

440 Index

conspicuous public leisure, 259 of Blois-Champagne, 227 cooking, 60 of Champagne, 220 co-operation between rulers and mercantile of Flanders, 216, 229 interests, 328 of Maine, 223, 229 copper, 319 of Omois-Vermandois, 220 copper alloy, 97 of Poitou, 233 Coppergate excavations, York, 306, 309 of Toulouse, 235 ansate-type brooch, 310 of Verdun, 229 consumption of sturgeon, 313 of Vermandois, 225 Coppergate helmet, 267, 310 courtyard, 42, 46–7, 106, 110, 131, 134, 140, multiple ethnic influences on mercantile 226, 246–7, 279 households, 310 covered, at royal palaces, 246 riding gear, 310 ‘Cowage Farm’, Foxley (Wiltshire), settlement, silver-inlaid wooden saddle, 310 assumed estate centre, 130 weapons, 310 Cowdery's Down (Hampshire) wildfowling, falconry evidence, 313 principal building, 130 yellow silk bonnet, 310 settlement, estate centre, 86, 89, 112 Corbeilles (Loiret), ploughshare, 45 craft specialists, 19, 72, 85, 142, 208 Corbeny (Aisne), Carolingian palace, estate craft-working, 60, 126 centre, 118–19 cranes, 67, 94, 128, 166, 187, 207, 250, 255, Corbie (Somme) 263–4, 313 monastery, 148, 320 crannog, settlement on modified or artifical purchase of pepper and ginger from island, 106 Cambrai, 320 Craywick (Nord), settlement, 202 Corbridge (Northumberland), watermills, Crèvecoeur-en-Auge (Calvados) estate centre, monastery, 147 castle, 256 Córdoba, 115, 119 walrus ivory chessmen, 256 cathedral group, 108 crop processing, 42, 60, 86, 93, 149 Great Mosque/Mesquita, 233 Cross of St Cuthbert, 144 Mihrab of Great Mosque, 233 crossbow, 229, 263, 266 Cordovan leather, 255 bolt, 221, 289 Cordwainer Street, London, 322 quarrel, 266 Corfe (Dorset), castle, 236 crow, 67 coriander, 123, 211, 309 crucibles, 89, 91, 97, 111, 136, 142 See also non- cormorants, 96, 289 ferrous metalworking Corvey (Nord Rhein-Westfalen), monastery, Crundale, 295 120 Crusades Cottam (East Yorkshire), settlement, 83 First, 258 cotton, 258 Second, 26, 325 Cotton Collection of manuscripts, 178, 252, cullet, 205 263 cult houses, 107 Council cups, 252 of Agde, in 506, 152 curtis, 42, 134, 141 of Chelsea, in 816, 176 Cwmhir, 301 of Clofesho, in 803, 176 counters, for tables, nine-men's morris, merels, dalmatic, 121 256 Danelaw, the, 276, 282 countryside, 150, 177, 277 dark earth, 156, 162, 164, 167 Counts, 21, 152, 162 micromorphology of, 163 of Amiens, 225 ‘dark soil’, See dark earth of Angoulême, 226 David I of Scotland, 238, 241 of Anjou, 167 patronage of Cistercian houses, 301 of Barcelona, 235 de Cardiff family, 265

Index 441

deer, 67–8, 70, 95, 106, 117, 260 See also fallow Distré ‘Les Murailles’ (Maine-et-Loire) deer; red deer; roe deer greave (leg guard), 269 deer-hunting scenes on stone sculpture, 262 principal residential building from tenth ‘Deer Park Farms’, Glenarm (Co. Antrim), century, 286 settlement, rath, ringfort, 93, 148 settlement, estate centre, 131 Deheubarth, 297, 300–1 transformation of settlement character, 276, Demer, River, 48 287 demesne,10 dogs, 96 demise and transformation of emporia ports, dolphins, 128, 187, 199, 207, 251, 255 303 hunting of, 207 demographic evidence, from rural estate Domburg (Zeeland) centres and monasteries, 141 port, emporium, 204 demographic growth, 33, 81, 275, 334, 352 ringfort, 216, 305 dendrochronological dates, 146 Domesday Book, 68, 78, 291, 350, 352 denier, 125, 129, 136, 175, 187, 216 Domfront, 241 silver coin, 44, 71, 111, 156, 194. Dommelen (Kempen) See also coinage graves, 49 Deorman, London moneyer settlement, 49–50, 58 family of moneyers, 321 donjon-like gate towers, 243 granted rural estates by Edward the donjons, 167, 216, 222, 226, 241 Confessor and William the Conqueror, distribution by the early eleventh century, 322 227 merchant in spices and silks, 322 expression of state/public power, 224 monk at Bury St Edmunds, 1120s–1140s, masonry tower, 220 324 stone tower, 222 overseer of mint workshops, 322 symbol of lordship/public government, 225 deposit formation, 58 wooden tower, 222 designed landscapes, 24, 222, 239 Dorchester-on-Thames (Oxfordshire), Deule, River, 356 diocesan centre, 173 Develier-Courtételle (Jura), settlement, iron- Dordogne, River, 153 smithing, non-ferrous metalworking, Dorestad (Frisia) craft specialists, 72 ceded to Viking leader, Harold, 305 dice, 256, 289 mint, 168 dill, 123, 309 port, emporium, 16, 18, 49, 192, 204 dinar, gold coin, 120 provisioning of, 210 of the Fatimid caliphate in north Africa, 321 Dorney (Buckinghamshire), 126 Dinas Powys (Glamorgan), settlement, fortified settlement, market?, 210 centre, 106 Douai (Nord) Diocesan centres, 151, 153, 155, 158, 160, 162, Douayeul, agricultural suburb, brewery, 172, 174 356 in England portus, merchant quarter, 356 located at major estate centres, 343 settlement, estate centre, town, 164 located in former administrative Roman transformation of wooden hall to donjon, towns, 342 356 located in smaller Roman centres, 343 urban development of, 356 diocesan towns, 155, 158, 161, 168–9, 175, 330, wooden hall, motte, tower, 223 332 Doué-La-Fontaine (Maine-et-Loire) expansion in tenth and eleventh centuries, donjon, motte, castle, 223 332 palace of Counts of Blois, 223 refurbishment of walls, 218 stone hall (aula), 223 dioceses, 21, 152, 177 Dover (Kent) dirhems, Islamic silver coins, 203, 309 donjon, castle, 245 minted at Cordoba, Spain, 203, 320 port, 178, 198

442 Index

dream cities, 17 Edward I of England, 263 dress accessories, See jewellery Edward the Confessor of England, 200, 236, Driffield (East Yorkshire), modern town, 271, 342 Northumbrian royal estate, 84, 184, diplomatic links with Byzantine emperors, 188, 190 272 drinking horns, 252, 268 Edward the Elder of Wessex, 344 drinking vessels, 252. See also glass vessels Edwin of Northumbria, 171 dry-stone, 81. See also buildings Egypt, 266 footings, 106, 110, 145 Eifel, region, 52 rampart, 144 elderberry, 67 sill, 226 elephant ivory, 258, 265 Dublin elite Hiberno-Norse transformation of, 303 basis of elite status, 25, 100, 148 port town, 303 graves of the elite, 18 silk fragments from, 321 markers of elite identity, 3, 94, 100, 105, 107, ducks, 263, 289 141, 149 Dunadd (Argyll), settlement, fortified centre, settlement types, 33, 110, 131 95, 97, 106, 122, 142 as agents of social change, 4, 6, 12, 15 Dunbar (Lothian), fortified centre, approaches definition archaeologically, Northumbrian royal centre, 144 98–9 Dunfermline (Fife), monastery, Benedictine Christian burial practices, c. 500–700, 104 convent, 238 competition between landowning and Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, 271 merchant elites, 26 dye plants, 309 control of surpluses and exchange, 181 dyes, 123 ecclesiastical, 25, 107, 113 dyke building, 312 merchants acting on behalf of, 17 and drainage, 290 regional, 89, 97, 102 by the Counts of Flanders, 290 regrand variability, c. 500–600, 105 secular, 25, 107, 113, 122 Eadberht of Northumbria, 175 elite-led models, 74 ealdormen, renting monastic estates, 137 embedded exchange, 206 Eanbald I, Archbishop of York, 175 emirs, 19, 115, 123 Eanred II, Archbishop of York, 175 emporia, 16, 19, 153, 181, 183–4, 189, 204, Early Middle Ages, 13, 22, 152, 163, 169, 191, 207 334 provisioning of, 210 earth-fast foundation, See buildings emulative practices, 249 Easby, 176 Ename (East Flanders) East Garton (East Yorkshire), settlement, 189 donjon, 230 Eastry, 176 Our Lady, church of, 230 east–west trade, 258 polyfocal settlement, 229 Ebbo, Archbishop of Rheims, 155 riverside portus, 230 ecclesiastical institutions, 187 enamelled disc brooch, 255 ecclesiastical networks, 122 enclosures, 51, 77, 86, 91, 93, 95, 112, 119, 135, Ecgberht, Archbishop of York, 175 144 Edgar of England, 271 England, creation of Kingdom of, 344 Edgar the Ætheling, 238 enmottification, 223 Edict of Pîtres, 343 epigraphic monuments, 111, 113 Edinburgh (Lothian), settlement, fortified episcopal centres, 99, 150–1, 154, 170 centre, castle, 95 episcopal complexes, 108 Edith, wife of Edward the Confessor, sister of episcopal control Harold II Godwinson, 254 of minting coinage, 154 Edmund Ironside of England, 268 over pastoral care, 152

Index 443

over rural priests, 152 by merchants and artisans, 211 episcopal lifestyles, 166 duality of exchange, both for profit and on episcopal residences/palaces, 152 behalf of clients, 19 Erispoë of Brittany, 136 by merchant–peddlers, 210 estate centre(s), of metalworking skills for goods, 72, 208 burial at, 50 at monasteries, 85 in coastal zones, 183, 186, 199 at portus settlements, 174 consumption practices at, 129, 199 for profit, 6, 16 different kinds / functions of, 74, 75 roles of emporia ports, 180, 212 ecclesiastical, 99 of surpluses by freemen, 55 fortification of, 219–20, 222 transactions to procure luxuries and reflect households subordinate to, 12, 50, 78, 84 status, 85 problems of identification archaeologically, exchange networks 73, 85, 95 of coastal zones, 189, 192 regional diversity of, 48, 74 the Atlantic seaboard, 143 royal, 85–6, 112, 118, 150 the Channel and Southern North Sea, 52, estate(s), 71, 144 artisans as tenants on, 19 of diocesan towns, c. 600–900, 168 exploitation of marginal elements, 77, 83 of ecclesiastical elites, 108 fragmentation of large estates, 11–12 of emporia ports, 179 inventories of, 10, 134 of estate centres, 134 management of, 137 of the Frisians, 194 merchant/artisan acquisition of rural of major monasteries, 120 estates, 27 of merchants/artisans, 308–9 networks, 118, 188 of the northern British Isles, c. 600–800, provisioning from, 116, 118 97 renders, 78. See also taxation-in-kind between northwest Europe and structures, 79 indirectly with Central Asia, 120 territories, 141 the Islamic Middle East, 121 visibility in textual sources, 11 the Mediterranean, 15, 20, 120 Esterlings, merchants in London who paid tolls perceived to be linked to social status, 24 in pepper, 315 of river corridors, 71, 73 estuaries, 183 of secular elites, 108, 134 ethnogenesis, 100 of small farming communities, 42, 50, Everswell, within Woodstock palace 83–4 (Oxfordshire), 247 supporting specialist artisans, 72 Ewenny (Glamorgan), Benedictine priory built extramural monasteries, outside walled by de Londres family, 295 episcopal cores, 158 excavation areas, 57 extramural space, 151 exchange Eynsham (Oxfordshire) alienable exchange alongside inalienable monastery, 251 exchange, 19 transformation of settlement character, assumed elite control of, 16 276 at Carolingian palaces, 116, 117 in coastal zones, 55, 73, 183, 186, 192, 200, Faccombe Netherton, 278 203 fairs, 153 on the Atlantic/Bay of Biscay, 194, 202 falconry, 94, 125, 149, 166, 239, 259, 263, at estate centres, 74, 85 313 along major river corridors, 73 fallow deer, 250, 258, 262 media of exchange Far East, 3 coinage, 52 Fatimid north Africa, 247, 258, 265 ingots of bullion, 143 feast species, 252

444 Index

feasting, 117, 128–9, 132, 134, 166, 249, Forest 251, 290 of Conches-Breteuil (Eure), 240 feasting kits, 129, 186 of Dean (Gloucestershire), 245, 261 Fécamp (Seine-Maritime) tension between use for hunting, monastery, priory, 224 ironworking and ship-building, 292 palace of Dukes of Normandy, 224 of Ferrières (Seine-et-Marne), 276 Felix III, Pope, 151 of Gravenchon (Haute-Normandie), 239 fenland, 52, 78, 178, 182 forest law, 260 Fenland Survey, 184 forest societies, mixed social fabric, 292 Fens, the, 183–4, 291 foresters, specialist, 260 field systems, 38, 41, 59, 77, 80, 91 forests, 289 field-walking, 77 assarting of, 290 surface collections from, 52, 76, 83 as industrial landscapes, 261 figs, 318, 323 fortification, 220 First Crusade, 258 of bridgeheads, 218 fiscus,42 fortified walled enclosures, of Late Roman fish, 69, 96 towns, 151 gadid, 96 ‘Fossés du Roy’, 360 See also marine fish foundation of monasteries, 270–1 fish event horizon, 200 founder-burials, 63–4 Fishamble Street/Wood Quay excavations, Fountains (North Yorkshire), Cistercian Dublin, 306 monastery, 300 Fishergate, York, port, emporium, 174, 187–8, fowlers, 260 205 fox, 67, 166 fishermen, 128 Frankfurt, Carolingian palace, town, 115, 119 fishing, 193, 198, 354 Frankish merchants, 179 commercial, 200 Frederik Barbarossa, German emperor, 357 Fishtoft (Lincolnshire) free farmers, 11. See also free peasants; free location next to tidal creek, 79 proprietors salt production, 77, 184 free peasants, 11, 13–14, 23–4, 79, 193, 275, 289 settlement, 184 See also free proprietors Five Boroughs, the, 345 traders, 191 fjord-edge settlements, 196 free proprietors, 12, 27, 36, 42, 50, 65, 75, 78, Flanders 188, 202, 275, 282, 287, 290, 364 growth of urban/mercantile collective power, See also allod holders; free peasants 342 free status, 42, 55, 85 region, County of, 10, 48, 54, 183 freemen, 78–9, 279, 282, 291 flatfish, 166, 186, 251 freshwater fish, 166–7 flax, 42 Fresnay-sur-Sarthe (Sarthe), donjon, castle, Fleming, Robin, 348 228 Flemings, 24 Friesland, province of, Netherlands, 191 Flemish colonists, Pembrokeshire, 294, 358 Frisia, 107, 125, 129, 183, 189, 191 Flemish peasants, colonists in Pembrokeshire, region, 54, 73, 79, 107 294 Frisian, 17, 74, 82, 111, 144, 188, 203 Flixborough (Lincolnshire), 126 coastal area, 191 ploughshare, 45 dress accessories, 196 settlement, church, estate centre, monastery, maritime networks, 196 76, 88, 90, 183, 186 merchant colony, York, 179, 190 transformation of settlement character, 276 merchants, 153, 174, 179, 206 floor deposits, 129 sceattas, 194 flounder, 251 settlements, 70 Fontevraud (Maine-et-Loire), Plantagenet slave-trader, 178 family mausoleum, 272 trade, 196

Index 445

Frisians, 17, 192, 195 estate in London, 349 Fulk, Archbishop of Rheims, 155 town, 26 Fulk V, Count of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, viri probi/viri hereditarii, 339 259, 263 gift exchange, 16, 19, 181 Fulk Nerra, Count of Anjou, 227, 231, 334, 337 Gironde estuary, 194, 203 funerary chapels, See mortuary church Gisay-la-Coudre (Eure), cemetery, 44 funerary churches, See mortuary church Gisors (Vexin), shell keep, castle, 241 funnel beakers, 117. See also glass vessels glacier ice cores, 81 furnishings, internal, 254, 272 Glasgow, Romanesque cathedral, 238 furs, 67, 258 glass, 93, 319 fyrd, 11, 26 bead-making, 205 and gold tesserae, 233 gadids fish, cod, whiting, ling, 96 lamp, 71 Galinié, Henri, 21, 150 smoothers, See textile production gaming boards, 256 studs, 143 gannets, 96 tesserae, 117, 205 gardens, 239 window, 64, 117, 158, 275 Garonne, River, 153 glass vessels Garranes (Co. Cork), ringfort, 106, 142 at Andone, from the castrum, 255 Garryduff (Co. Cork), ringfort, 106, 142 assumption of social status linked to, 13, 48, gateway communities, 16, 20 55, 338 ‘Gauber High Pasture’, Ribblehead (North at Carolingion palaces, 117 Yorkshire), settlement, 80 at central places in northern and western Gaul, 106, 108 Britain, c. 600–800, 107, 143 Gauzlin, Abbot of Fleury, 232, 234 dating from the tenth to twelfth centuries, gazelles, 264 252 geese, 47 in diocesan towns, 167 Geldrop (Kempen), settlement, 49, 58 in emporia port households, 205, 212 gender, 7, 130 Flixborough, found in all residential Geneva buildings at, 131 cathedral group, 108 as grave-goods, 103 La Madeleine, church of, 155 at monasteries 111 geochemical surveys, 52 on rural estate centres, c. 600–900, 110, Geoffrey Martel, Count of Anjou, 227, 337 125–6, 134, 186, 286, 132 Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, 229 on rural settlements geophysical surveys, 52, 76–7, 83 in coastal zones, 52, 107, 186, 195–6, Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis), 296 361 Gerald of Windsor, 296 along major river corridors, 48, 55, 73 Gerard of Cambrai, 22 from western France, imported into western Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, 169 Britain and Ireland, 107 Ghent glassworking, 111, 117, 143, 158, 168 Blandinium, 338 Glastonbury (Somerset), monastery, 271 comital residence (aula), later ‘Castle of the Gloucester (Gloucestershire), St Peter's Abbey, Counts’, 339 265 development of the town, c. 850–1150, 338 grant of Ewenny Priory to, 295 donjon, Castle of the Counts, 229 goats, 47 fortified residence/palace of the Counts of goblets, 252 Flanders, later the Count's castle, 224 ceramic, 111 growth of merchant independence, 342 gods, 107 portus Ganda, 339 Godwinsons, the, 200 Romanesque stone town-houses, 327, 340 urban estates of, 348 St Bavo's Abbey, 120, 338 gold, 90, 93, 97, 119, 121, 125, 143–4, 153, 191, St Peter's Abbey, 338 193, 195, 235, 315, 319, 321

446 Index

gold (cont.) Groenewake (West Flanders), settlement, 53 from Al-Andalus and Byzantium, 258 group identity, 7 armrings, 267 grouse, 263, 313 bowls, 121 Grubenhäuser, 89, 105, 126, 144 coinage, 119, 154 See also sunken-featured buildings crown, 121 Gruffudd ap Cynan, Prince of Gwynedd, 238 decorated saddle and bridle fittings, 268 Gruffudd ap Rhys, 294 jewellery, 268 Gudme (Funen), polyfocal settlement, rural lettering, 122 central place, votive deposition, 107 from Mali, 321 Gumfreston, 298 plaques, 107 Guthrifsson family, 308 principal medium for purchase of land in Gwent levels, south Wales, 291 late Anglo-Saxon England, 319 Gwithian (Cornwall), settlement, beach reliquaries, 272 landing place, 201 and silver reliquaries, 272 vase, 252 habitus,7 gold-embroidered hangings, 254 haddock, 211, 251 gold-hilted swords, 101 Hadrian's Wall, 80, 120 goldsmiths, 362 Haillot (Namur), barrows, cemetery, 103 also acted as moneyers, 322 hair, worn long by men, 258 granted rural estates from 970s, 314 hall, 130, 145, 254 See also aula goldworking, 136, 255, 309 range, 279 Goltho (Lincolnshire) Hall, Richard, 309 redating of occupation sequence, 220 Hallum (Friesland), coin hoard, 195 ring-work, 220 Hamage (Nord) small castle, 244 dark earth/terre noire, 164 Gosberton (Lincolnshire), settlements, 77, 79, multi-celled building, 111 184 settlement, estate centre, monastery, 70, 110, goshawk, 94, 264, 293, 313, 351 139 gospel books, 272 St Eusébie, church of, 110 Goudelancourt-lès-Pierrepont (Aisne), St Pierre, church of, 110 settlement, 33 transformation of settlement character, 276 Govan sarcophagus (Strathclyde), incised Hamburg, ringfort, town, 219 sculpture showing deer hunting, 262 Hamerow, Helena, 85 Grado, Roman shipwreck, 205 Hamwic (Southampton), ‘Six Dials’, 205 graffiti, 111, 139 harbours, 196 granaries, See buildings hare, 47, 55, 67, 166, 252, 289 grand narrative models, 7 Harold I of England, 271 grapes, 318 Harold II Godwinson of England, 271, 342 seeds, 211 possession of a book on hunting, 261 grave-markers urban estates in London, 349 decorated, recumbent, St Mark, Wigford, usurpation of Steyning from Fécamp by Lincoln, 349 1066, 354 stone, 349 Hartlepool (Co. Durham), monastery, 104, graves, 18, 38, 40, 45, 47, 49, 62, 64, 90, 96, 100 112, 137 alignment, 35, 47 Harz Mountains, silver mines, 318, 332 north–south, east–west, 139 Hastings, port, town, 26 in cathedrals, 160 Hatch (Hampshire) grazing of livestock, in townscapes, 169 one-hide estate, 279 Gregory, Bishop of Tours, 152 settlement, 264, 279 Gregory the Great, Pope, 151 hauberks, 266, 269 Grentheville (Calvados), settlement, 58 ‘Haus Meer’ (Kreis Neuss), moated settlement, grey-burnished ware, 184, 193 See also pottery later a motte, 287

Index 447

Haverfordwest (Pembrokeshire), borough, 360 Hoddom (Dumfries and Galloway), monastery, hazelnuts, 67 137 hearths, internal, 111 Hodges, Richard, 15, 17, 180 Hedda stone, Peterborough (Cambridgeshire), Holton-le-Clay (Lincolnshire), settlement, 176 likely estate centre, 184, 188 Hedeby/Haithabu (Schleswig-Holstein) Hope (Derbyshire), estate centre, 260 pennies derived from series X ‘Wotan Hordain (Nord), mortuary chapel, cemetery, monster’ type sceattas, 304 103 port, emporium, port town, 304 Hordaland (Norway), 198 Hedon (East Yorkshire), planned port, founded Horn of Ulf, oliphant horn, Treasury of York by Stephen of Aumale, 358 Minster, 266 Heidinga, Anthonie, 191 Hørning (East Jutland) Heiric of Auxerre, 22, 25 silk from barrow burial beneath church, heirlooms, 267 313 Helias of La Flêche, Count of Maine, 228 stave church, 313 helmets, 104, 267, 269 horns, spangenhelm-type, 269 used by travellers to announce their Helmsley (North Yorkshire), manorial centre presence, 208 of Walter Espec, 300 horse-riding, 23, 68–9, 71, 132 Hen Domen, Montgomery (Powys), motte- horses, 77, 94, 96, 186, 259, 289, 315 and-bailey castle, 262, 293 horticulture, 21, 164, 168 Henry I of England, 24, 236, 241, 246, 270, 294, in former Roman townscapes, 151 299, 358 households patronage of the Cistercian order, 299 agriculture, within towns, 21 Henry II of England, 223, 243, 246, 259, 270, of coastal settlements, 77 272, 360 consumption practices of, 54 Henry III of England, 263 of dispersed farms, 42 Henry IV, Salian emperor, diplomatic links of emporia ports, 205, 212 with Byzantine emperors, 272 of free proprietors, 11, 83, 289 Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, 246 interior furnishing of aristocratic Hereford, burh defences, 218 households, c. 950–1150, 255 Hermalle-sous-Huy (Thier d'Olne) (Ardenne) of the milites social groups, 290 estate centre, aula, chapel, 135 urban, 364 settlement, 34 Hrolfr/Rollo, Count of Rouen, 306 herons, 94, 250, 263, 289 Hugh Capet of France, 118, 232 herringbone masonry, 226, 229 Hull, River, 184 herrings, 199, 207, 211, 251 Hulsel (Kempen) Heslerton Landscape project (North ploughshare, 45 Yorkshire), 13 settlement, 49 Hexham (Northumberland), 123 Humber, River, 175 monastery, 113 coastal region, 78 hierarchical relations, 55 estuary, 82, 128–9, 183, 186–7, 189 Higham Ferrers (Northamptonshire) Huns, 101 farmsteads, 276 hunting, 28, 67, 95, 117, 125, 128–9, 132, manorial estate in 1066, 276 141, 145, 149, 166, 207, 265, 275, 278, settlement, estate centre, 76, 86, 126 289 abandonment of, 276 dog, 143 high status, 12–13, 24, 48, 93, 98–9, 188, 279 horns, 265 hilltop forts, Late Roman, 215 parks, 239, 245, 263 Hilton of Cadboll (Inverness), sculpture trophies, 255 showing deer hunting, 262 huntsmen, specialist, 260 hinterlands, of ports, 181 Huy (prov. Liège) hobby, 264 central place, 18

448 Index

Huy (prov. Liège) (cont.) iron ore mining and smelting polyfocal settlement, town, Meuse valley, in forests of southern Champagne and 154 northern Burgundy, 261 in Forest of Dean (Gloucestershire), 261 Iberia, 107–8 iron-producing community, 72 Ibn Yaqub, tenth-century Arab geographer, iron smelting, 240 310 iron-smithing, 42, 70, 77, 89, 91, 97, 129, 137, Île-de-France, 10–11, 37, 70 186, 198, 255, 278, 338 Île-de-la-Cité, Paris iron tools, 255 fortified bridges protecting it, in 885, 218 ironworking, 70, 91, 107, 111, 309 Merovingian palace, Carolingian palace, Irthlingborough (Northamptonshire), Hotel Dieu, episcopal centre, 117, 167 settlement, Mercian royal estate centre, imperatores, 233 86 imperial Islamic caliphs, 19 buildings, 115 Islamic coins, See dirhems, dinars identity, 119, 233 Islamic Iberia, 123 itineraries, 118 Islamic Sicily, 265 symbolism, 122 Islamic West (Al-Andalus), the, 183 inalienable exchange, 19 Islamic world, 20, 309, 315 incense, 122–3 island-scapes, 196 India, 123 Isle of Wight, 200–1 Indonesia, 123 itinerant artisans, 153, 168, 208 Ingelheim (Rheinland-Pfalz) itinerant moneyers, 154 aqueduct, 115 ivory, 319 Carolingian palace, Ottonian palace, estate diptychs, 233 centre, 115, 118 Ivry-la-Bataille (Eure), donjon, 227 gold solidus of Charlemagne from palace, 119 Jarrow (Co. Durham), monastery, 113, 123, 130 Ingleborough (Norfolk), settlement, 77, 79, 184 Jau-Dignac et Loirac, ‘La Chapelle’ (Gironde), ingots, 136, 143 mortuary church, stone, mausoleum, moulds, 97 cemetery, 103 intermarriage Jedburgh (Borders), 301 between Norman elite and Welsh ruling Jelling (southeast Jutland), polyfocal families, 262 settlement, Danish royal centre, 195 between the Plantagenets, the Latin kingdom jerkins, 266 of Jerusalem and Norman Sicily, 259 Jerusalem inventories, 267 pilgrimage to, 266 Iona (Argyll) town, city, 19, 179, 266 diocesan centre, 170 jetty landing place, 190 monastery, 108, 170 jewellery, 83, 319 Ipswich (Suffolk) Jewish merchants, 153, 179 Buttermarket cemetery, 207 John of England, 246 mint for series R sceattas, 187, 209 Johnstown (Co. Meath), settlement, ringfort, port, emporium, town, 16, 79, 91, 184, 187 cemetery, watermill, 92 Ipswich ware, 78, 91, 137, 184, 186, 188, 190, Jumièges (Seine-Maritime), monastery, 234 208 See also pottery Irish Christianity, 170 Kamerlings Ambacht region (West Flanders), Irish merchants, 153 193 Irish Sea, 95, 107, 196, 203 Karlburg (Bayern), polyfocal settlement, Iron Age castellum, estate centre, monastery, 131 hillfort, 86, 220, 236 Katwijk (Holland), cemetery, 192 rath, 293 Kaupang (Oslo fjord, Vestfold), port, iron ore mine, 240 emporium, 195

Index 449

Keeston, 295 iconography, 176 Kempen, region, 48 Late Roman, 101 Kermes beetle, 122 later Middle Ages, 201 Kildonan (Kintyre), settlement, Dun, 97 Latin alphabet, 153 Kingsbury, Old Windsor (Berkshire), Latin kingdoms, 257 watermills, royal estate centre, 147 Lauchheim (Baden-Württemburg), kingship, 104 settlement, 49 Kingston-upon-Hull (East Yorkshire), town, 165 Launceston (Cornwall), shell keep, 242 kinship, 130 Lauwin-Planque (Pas-de-Calais), settlement, 58 Kirkdale (North Yorkshire), transformation of lava quern stones, 52, 89 settlement character, 276 See also Niedermending. Kirkstall (West Yorkshire), Cistercian Laws monastery, 300 of Cnut, 268 Kirkwall (Orkneys), Cathedral of St Magnus, of Wihtred of Kent, 208 238 Le Maho, Jacques, 156 knights, 23, 292 Le Mans (Sarthe), Romanesque cathedral, 235 Königslandschaften, 118 Le Roc de Pampelune ‘Argelliers’ (Hérault), Kosterijstraat (West Flanders), 52 settlement, estate centre, 111 settlement, 58. See also Sint Andries (West Le Yaudet-Ploulec'h (Côtes-d'Armor), Flanders) settlement, 43 Kuden (Schleswig-Holstein), ringfort, 220 lead, 179, 187, 203, 265 mining and smelting, within the Peak Forest La Chapelle-Saint-Aubert (Ille-et-Vilaine), (Derbyshire), 261 settlement, 37 seal of Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, Tours, La Crête (Aube), Cistercian monastery, 299 259 La Favara (Sicily), courtyard palace of Roger II, tanks, 188, 278 247 leadworking, 137 La Ferrière (Eure), 240 leatherworking, 89, 91, 198, 278 La Ferté (Essonne), Cistercian monastery, 299 Lebecq, Stéphane, 17, 182, 204 La Londe, near Rouen, pottery, 156, 174 Leffinge (West Flanders), terp, settlement, 53 La Panne (West Flanders), beach landing place, Leffinge–Oude Werf (West Flanders), 193 settlement, 193 La Trinité, Caen, monastery, 235 Leicester ladles, 252 castle, 223 Lagny-sur-Marne (Seine-et-Marne), 37 Earl of, 223 Lagore crannog (Co. Meath), 94, 106, 142 Leiderdorp (Holland), settlement, 58, 67, 69 lamb, 116 Leie, River, 338 lances, 266 leisure activities, 221, 255 land drainage, 312 Lejre (Sjælland), polyfocal settlement, central land routes, 311 place, 131 land tenure, 84 Leofric, Earl of Mercia, urban estate in landed wealth, 28 Worcester, 348 Landevennec (Finistère), monastery, 104, 120, leprosy, 286 202 Les Élites au Haut Moyen Âge, research project, landing places, 55, 146, 168, 174, 179, 183, 190, 5 195, 198, 200, 362 Lewes Priory (Sussex), 244 landing zones, 14 Lichfield Cathedral (Staffordshire), angel landscape settings, 28 sculpture, 176 Langeais (Indre-et-Loire), donjon, castle, 227 Liège, development from bishop's palace to Langenwurten, 193 town, 332 Langstone (Dorset), log-boat, 201 lifestyles Laon (Aisne), Carolingian palace, tower, 119 at Carolingian palaces, 116 Late Antiquity, 9, 15, 21, 107, 115, 160 at coastal estate centres, 186

450 Index

lifestyles (cont.) Locronan (Finistère) of conspicuous consumption, 106, 259 estate centre, 202 described in textual sources, 5 settlement, assumed estate centre, aula, in diocesan towns, c. 600–900, 167 chapel, 135 of elites, 113–14, 124, 126, 129, 249, 274 log-boats, 190, 201–2 of emporia port households, 205, 211 Loire, River, 10, 46, 54, 69, 101–2, 124, 141, 153 of production and consumption, 66, 99 estuary, 183, 194, 202, 210 urban, 20 Londinium (London), 172, 174 lighthouse, 115 London Lille (Nord), mercantile stimulus for urban capital city of kings of England from 1190s, growth, 356 329 Limerlé (Ardenne), barrow cemetery, 35, 103 Frisian slave-trader in, 178 Limfjord (Denmark), 304 growth of merchant independence and liminality, 178, 180–1, 183, 312 power, 342 Limogés (Haute-Vienne), monastery of St Jewish merchants, community of, 335 Martial at, 164 Lundenburh, 26 Lincoln lack of linked shire territory, 345 Romanesque cathedral of Remigius, 242 paramount mint in England by c. 1010, shell keep, 242 316 Lincolnshire sea marshes, 188 Lundenwic, halo of farming settlements on Lindisfarne (Northumberland) its periphery, 174 diocesan centre, 170 ‘Hare Court’, 205 monastery, 112, 170, 180 horse-breeding at, 210 linen, 255, 315 pig-breeding at, 210 ling, 96, 251 port, emporium, town, 16, 174, 182, 205 Lisbon provisioning of, 210 conquest of in 1147, 325 Royal Opera House excavations, 210 Scandinavian raiding of, 204 specialist butchers, 210 town, 26, 204 mint of the bishops, 175 Lisleagh (Co. Cork), settlement, ringfort, 92 paramount port town in England literacy, 85, 113, 137, 139 by c. 1000, 315 Little Island (Co. Cork), watermills, assumed polyfocal settlement, 174 monastery, 146 Poultry excavations, 349 Livroac'h (Finistère), settlement, 43 Romanesque stone town-houses of Lizy-sur-Ourcq (Seine-et-Marne), 265 merchants, 351 Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey (Gwynedd), St Paul's Cathedral, 170, 172, 236 settlement, estate centre, 95 shift from Lundenwic to Lundenburh, 305 Llandough (Glamorgan), cemetery, settlement, volatility of mercantile citizens in eleventh monastery, 104 century, 329 Llangors (Powys), crannog, silk thread, 258 longue durée,4,6,8 Llantrithyd (Glamorgan) lordship, 4, 9, 24, 28 hunting lodge?, 265 regional, 221 small ring-work castle, 262, 264 Lorsch (Hesse), monastery, 120 local lordship, 11, 23, 221 Lothar I, 122, 223, 331 local notables, 10, 28, 45, 50, 68, 89, 95, 99, 114, Lotharingia, 230 124, 221, 274–5, 279, 293 Loughor (Gower), motte-and-bailey castle, 262 emulation of the aristocracy by, 274 Louis VI of France, 231, 270, 355 fortified settlements of, 287 Louis the Pious, 42, 95, 111, 114, 118–19, 125, small castles of, 287, 292 155, 175, 233, 305 local power, 222 Louvre, the locator,24 Capetian royal castle in Paris, 223 Loch Glashan (Argyll), settlement, crannog, 106 round donjon, 223 Loches (Indre-et-Loire), donjon, castle, 227 low status, 13, 98

Index 451

Ludlow (Shropshire), donjon-like gate tower, marble, 115, 158, 233, 271 castle, 243 columns, at Cluny, 234 Lundenburh. See London marbles, 232 Lundenwic. See London marchands–paysans, 17, 75, 191 Lyminge (Kent), royal estate centre, monastery, Margam (Glamorgan) polyfocal settlement, 198 Cistercian monastery, 300 Lyon (Rhone) sculpture showing deer hunting, 262 ‘Rue des Chartreux’, settlement, hinterland Margaret of Scotland, 238 of Lyon, 47 marine fish, 166, 186, 198, 202, 211, 251 ‘Rue Pierre Audry’, settlement, hinterland of mariners, 129, 178, 182–3, 186, 188, 191, 194, Lyon, 46 202, 204 St Just, church of, 155 English, at St Simeon, Syria, in 1098, 325 St Laurent de Choulans, church of, 155 populations of, 206 town, 46, 48 maritime commerce, 302 maritime cultural landscapes, 183 Maastricht, maritime elite, 26 Late Roman castellum, town, Meuse valley, maritime networks, 97, 122, 146, 177, 187, 18, 154 195–6, 203 See also exchange networks mackerel, 199, 211 maritime-oriented societies, 25, 195, 206, 211, Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire), St Clément, church 303, 361 of, 155 market town and rural hinterland relationship, macro-level, 7–8 312 madder, 123, 309–10, 316 markets, 25, 27, 95, 192, 200, 210, 253, 316, Madelinus of Dorestad, moneyer, 195 333, 352 Magdeburg transactions, 71 Ottonian mint, 350 Marmoutier (Indre-et-Loire), monastery of St Ottonian palace, 119, 233 Martin at, 235 mailcoat Marne, River, 10 from convent of St Anne, Jerusalem, 269 Marsh Chapel (Lincolnshire), settlement, salt from museum of the Armenian Patriarch, production, 290 Jerusalem, 269 marshland, 33, 76–7, 178, 183, 289 Mainz martyr graves, 161 presence of spices, silks and Islamic coinage Masham (Yorkshire), 176 at, 320 masonry building, 85, 111–12, 145 town, 155 See also buildings; churches Mälaren region, 105 masons, 168 Malcolm III ‘Canmore’ of Scotland, 238 material culture, 6 managed ‘wild’ landscapes, 259 profiles, 8 Manorbier (Pembrokeshire) material wealth, 361 church of St James, 353 materiality, 361 donjon, hall-block, 296 Maxey-type wares, 78 manorial centres, 278 Mayenne (Mayenne), stone hall, donjon, castle, craft specialisation to support daily needs of 223 household, 278 McCormick, Michael, 19, 204 defensive enclosures, 282 Medemblik (West Frisia), port, emporium, masonry tower, 282 192, 204 unenclosed, 282 Medina-Azahara, near Córdoba, palace city, 233 wooden tower, 282 Mediterranean Sea, 3, 15, 19–20, 26, 46, 55, manorialisation, 11 107, 120, 153, 183, 201, 257 mansus, 10, 42 coast, 221 manuring, 89 eastern, 256 manuscripts, 5, 122 medlars, 67 illumination, 123 Meigle (Perth and Kinross), 262

452 Index

Melisende of Jerusalem, 259 Merovingian kings of Francia, 152 Melitus, Bishop of the East Saxons, 170 merrels, 289 Melle (Poitou-Charente) metal drinking vessels, 252 mint, 44, 168, 194 metal-detectors, 83, 200 Scandinavian raiding of, 204 metalwork scatters, 186, 200 silver mines, 168, 194, 203 metalworkers, specialist, 72 Mellier (Ardenne), Carolingian palace, donjon, metalworking tongs, 143 castle, 223 Metz (Moselle), town, Merovingian palace, 117 Melrose (Borders), Cistercian monastery, 301 Meuse, River, 18, 48, 53 memorialisation, 259 valley, 154 Menet-Puy-de-Menoire (Cantal), stone, ring- micro-level, 7–8 work castle, 233 Middelkerke (West Flanders), beach landing mental templates, 7–8, 17 place?, 193 Meols (Cheshire), beach landing place, trading Middle East, 3, 121, 257–8 site, 194 Middle Harling (Norfolk), 278 merchant-oriented societies, 25 middle Rhine region, 73 merchant–patricians, 230, 302, 365 middling ranks of society, 274 merchant–peddlers, 210 Midlands, region, 12 merchants, 4, 9, 14–15, 17–18, 22–3, 25, 28, migration to towns, 333 118, 122, 153, 168, 174, 177, 182, 189, Milan 191, 194, 205–7, 211, 230, 257, 277, 302, cathedral group, 108 308, 310, 328, 333 town, 106 ability to defend themselves, 206 Milfield (Northumberland), settlement, estate from Al-Andalus, 321 centre, 130 from Bristol, Southampton and Ipswich at military retainers, 221, 257, 287 conquest of Lisbon in 1147, 325 military role, 221, 286, 289 British/Breton, 153, 179 milites,9,23–4, 289, 292, 358 growing independence of, 302, 314 Milk Street excavations, London, 316 holding public offices, 302, 315 consumption of figs and grapes, 318 households, 206, 363 fragments of silk garments and silk brocade, importation of silver by, 318 316 independence of, 326 horn, 316 Irish, 153 mercantile and artisan households, 316 Jewish merchants from Al-Andalus trading Romanesque stone town-houses, 327, 351 with northern Europe, 321 vermilion pigment on oyster-shell palettes, from London trading with northen Spain, 323 321 millefiori rods, 143 martial reputation of London merchants, millwrights, 146, 148 318 mines, 72 mobile lifestyle, 311 lead, and possibly silver, Peak District, 187 Mozarabic merchants trading with northern minke whale, 97 Europe, 321 minsters, 85, 124, 171, 207 multiple ethnic influences on, 325 mint(s) origins of, 206 at boroughs, c. 1100–1150, 352 protection of by ruling authorities, 311 at Bruges, 225 purchasing or being granted rural estates, at burhs (shire central places), 25 302, 314 at Canterbury, 137, 175 Romanesque stone town-houses of, 327 at Carolingian palaces, 117 and transmission of new games, chess, tables at diocesan towns, 18 etc., 320 at Hamwic, 209 as urban landowners, 326 at Ipswich, 209 women as urban landowners, 326 at London (Lundenburh), 316 mercury, 122 at Orléans, 168

Index 453

at Quentovic, 168 moulds, 89, 91, 97, 136, 143. See also non- at Rouen, 205, 168, 332 ferrous metalworking at Steyning, 354 Moynagh Lough crannog (Co. Meath), 142 at Tours, 168 Mucking (Essex), settlement, 33, 76, 86 at York, 145 multiple burial foci, 139 of the Archbishops, 175 mutton consumption, 250 for series Y sceattas, 209 Miranduolo (Tuscany), estate centre, hilltop Namur, Late Roman castellum, central place, settlement, castle, 141 town, 18, 154 mixed farming economies, 67, 77 Nantes (Loire-Atlantique), port, town, 204 mobility, 206, 259 navigable river systems, 73 Molendorp (West Flanders), settlement, 51 Neath (Glamorgan), Savignac and later a monasteries, 48, 85, 99, 104, 108, 112, 114, 120, Cistercian monastery, 300 124, 126, 137, 150–1, 171, 177 Nendrum (Co. Down), monastery, 146 as burial foci, 113, 140 Nene, River, 79, 86 scriptoria, 121–2 Nest, princess of Deheubarth, 296 Mondeville (Calvados), settlement, 34, 57 netting, 125 moneyers, 154, 168, 195, 308, 314–15, 358, 362, of wildfowl, 260, 263 365 networks, 117, 152, 258. See also exchange of the port and burh of London, 316 networks; maritime networks; social Monkton (Pembrokeshire), 297 networks Monkwearmouth (Co. Durham), monastery, of Anglo-Saxon merchants, c. 950–1050, 319 113, 145 commercial, 26 Monreale (Sicily), 259 of estates, 275 Montarrenti (Tuscany), estate centre, hilltop river-based, 187 settlement, 141 Nevern (Pembrokeshire) Montbaron (Indre) motte-and-bailey castle, 296 discs from hauberk or byrnie, 269 takeover of Welsh estate centre, 295 settlement, protected by double ring-work, New Forest (Hampshire), 245, 260 287 Newbattle (Midlothian), 301 Montbazon (Indre-et-Loire), donjon, castle, Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine emperor, 233 227 Niedermendig, area near Cologne, quern- Montcy-Notre-Dame ‘Le Château-des-Fées’ stones from, 79, 89, 184 (Ardenne), motte, castle, 289 Ninch (Co. Meath), settlement, ringfort, Montebaro (Lombardy), palace, 106 cemetery, 92 Montfélix-Chavot (Marne), embryonic castle, nodal points, 182 castle, 220–1 nodes of exchange, 15 Montours (Ille-et-Vilaine), settlement, 37 Noirmoutier (Vendée), island, monastery, 179 Mont-Vireux (Ardenne), Late Roman non-ferrous metalworking, 70, 85, 89, 91, 97, castellum, early medieval fortified 107, 113, 129, 136–7, 143–4 settlement, 215 Nordic model of shifting settlements, 85 Morimond (Haute-Marne), Cistercian Norman Conquest monastery, 299 of England, 12, 78, 173, 222, 235 morphological diversity, 135 of southern Italy and Sicily, 247, 257–8 mortar mixer, 145 north Africa, 201 mortared stone, 132, 172, 226 North Elmham (Norfolk), diocesan centre, 173 mortuary church, 18, 45, 62, 151, 155 North Ferriby (East Yorkshire), beach landing mosaic production, 158 place, 189 Moselle, River, 50 North Newbald (East Yorkshire), market site?, Mote of Mark (Dumfries and Galloway), 175 settlement, fortified centre, 34, 95, North Sea, 15–16, 19, 33, 51–2, 55, 73, 82, 91, 106 98, 119, 178, 180–1, 196 motte, earth mound, 222 basin, 196

454 Index

North Sea (cont.) Oostende (West Flanders), beach landing exchange networks, 125, 204 place, 193 North Yorkshire Moors, 80 Oostkerke (West Flanders), settlement, 193 Northampton (Northamptonshire), palace, Oost-Souburg (Zeeland), ringfort, 216 estate centre, monastery, 86, 130 open-field system, 11, 41, 53, 90, 284, 364 northern Isles, 95 opus Anglicanum, 259 Norwich opus sectile, 115, 158, 232 annual render of a goshawk, prior to 1066, oratories, 44 260 orchards, 239 burh and regional territory, 345 Orléans eleventh-century occupation underneath bridge across the River Loire, 335 Norman castle, 350 burgus Avenum, extramural merchant French borough, 358 settlement, 336 Romanesque stone town-houses, 327, 351 Capetian royal mint, 336 Notre-Dame-de-Bondeville (Haute- development of the town, c. 900–1150, 335 Normandie), dark earth/terre noire, Jewish merchants, community of, 336 settlement, church, estate centre, mint, 168 priory, 164 monastery of St Aignan, 336 Notre-Dame-de-Gravenchon (Haute- polyfocal settlement, town, 168 Normandie), estate centre, ring-work Orne valley, 201 castle, designed landscape, 239 Orosius, 180 Nottingham, burh, shire-town, French orpiment, 122 borough, 358 Orwell, River, 16 Noyen-sur-Seine (Seine-et-Marne), log-boat, Osbern Bigge, thegn, urban estates in 202 Canterbury, 348 osteoarthritis, 140 oats, 67, 92, 94–5 Oswald, Bishop of Worcester, 348 obole, silver coin, 194 grants of rural estates to urban metalworkers Odilo, Abbot of Cluny, 234 and moneyer, 970s–990s, 348 Odo, Count of Champagne, 239 Oswald of Northumbria, 170 Offa of Mercia, 86, 119, 175, 177, 268 Oswiu of Northumbria, 170 Offa's Dyke, 120 Oswulf of Northumbria, 175 Ogmore (Glamorgan), small moated ring-work Otley (Yorkshire), 176 castle, small stone donjon near gate, Otto II, Ottonian German emperor, 331 294 Ottonian emperors, 233 Ohthere, Norwegian chieftain, merchant, 180 Ottonian imperial architecture, 230 oil, 319 Ottonian Romanesque style, 230 Oise, River, 10 Oudenburg (West Flanders), Late Roman valley, 201 castellum, settlement, 50 Olby (Puy-de-Dôme), estate centre, vicarial ovens, 60 centre, motte, castle, 134, 224 Oxford Old Sarum (Wiltshire) burh, shire town, 219 burghal fort, 221 decline of burh in immediate aftermath of castle, cathedral, bishop's palace, 236 Norman Conquest, 357 shell keep, 242 wooden bridge, 219 Old Winchelsea (Sussex), 352 oysters, 48, 167 development of the port town, 354 given to Benedictine abbey of Fécamp by packhorses, 210 Cnut in 1017, 354 Paderborn (Rhein-Westfalen) part of royal estate of Rameslie, 354 Carolingian palace, 115–16 oliphant horns, 265 palace glass workshop, 117 Oman, 122 Paffrath ware, See pottery Oostburg (East Flanders), ringfort, 216 pagan, 107

Index 455

pagani,45 peregrine falcon, 264 pagi, 150 Perpetuus, Bishop of Tours, 158, 173 Paie de Retz, 179 Petegem (East Flanders) palace–donjons, 227, 229, 236, 254 defences, ditches and palisade, 135, 219 palaces, 85, 105, 115, 117, 119, 150, 222 estate centre, aula, chapel, castle, 135 Carolingian, 114. See also estate centres Peterborough (Cambridgeshire), 176 palaeoclimatic data, 81 petit appareil masonry, 226, 230 palm cups. See glass vessels Peveril castle, Castleton (Derbyshire), 245 papacy, 114 Philip I of France, burial at Fleury, 232 papyrus, 20 Philippe Auguste of France, 222 paradigms, 5, 7 Philippe Guigon, 135 Paris Picardy, region, 10, 70 basin, 57 pigeons, 67 capital city of kings of France by eleventh pigs, 47, 68–9, 92–3, 96, 106, 116, 125, 128, century, 329 131–2, 136, 249, 289 Carolingian palace, 114, 117 husbandry in woodlands, 289 Merovingian palace, 105 pilgrimage, 20, 121, 168, 179, 258–9, 266, 270, St Geneviève, church of, 155 272, 333 town, 71 gifting of infrastructure on pilgrimage Parknahown (Co. Lois), settlement, ringfort, routes, 272 cemetery, 92 to Jerusalem, 273 parks, enclosed, 263 to Rome, 272 partridges, 47, 67, 252, 289 Pineuilh (Gironde), castle, 256 Pas-de-Calais, 201 Pingsdorf-type ware, 253, 320 See also pottery pastoral care, 171 Pippin II of Aquitaine, 95 patronage, 153, 177, 182 Pippin III the Short, 111, 120, 175, 187, 215, Paule (Côtes-d'Armor), cemetery, mortuary 223 church, 44 Pirenne, Henri, 14 Paulinus, Bishop of Northumbria, 170 pitched battles, rarity of, 270 Pavia, Anglo-Saxon merchants active in, 315 Pîtres, Edict of, 218 peacock, 251 Plantagenets, the, 218 Peak District (Derbyshire), 187 ploughshares, 44, 67, 93, 278 Peak Forest (Derbyshire), 260 plover, 263 peasant(s), 9, 26, 28 Po, River, 20, 183 colonisers, 25 transport corridor from Venice to Pavia, 315 peasantry Poggibonsi (Tuscany), estate centre, hilltop dynamism of, 9, 24 settlement, 141 the farming population, 22 Poitiers, palace of Counts of Poitou/Dukes of portable wealth of, 14 Aquitaine, 233 social complexity of, 11–13 pollen evidence, 67, 79–80, 92 pectoral cross, 144 polyfocal settlements, 107, 117, 149, 177, 338 peddler, 210 polyptychs, 10, 134 Pembroke (Pembrokeshire) Poncin ‘La Châtelarde’ (Ain), Roman villa, castle, 296 early medieval estate centre, 106, 141 earldom of, 24 ponies, 94 Pen-er-Malo (Morbihan), settlement, 43 Pont-de-l'Arche (Eure), fortified bridge, 218 Penmon (Anglesey), Benedictine priory, 238 Pontigny (Yonne), Cistercian monastery, 299 Pennine hills, 80 Poole harbour (Dorset), log-boat, 201 penny, silver coin, 136 population pepper, 123, 315 densities, 153 pepperers' guild, St Antonin, London, Church growth, 27, 328, 333 of, 322 pressure, 275 Perche region, Normandy, 72 porphyry, 115, 120, 139, 232–3, 248

456 Index

porpoises, 128, 207, 251 in coastal zones, 55, 195, 199, 361, hunting of, 207 193 Port Berteau (Charente-Maritime), shipwreck along river corridors, 55, 73 of clinker-built coaster, 203 Ipswich ware, 78–9, 91, 137, 184, 186–7, port towns, 26, 91, 137, 174, 190, 200, 202, 190, 208 302–3, 314, 328 La Londe ware, 156, 174 concentration of imported goods and Maxey-type wares, 78 services within, 303 Pingsdorf-type ware, 53, 253, 320 integration with rural hinterlands, Raqqa-type ware, 252 303 red-painted wares, 53 maritime exchange focussed on, 312 Stafford ware (formerly known as Chester populations, exotic tastes of, 211 ware), 253, 347 portable wealth, 14, 24–5, 28, 84, 99–100, 195, tablewares, 252 207, 211, 252, 267, 302, 311, 325, 357, Tating ware, 79, 117, 184, 196 361, 364 urban pottery industries, 347 Portchester Castle (Hampshire) from Vorgebirge region, Middle Rhineland, donjon, castle, 236 72 masonry tower, 282 Western French white/cream ware (E-ware), settlement, estate centre, manorial centre, 203 castle, 76, 88 Winchester ware 347 ‘Portejoie’, Tournedos-sur-Seine (Eure) Pre-Roman, 230 abandonment at end of tenth century, prestige goods, 16, 19, 98, 181 287 producer sites, 24 continued use of church into fourteenth production, specialist, 14, 16, 183, 187 century, 287 profit, 6, 16–17, 19, 28, 182, 302, 319, 363 ploughshare, scythes, sickles, 67 profligate discard, 142, 227, 255 settlement, church, cemetery, 58–9 promontory castles, 221, 225–6, 229, 293 Portland (Dorset), 180, 198 pruning hook, 93 Portmahomack (Moray Firth, near Inverness), psalters, 122 monastery, 145 puffins, 96 ports, 20, 25, 27–8, 85, 90, 153, 168, 179–80, pulses, 67 182–3, 198, 204, 208–9, 311 purple, 122–3 ethnic diversity, 207 purple cloth, 319 gendered spaces, 207 purple-dyed vellum, 122 initiative for their foundation, 362 Pyrenees, the, 219, 221, 258 new maritime ports founded between c. 1000 Quentovic and 1150, 352 ‘La Calotterie’, Vismarest, marble plaque, ports-of-trade, 16, 20, 181, 189 158 portus, 168, 174, 230, 333 mint, 168 Ganda, 338 port, emporium, 16, 18, 179, 187, 204, Vertraria, 179, 202, 204 210 post-hole. See buildings shift from Vismarest to Montreuil, 305 post-in-trench construction. See buildings Quierzy (Oise), Carolingian palace, 115, postmodernist interpretations, 154 118–19 pottery rabbit, 47 Andenne ware, 253, 53 radiocarbon dates, 52, 80, 94, 96, 136, 147 Badorf ware(s), 53, 117, 125, 193, 195 Raheens (Co. Cork), settlement, ringfort, 93 black-burnished ware, 53, 79, 86, 184, 188, Rameslie (Sussex), 354 193 Raqqa ware pottery, 252 ceramic goblets, 111 Raunds (Northamptonshire), area, chaff/grass-tempered ware, 51, 53 survey, 83 grey-burnished ware, 79, 184, 193 Raunds–Furnells (Northamptonshire) handmade, 90 church and cemetery, 284

Index 457

manorial centre, 282 Richard I, Duke of Normandy, 235, 239 village development, 284 Richard I the Lionheart of England, 246, 272 Raunds–Thorpe End (Northamptonshire), riding gear, settlement, 83 from coastal settlements, 83, 188 Raunds–West Cotton (Northamptonshire) from emporia ports, c. 670–900, 205 manorial centre, 282 from fortified sites and castles, 136, 221, 255 watermill, 282 as indicator of social mobility, 289, 293 ray, 251 as marker of Raystown (Co. Meath), settlement, ringfort, elite status, 90, 107, 110, 132, 141, 255, cemetery, watermills, 92, 94, 148 266, 278, 293 recycling, 205 free status, 83, 188, 278, 290 Red Craig (Mainland, Orkney), settlement, 95 military role, 132, 136, 221, 255, 290, 293 red deer, 132, 145, 166, 261, 278, 289, 293 from rural estate centres, 132, 136, 141, 278 See also deer saddle, decorated, 268 Red Wharf Bay (Gwynedd), 95 snaffle fit, 94, 350, redistribution, 181 spur, 221 red-painted inscriptions, 115, 158 stirrup, 136 red-painted plaster, 115 from towns, c. 900–1100, 310, 350 red-painted wares. See pottery from wealthy farmsteads/hamlets, 83 reeves, 204 Rievaulx (North Yorkshire) refuse Cistercian monastery, 299 deposits, 95, 111 Romanesque monastic church, 300 dumping, in former Roman townscapes, 151 Rigny-Ussé (Indre-et-Loire), settlement, management strategies, 89 cemetery, estate centre, colonica, 111, regional diversity, 6, 11–12, 48, 75, 133 137 relics, 5, 120, 154, 232, 271–2 Rijnsburg (Holland), settlement, estate centre, of St Benedict, Fleury, 232 ringfort, 34, 69, 75, 192 religion, 28 Ringerike style, 350 religious veneration, public acts of, 259, 270 ringforts, 92, 197, 216, 219, 222 Renoux, Annie, 119 ring-work castles in Pembrokeshire, reuse of reorganisation of settlements and landscape in Iron Age raths, 295 the tenth and eleventh centuries, 275 Ripon (North Yorkshire), monastery, 113 representativity of archaeological evidence, rivers 319 boatmen, 194 reticella-decorated, 125, 205 See also glass boats, 191 vessels communication corridors, 333 Reusel-de-Mierden (Kempen), settlement, 49 landing places, 191 Rheims traffic, 168 Archbishops of, 220 transport corridors, 73, 179, 202, 311, 356 town, Merovingian palace, 117 valley corridors, 14 Rhine, River, 10, 16, 49–50, 69, 101, 124 Robert, Count of Évreux and Archbishop of delta region, 192 Rouen, 239 Rhineland, 45, 191 Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, 258 Rhône, River, 73, 153 Robert, Earl of Gloucester, Marcher Lord of Rhys ap Gruffudd, prince of Deheubarth, Glamorgan, 291 297 Robert Fitz Haimo, Marcher Lord of patronage of Welsh Cistercian houses, 300 Glamorgan, 23, 265, 294, 353 Rhys ap Tewdwr of Glamorgan, 237 Robert Guiscard, 23, 262 Ribe, 144 Robert of Molesme, founder of Cistercian port, emporium, 16, 195, 205 order, 298 Riby (Lincolnshire), settlement, also known as Robert of Mortain, 235 Riby Crossroads, 82, 188 Robert the Pious of France, 232, 336 rice, 258 roe deer, 145, 261, 278, 289 See also deer

458 Index

Roermond hoard (Limburg, Netherlands), coin polyfocal settlement, 174 and silver hoard, 194 port, emporium, town, 16, 71, 179, 204 Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, 246 replanning of street system, 930s–940s, 334 Roger II of Sicily, 247 Romanesque Cathedral, 235 use of Byzantine imperial and Islamic ruling rotunda chapel, 156 imagery, 248 stone synagogue, 335 use of Romanesque architecture, 248 tower in Archbishop's palace complex, 158 Roger of Montgomery, 23, 235 round donjons, 223 Roksem (West Flanders), settlement, 52 roundhouse, 95 Roman row-grave cemeteries, 100, 103 Christianity, 3, 113, 171 Roxby (North Yorkshire), settlement, 80 Church, 36, 112, 169 royal households, 118 imperial architecture, 230 royal palaces, in Norman England, 241 imperial symbolism, 114, 116, 123, 223 royal power, 113, 119, 222 towns, 15–16, 105, 112, 151, 162, 170, 175 rural central places, 106–7 villas, 58–9, 106 rural world, 4, 9, 22, 27–8, 33, 124, 181 Roman/Byzantine imperial materials, use of by rye, 67, 92 Capetians, 232 Romanesque, 230, 234 saddles, architecture sponsored by Welsh and gold decorated 268 Scottish rulers, 238 silver decorated 268, 310 cathedrals, 235, 237 Saint-Avit-Sénieur (Dordogne), 265 construction of in England, 237 Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire (Loiret), Monastery of donjons, 231 Fleury at, 232 parish churches, 293 Saint-Denis stone town-houses, 26, 230, 302, 327, 357 annual fair, 174, 355 Rome, 176, 232 aqueduct, 115, 119 town, city, 20 Arnegunde grave, 105 Ronceray (Sarthe), 334 Capetian royal mausoleum, 355 Roncesvalles (Navarre, Spain), 323 mint, 168 Rosemarket (Pembrokeshire), ring-work castle, palace–monastery, settlement, cemetery, 71, 295 104, 115, 117, 119–20, 203 Roskilde (Denmark), 313 ring-work defences, 135, 216 rotunda Saint Étienne, Caen (Calvados), monastery, 235 church of St Donatus, Bruges, 225, 229 Saint-Florent-de-Saumur (Maine-et-Loire), palatine chapel Abbey of, 276 Aachen, 118 Saint-Georges-sur-l'Aa (Nord), settlement, 202 Compiègne, 118 Saint-Georges-de-Boscherville (Seine- Rouen, 156 Maritime), cemetery, mortuary Rouen chapel, 44 Archbishop's hall, 158 Saint-Jean-d'Angély (Charente-Maritime), 272 Archbishop's library, 158 Saint-Mesmin (Dordogne), monastery, 43, 74 Archbishop's palace complex, 156 Saint Omer (Nord), monastery of St Bertin at, cathedral group, 108 110 cloister for cathedral canons, 156 Saintonge ware. See pottery excavations of, 156 Saint-Rémy-du-Val (Sarthe), shell-keep, castle, Cathedral of Notre Dame, 156 241 centre for slave-trading with Islamic Iberia, 306 Saint-Urnel (Finistère), settlement, chapel, 43 donjon of William the Conqueror, 227 Sainte-Suzanne (Mayenne), donjon, castle, 228 external landing places on the Seine, 306 sale, 125, 210 Jewish merchants, community of, 335 Saleux ‘Les Coutures’ (Somme) mint, 168, 332 abandonment in eleventh century, 287 restoration of, in 930s–940s, 334 cemetery and church development, 63

Index 459

mill leat, 148 sea dykes, 290 settlement, church, cemetery, 58–9, 67, 75 sea eagle, 265 wild fauna consumed, 94 sea resources, 96 Salian German emperors, 235 seabirds, 96 Salomon of Brittany, 136 seafarers, 4, 17, 22, 26, 153, 174, 179, 182, salt, 14, 54, 73, 77, 179, 194, 201, 203, 210, 189–90, 196, 206, 211 320 See also merchants production, 179, 183, 186, 193, 198, 202, seasonal fairs, 333 290, 354, 356 seaways, 97, 179, 311 trade, 168, 203, 210 seax, 161, 195, 208 saltmarshes, 52, 77, 182 Sébécourt (Eure), motte and ring-work castle, Samarkand, mint for dirhems, 309 240 Samoussy (Aisne), Carolingian palace, 115, Second Crusade, 26, 325 118 sediment cores, 52 sand islands, 52, 77, 79, 182 seigneurial, 24, 68 Sandtun, West Hythe (Kent), beach/dune seigneurie banale,9 settlement, landing place, 198 Seine, River, 71, 169 Sandwich (Kent) Selle, River, tributary of Somme, 67, 69 development of port town, 352–3 Sens (Yonne), monastery, 19 landing place, port, 198 Serçe Limani, shipwreck, 206 mint by 1040s, 353 Serris ‘Les Ruelles’ (Seine-et-Marne) possession of Archbishops of Canterbury, abandonment, 276 990s–1100s, 353 church, 64 Santiago de Compostela embryonic castle, 276 monastery of, 353 prospering of peasant farms in tenth pilgrimage to shrine of St James, 353 century, 275 Saône, River, 73 settlement, church, estate centre, cemetery, Saran, 40 58, 109, 131 sarcophagi, 63, 102–3 wooden tower, 276 Sarry (Loir-et-Cher) Servon ‘L’Arpent Ferret' (Seine-et-Marne), cemeteries, isolated burials, 40 settlement, 42 settlement, 34, 37, 40, 54 settings, 4 Scalloway (Mainland, Shetland), settlement, landscape, rural, urban, behavioural, social, broch, 96 99 Scandinavia, 106–7, 180 rural, urban, behavioural, social, 4, 8 Scandinavian raids, 156, 197, 216 settlement on Seville, Lisbon and north Africa, 320 nucleation, 11 Scandinavian stimulus on urban growth, 305 transformation, in the ninth and tenth Scandinavians, 15, 25, 95, 136, 142, 183, 199, centuries, 276 203, 268 Severn estuary, 207 Scarborough (North Yorkshire) fisheries, 207 castle kitchen, 254 Seville donjon, castle, 244 Scandinavian raiding of, 204 scarlet, 310 town, 204 Scarpe, River, 356 Shapwick (Somerset) sceattas, 52, 89, 111, 129, 131, 144, 186, 191, research project, 13 195, 208 village development, 284 series E ‘porcupine’ type, 188, 194–5 sheep, 47, 53, 55, 68, 73, 77, 92, 94, 96, 106, 117, series X ‘Wotan monster’ type, 189, 195 128, 136, 183, 186, 250 Scheldt, River, 48, 230, 338 husbandry, 193 schooling, 117 shell-keep, 241 sculpture, 85, 113, 172, 176 Sherborne (Dorset), donjon-like gate tower, scythe, 67 castle, 243

460 Index

sheriffs, 344 social fabric, 183 shields, 267 social fittings, 90, 289 identity, 7 ships, 128, 146, 182, 203 memory, 7 shire towns, 348 mobility, 22–3, 25, 27–8, 249, 275, 282, 294, shire-reeves, 344 302, 325, 327, 364 shires, 25, 344 evident in townscapes, 366 Sicily, 23 of merchant and artisan households, 365 Norman, 258 from seafaring mercantile ventures, 318 sickle, 52, 67 networks, 46, 257, 361 siege castles, 222, 229 practices, 7–8, 28, 117, 124, 183, 227, 289, sieges, 270 361, 365 signatures. See material culture, profiles rank, 16. See also social status Silbury Hill (Wiltshire), 221 roles, 7, 28 silk, 120, 123, 255, 258, 272, 309, 313 status, 4 brocade, 259 Soest (NordRhein-Westfalen) 225 clothing, 258 estate centre of Bishops of Cologne, 356 personal and military standards, 268 defences of, 219 shawl, 232 polyfocal settlement, 356 sheets, pillows and bedcovers, 255 Romanesque stone town-houses, 357 thread, 258 salt production and ironworking centres, silks, 315, 319, 321, 334 356 silk-wrapped amulet, from Tattershall Thorpe urban development of, 356 smith's grave, 208 Soissons (Aisne), Merovingian palace, 105, 117 sill beam. See buildings sokelands. See sokemen sill foundations. See buildings sokemen, 12, 78, 279, 282, 286, 291, 364 silver, 90, 97, 110, 131, 191, 235, 268, 315 solar-tower, 246 chandeliers, 255 Solent estuary, 200 coinage, 154, 168 solidus, 125. See also coins platters, 252 Somme, River, 225 spoons, 252 Sorte Muld (Bornholm), polyfocal settlement, vessels, 252 rural central place, votive deposition, silver-decorated saddles, 268 107 silverworking, 255, 309 South Cadbury (Somerset), burghal fort, 221 Simy Folds (Co. Durham), settlement, 80 South Ferriby (Lincolnshire), 190 Sint Andries (West Flanders), settlement, 34, Southampton 51 Hamwic Sint Servaas, 154 mint for series H sceattas, 209 site formation processes, 86 port, emporium, 16, 179, 182, 190, 196, sites of exchange, 204 198, 200, 205 Skerne (East Yorkshire), jetty landing place, ‘Six Dials’, 205 190 St Mary's cemetery, 207 Skipsea Brough (East Yorkshire), motte-and- port town, 26 bailey castle, lake, 239 Romanesque stone town-houses, 327 slag. See ironworking shift from Hamwic to medieval slave collar, 143 Southampton, 305 slaves, 9, 11, 315 territory linked to burghal port, 345 sloe, 67 Spanish rugs, 254 smelting workshops, 72 sparrowhawk, 264, 313 snaffle bit, 94 spearheads, 90, 97, 143, 195, 221 snails, 47 spears, 266–7, 289 Snellegem, 341 sperm whale, 90, 251 social evolution, 3–4, 6–7, 19, 74, 98, 108 Speyer, Romanesque cathedral, 235

Index 461

spices, 20, 123, 258, 315, 319, 321, 334 Stavnsager (East Jutland) Springfield Lyons (Essex) Domburg-type brooch, 196 abandoned in later twelfth century, 287 polyfocal settlement, rural central place, settlement, 279 votive deposition, 107 two-hide estate, 279 transformation of small port to rural manor, Sprouston (Borders), 144 313 spur. See riding gear Staxton-Newham's Pit (East Yorkshire), St Antonin, London, church of pepperers' settlement, 80 guild, 322 Stellerburg (Schleswig-Holstein), estate centre, St Augustine of Canterbury, 170 ringfort, 220 St Clears (Pembrokeshire), 297 Stene (West Flanders), settlement, 193 St Columba, 170 Stephen, Count of Aumale, Lord of St David's (Pembrokeshire) Holderness, 239, 358 Late Romanesque cathedral, 298 Stephen of England, 243, 246 monastery, cult centre of St David diocesan Steyning (Sussex), 352 centre, 237 development of the borough, 354 St Dogmaels (Pembrokeshire), 297 labour services of burgesses in 1066, 354 St-Germain-des-Près, Paris, monastery of, mint, 354 168 overseen by London moneyer, Deorman, St Guthlac, 76 354 Life of St Guthlac, by Felix, 178 pewter disc brooch from, 354 St James, church dedications, 353 possession of Benedictine abbey of Fécamp, St-Julien-en-Genevois (Rhone-Alps), Normandy, 354 settlement, stone mausoleum, 102 settlement, royal estate centre, borough, St Liudger, Life of, by Altfrid, 179 200 St Martin of Tours, 21 stirrup, 136 cult of, 158 stock fish, 200, 251, 290 monastery of, 10, 21, 104, 108, 111, 122, 154, stone buildings 158, 161, 164, 173 masonry, 85, 113 temporary shrine of (excavated), 161 stone footings/sills, 46, 80, 85, 109–11, St Ninian's Isle (Shetland), 143 145 St Servatius, 154 grave-markers, 349 cult of, 158 halls, 223 St Simeon, Syria, English mariners at, 325 mausolea, 102 St Victor of Marseilles stoneworking, 89 furnished graves buried in monastery, 161 storage, 111 monastery of, 10, 161 storm-makers, 45 St Willibald, 179 Stour, River, 353 St Willibrord, 179 Strata Florida (Ceredigion), Cistercian Staffelsee (Bayern) monastery, 301 diocesan seat of first Bishops of Bavaria, 331 sturgeon, 70, 131, 139, 251, 313 monastery of, 331 stycas, Northumbrian copper alloy coins, 80, Stafford castle 175 decline of burh in immediate aftermath of styli, 117, 126, 137 Norman Conquest, 357 sub-Ringerike-style, 238 foundation of borough of Monetville, 358 sugar, 258 Stafford ware (formerly known as Chester Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis, 232 ware), 253, 347 Sugny (Ardenne), embryonic castle, castle, stallions, 267 220–1, 287 state power, 221 sulphur, 319 ‘Staunch Meadow’, Brandon (Suffolk), sunken foundations, 221 settlement, cemetery, estate centre, sunken-featured buildings, 62, 89–90, 126 monastery, 124, 190 See also Grubenhäuser

462 Index

Sutton Courtenay (formerly Berkshire, now textile production, 42, 52, 60, 70, 91, 93, 111, Oxfordshire) 129, 137, 144, 198, 309 principal residential building, 130 thegns, 11, 279 settlement, estate centre, 130 Thetford (Norfolk) Sutton Hoo (Suffolk) diocesan centre, 173 barrow cemetery, ship burials, 94, 104 moved to Norwich, 345 drinking-horn terminals, 192 lack of linked rural territory for the town/ swans, 263 burh, 345 sword-burials, 101 Theuws, Frans, 154 sword-guards, 205 Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury swords, 100–1, 103, 121, 143, 195, 203, 267 Chancellor of England, 327 votive deposition of, 268 son of immigrant Norman merchant in symbolic space, 7 London, 327 Syria, 120 three orders, the, 22, 25 Sysele, 341 Thwing (East Yorkshire), settlement, cemetery, wooden tower, 221, 81 tables, game played with counters, 256, tidal creeks, 54, 78–9, 183, 196 289 Tidenham (Gloucestershire), estate centre, 128, ivory counters with figurative relief carving, 207 256 Tijtsma-Wijnaldum (Westergo), terp played in elite and urban contexts, 257 settlement, 191 tablewares, 252 tin, 315, 319 taifa kingdoms of Spain, 235, 258 Tintagel (Cornwall), settlement, fortifed centre Taillebourg (Charente-Maritime) on promontory, 106 log-boats, 203 Tintern (Gwent), Cistercian monastery, 300 riverside landing place, 195, 203 Tissø (Sjælland), polyfocal settlement, central Tamworth (Staffordshire), watermill, royal place, 131 estate centre, 147 tolls, 168, 204 Tating ware, 117, 184, 195 See also pottery collection, 168, 179, 192, 204, 207, 358 pitchers, 196 Tongres (prov. Limburg) Tattershall Thorpe (Lincolnshire), smith's cathedral group, 108 grave, 208, 311, 362 town, Roman town, 18 Tavigny (Ardenne), cemetery, mortuary tools, 129, 134 chapel, 44 top-down models, 3, 16 taxation, 18–19, 28, 181, 203 Torcello, island, Venice, 20 of goods passing through sea and river ports, Tournai (prov. Hainaut) 333 Merovingian palace, 105, 117 taxation-in-kind, 69, 125, 144 stone, 339 Teinfrith, church-wright of Edward the town, 104, 117 Confessor tournament, 270 overseer of construction of Westminster Tours (Indre-et-Loire) abbey, 349 burgus of artisans and merchants, monastery possession of rural estate at Shepperton of St Martin, 337 (Middlesex), 349 cathedral group, 108 terp, 191 Château excavations, 166 raised settlement mound, 53 development of the town, c. 900–1150, terra preta, 157 336 terres noires, 164, 167 donjon, comital residence, 227, 337 test-pitting approaches, 13 ground-floor cooking, 254 Teulet (Hérault), small donjon, 234 mint, 168 Tewkesbury (Gloucestershire), Benedictine Romanesque stone town-houses, 337 priory built by Robert Fitz Haimo, St Julien, church of, 167 295 excavations at, 21

Index 463

suburbium civitatis, 154 community, 118 town, 21, 26 decline, 163 Tower of London, White Tower, donjon of fabric, 151 William the Conqueror, 228, 236 growth, 333 town and country relationship of the central hierarchy, 25 Middle Ages, 308 life, 14, 20 town walls, 151 patricians, 25–6, 230, 302, 365 towns, 4, 6, 9, 14–15, 20, 22, 25, 27, 149, 177, as a political force, 367 179, 277 residences of rural landowners, 312 growth of towns from rural estate centres, world, 26–7 331 Usama ibn Munqidh, Islamic scholar, warrior judicial concept of a town, 330 and hunter, 263 supplying goods and services to rural utilitarian goods, 16 hinterlands, 277 Utrecht, diocesan centre, monastery, polyfocal townscapes, 25–6, 151 settlement, 194 trade, 4, 6, 14, 19, 28, 121, 126, 168, 182 east–west, 258 Vadum Jacob, castle of the Knights Templar, networks, 15 257 salt, 168, 203, 210 Valkenburg De Woerd (Holland) wine, 203 church founder-burial, 64 traders, 205 settlement, church, estate centre, 58, 69, trading places, 182 74–5, 192 Transformation of the Roman World, The valkyries, 107 research project,5 Valle Crucis (Denbighshire), 301 translators, 358 Valsgärde (Mälaren), barrow cemetery, ship transport, 14, 17, 94, 182, 190 burials, 104, 107 travel, 19 Varangian guard, 357 travellers, 208 vegetables, 67 tremissis, gold coin, 18, 153, 191, 195. Vejle fjord, 195 See also coins Velzeke (East Flanders), St Martin, church of, Trent, River, 184 230 Trewiddle hoard (Cornwall), coin and silver Vendel (Mälaren), barrow cemetery, ship hoard, 201 burials, 104, 107 Tritsum (Westergo), terp settlement, 191 Vendôme (Loir-et-Cher), development of the Trondheim (Norway), walrus ivory workshop, town, 338 256 Veneto region, 183 Trowbridge (Wiltshire) Venice settlement, 82 Ca'Vendramin Calergi, 252 small ring-work castle, 244 maritime urban republic of, 303 ‘twelfth-century Renaissance’,26 merchants from, 315 Tyne, River, 221 port, town, 183 Venetians, 15 Umayyad, 123 Verberie (Aisne), Carolingian palace, Unur, Emir of Damascus, 263 118 uplands, 33, 77, 79, 81 Verhaeghe, Frans, 21 Uppåkra (Skåne), polyfocal settlement, rural Verhulst, Adriaan, 18 central place, votive deposition, 107 vermilion, red pigment urban indicator of trade with Spain, 323 cemeteries, 349 made from mercury sulphide, churches 323 construction and rights over/tithes from, Verneuil-sur-Avre (Eure) 349 borough founded by Henry I of England, dedications, 350 242

464 Index

Verneuil-sur-Avre (Eure) (cont.) Waltham (Essex), Abbey of Holy Cross, 271 English influences in Romanesque Walwyn's Castle (Pembrokeshire) architecture, 242 church of St James, 353 provision of houses and churches for ring-work castle, 295 burgesses by Henry I of England, 360 warfare, 132, 206, 259, 266, 269, 278 Vert-Saint-Denis ‘Les Fourneaux’ (Seine-et- waste streams, 8 Marne), settlement, iron ore mine, water channel. See Saint-Denis 58, 71 watermills, 60, 63, 70, 93–4, 146–7, 191, 282 Veurne (West Flanders), ringfort, 216 horizontal-wheeled, 146 vicus,59 technology, 146 villa,47–8, 134 tidal, 146 Alnith, 135 vertical-wheeled, 146 Karloburg, 138 Waverley (Surrey) Cistercian monastery, 299 Pettingaheim, 135 Weald, the, iron mining and smelting, 291 village, 11, 24–5, 78, 91, 274 wealthy peasant families, 274 belt in central England, 274 weapons development in England, 284 arrowheads, 90, 266, 289 formation, 11, 364 axes, 195, 289 ‘greens’,78 bows and arrows, 266 villani,27 among coastal and maritime-oriented Villare,71 communities, 83, 188, 195, 203, 361 Villiers-le-Bacle (Essonne), settlement, 34, 57 crossbows, 263, 266 Villiers-le-Sec (Val-d'Oise) bolt, 221, 289 cemetery, 65 quarrel, 266 estate of Saint-Denis, 286 discarded principal residential building from tenth in castles, 221, 255, 293 century, 286 at ports and river landing places, 203, 205, settlement, cemetery, estate centre, 207, 212 58–9, 67 on rural settlements, 83, 90, 131, 134, 143, wild fauna consumed, 67, 94 278, 289 Vireux-Molhain (Ardenne) in towns, 310, 350 Notre-Dame-Saint-Ermel, church of, 215 as grave-goods, 49, 103, 110 settlement, 215 hunting as weapons training, 266 Vireux-Wallerand (Ardenne), community of lances, 266 ironworkers, 215 reflection Vismarest-sur-Canche (Pas-de-Calais), village, of military role as much as status, 16 221, 286 Vitry-en-Artois (Pas-de-Calais), settlement, of right to bear arms by freemen, 11, 23, estate centre, 58–9 28, 55, 132, 286 Viuz-Faverges (Haute-Savoie), settlement, seax, 161, 195, 208 mortuary church, 102 spearhead(s), 90, 97, 143, 195, 221 vluchtburgen, 197, 216 spears, 266, 289 Vorbasse (Jutland), 86 sword(s), 100–1, 103, 121, 143, 195, 203, 267 Vorgebirge, region, middle Rhineland, 72 votive deposition of, 268 votive depositions, 45, 107 sword guard/hilts, 205 trade in, 315 walled episcopal cores, 152, 154 votive deposition, 107, 143, 268 walls, symbolic interpretation of, 154 Weber, Max, 21 walnuts, 211, 232 Welham Bridge (East Yorkshire), log-boat, Walraversijde 190 gold tremissis, 193 Wellington (Herefordshire), watermill, 147 Walter Espec, 299 wells, 60, 62 Walter Fitz Richard de Clare, 300 Wenceslas of Bohemia, 269

Index 465

Wenduine (West Flanders), settlement, 193 William II of Sicily, 259 West Halton (Lincolnshire), monastery, 137 William II Rufus of England, 236 West Heslerton (North Yorkshire), settlement, killed while hunting in the New Forest, 261 34, 84, 86, 91 William IV ‘the Pious’, Duke of Aquitaine, West Stow (Suffolk), settlement, 33 271 West Walton (Norfolk), settlement, 79, 184 William V ‘the Great’, Duke of Aquitaine, 233 Westergo (Friesland), 191 William FitzOsbern, 235, 239 western French cream ware (E-ware), 203 William Giffard, Bishop of Winchester, 299 western Roman provinces, 100 William de Londres, 294 Westminster, London William Longsword, Duke of Normandy, 332, Abbey, 236, 271, 329 334–5 palace, 236, 245 William de Warenne I, Earl of Surrey, 243 St Peter’s monastery, Thorney Island, 172 wills (testaments), 267, 357 whale vertebrae, 90, 93 Wilskerke-Haerdepollemswal (West Flanders), whales, 90, 93, 96, 128, 202, 211, 251 geochemical survey, 53, 193 Wharram Percy (North Yorkshire), Winchester (Hampshire) settlement, 91 burh, town, 218, 329 wheat, 67, 92, 94–5 paramount centre of royal government in Whitby (North Yorkshire) England, c. 950–1150, 329 monastery, 104, 190 polyfocal settlement, 329 Synod of, 171 Winchester ware, 347 White Tower, Tower of London, 227, 236 window glass, 64, 117, 158, 275 Whitehall, London, palace site?, estate centre, Windsor (Berkshire) 173 courtyard palace of Henry II within Windsor Whithorn (Dumfries and Galloway) castle, 247 monastery, 94, 104, 123 Romanesque stone town-house, 358 whiting, 96, 186, 199 shell-keep, castle, 241 Whitland (Pembrokeshire), Cistercian small river port, 358 monastery, 300 wine, 203, 252, 315, 319, 324 Whittlewood (Northamptonshire) trade, 203 area, 84 Wirral peninsula, 194 research project, 13 Wiso, the Fleming, locator, 24, 294 Wicken Bonhunt (Essex), settlement, estate Wiston (Pembrokeshire) centre, 76, 88 borough, 360 Wigford, Lincoln, St Mark, church of, 350 motte and ring-work castle, 293 Wigmund, Archbishop of York, 175 Witney (Oxfordshire), manorial estate centre gold solidus issue, 175 with solar tower, 247 Wigod of Wallingford, urban estates in Oxford, wizards, 45 348 woad, 316 Wihtred of Kent, law code of, 208 Woensdrecht (East Flanders), settlement, wild landing place, 192 animals, 68 wolf, 67, 132 birds, 55 women fruits, 67 of seafaring-merchant households, 207 geese, 263, 313 as urban landowners, 326 species, 47, 67–8, 90, 93, 106, 125, 128, 131, woodcock, 313 145, 166, 187, 250, 275, 289 woodlands, 33, 93, 166, 252, 260, 291 wildfowling, 68, 128, 131, 134, 187, 207, 239, farming and industrial landscapes, 291 260, 263 Woodstock (Oxfordshire), palace, 245 Wilfrid, Abbot and Bishop, 113, 123, 171 woodworking, 70, 89, 91, 93, 129, 137, William de Albini, 243 278 William I ‘the Conqueror’ of England, Duke of wool, 92 Normandy, 23, 222, 229, 335, 342 garments, 194

466 Index

woollen cloth, 315 Anglo-Scandinavian transformation of, Worcester (Worcestershire), diocesan centre, 173 303 wright, 349 Archbishops of, 364 Wuffingas, 105 sculptures associated with key estate Wulfhere, Archbishop of York, 175 centres of, 176 Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury, coinage bishopric of, 171 of, 175 citizenry of, 179 Wulfsige, Archbishop of York, 175 Eorforwic, town, port, emporium, 16 Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester, 237 Frisian merchant colony, 179, 190 mint, 145 Yarnton (Oxfordshire), settlement, estate for series Y sceattas, 209 centre, 86, 125 of the Archbishops, 175 Yeavering (Northumberland), 125 moneyers, tenth-century, 308 Northumbrian royal estate centre, 85–6, 112 polyfocal settlement, 174 Yemen, 122 port town, 303 York. See also Coppergate, excavations Yorkshire Wolds, 80, 83, 91 Fishergate Alma Sophia, monastery of 172 Zengid dynasty of Aleppo, 264