Grobovi iz kasnog bakrenog ..., VAMZ, 3. s., XLIX (2016) 59

M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ:

Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Institut za antropologiju Marijana Krmpotić GajevaPetra Rajić 32 Šikanjić HR-10 000 Zagreb HR-10 000 Zagreb Nike Grškovića 23

[email protected] [email protected] Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Institut za antropologiju Lea Čataj GajevaZrinka Premužić32 HR-10 000 Zagreb HR-10 000 Zagreb Nike Grškovića 23

[email protected] [email protected] Grobovi iz kasnoga bakrenog i ranoga brončanog doba s nalazišta Osijek – Ciglana i Zeleno polje Late Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age graves at the site Osijek–Ciglana and Zeleno polje

UDK / UDC: 904:726.821(497.5 Osijek)’’636/6373’’ Izvorni znanstveni rad / Original scientific paper

Tijekom zaštitnih arheoloških istraživanja During the archaeological excavations at the na nalazištu Osijek – Ciglana i Zeleno polje site Osijek–Ciglana and Zeleno polje in 2015, 2015. godine pronađeni su ostaci višeslojnog the remains of a multi-layered settlement were naselja. Izdvaja se nalaz četiriju kosturnih found. Finds of four skeletal graves stand out, grobova, od kojih se jedan nalazio izdvoje- with one grave found isolated on the north- no na sjevernome dijelu istražene površine, ern part of the excavated area, while the other a preostala su tri grupirana 260 m južnije. three were grouped some 260 m to the south. Svi su pokojnici bili pokopani u zgrčenom All the bodies were laid in a crouched position položaju na boku. S obzirom na činjenicu da on their side. Since no grave goods or parts of u grobovima nisu nađeni prilozi ni dijelovi garment were registered in the graves and nošnje pokojnika, kao ni arheološki nalazi u there were no archaeological finds in the grave njihovim zapunama, grobovi su datirani na fill, the graves are dated based on the results of osnovi rezultata radiokarbonskih analiza ko- the radiocarbon analysis of the inhumed bones. stiju pokojnika. Grob smješten na sjevernom The grave situated on the northern part of the dijelu nalazišta (grob 1) datiran je u razdo- site (grave 1) is ascribed to the Late Eneolitihic blje kasnoga bakrenog doba i pripisan kasno- and attributed to the late classical phase of the klasičnoj fazi vučedolske kulture. Tri groba Vučedol Culture. The three graves recorded on evidentirana na južnome dijelu nalazišta the southern part of the site (graves 2, 3, and 4) (grobovi 2, 3 i 4) datirana su u rano brončano were dated to the Early Bronze Age. On the basis

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: doba. Na temelju radiokarbonskog datuma i of radiocarbon dates and elements of the burial elemenata pogrebnog rituala, grobovi su pri- practice, they are attributed to the Kisapostag pisani Kisapostag kulturi. Spomenuti grobovi Culture. The mentioned graves represent the predstavljaju jedine kasnoeneolitičke i rano- only Late Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age finds brončanodobne nalaze s lokaliteta, a može se from the site, and the existence of concurrent pretpostaviti postojanje istovremenih naselja settlements nearby can be assumed. An analysis u blizini. Analiza je ljudskih kosturnih ostata- of human skeletal remains revealed the presence ka pokazala da je u grobu 1 pokopana žena of a female over 50 years of age in grave 1, males starija od 50 godina, u grobovima 2 i 4 muš- 35 to 50 years of age in graves 2 and 4, as well as karci u dobi od 35 do 50 godina, a u grobu 3 a juvenile aged 10 to 15 in grave 3. dijete u dobi od 10 do 15 godina. Late Eneolithic, Early Bronze Age, Kasno bakreno doba, rano skeletal graves, Osijek brončano doba, kosturni grobovi, Osijek Key words: Ključne riječi:

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION U razdoblju od travnja do lipnja 2015. godi- - ne provedena su zaštitna arheološka istra- - Inout the at theperiod site between Osijek–Ciglana April and and June Zeleno 2015, polje, ar leno polje, na trasi cjevovoda za transport atchaeological the pipeline rescue route excavationsfor the transportation were carried of rashladneživanja na vodelokalitetu za KKE Osijek Osijek – Ciglana500.1 Tom i Ze je 1 On that oc- - - - cooling water for KKE Osijek 500. ju,prigodom smještenog potvrđeno na povišenoj postojanje gredi višeslojno uz obalu oncasion, an elevated the existence plateau of aalong multi-layered the Drava archae River, ga arheološkog nalazišta na ovome položa inological the eastern site was suburb confirmed. of Osijek. The siteIn addition is situated to the remains of the Bronze and Iron Age set- rijeke Drave, na istočnoj periferiji grada Osijeka. Uz ostatke naselja iz brončanog- sturnai željeznog groba. doba Kako te nekolicineu grobovima objekata nije bilo iz tlements, and few buildings from the Roman priloga,razdoblja a antike,njihove pronađena su zapune su bile i četiri sterilne, ko period, four skeletal graves were found. Since grobovi su datirani radiokarbonskom anali- there were no grave goods in the burials, and zom uzoraka kosti pokojnika. Jedan je grob their fills were sterile, the graves were dated datiran u razdoblje kasnoga bakrenog doba, Latebased Eneolithic on the results period, of radiocarbonand the other analysis three toof the inhumed bones. One grave was dated to the objekti, koji bi pripadali spomenutim raz- a preostala tri u rano brončano doba. Drugi the Early Bronze Age. Other features of these periods were not found at the site. m long corridor, from Vukovarska Street to the dobljima, nisu zabilježeni na lokalitetu. - south,The excavations across Vinogradska included a Street10 m wide and theand rail710- kovarskeIstraživanjima ulice jena obuhvaćen jugu, preko koridor Vinogradske širine ulice10 m ii dužinepruge 710za Luku m, koji Osijek, se protezao do naplavne od Vu the Drava River to the north. Skeletal grave 1 zone rijeke Drave na sjeveru. Kosturni grob way tracks to Luka Osijek, to a flood zone of- - površine, na vrhu grede uz Dravu. Kosturni was situated on the northern part of the exca grobovi1 nalazio 2, se3 i u4 bili sjevernom su smješteni dijelu oko istražene 260 m vated area, on the very top of the plateau. Skel jugozapadno od groba 1, na ravnici koja se etal graves 2, 3, and 4 were located some 260 m1 to the southwest from grave 1, on the plain Croatian Conservation Institute, Division for Archaeological 1 - Archaeological rescue excavations were carried out by the- - Zaštitna arheološka istraživanja proveo je Hrvatski resta Heritage, Department for Archaeology. The head of the exca uratorski zavod, Služba za arheološku baštinu, Odjel za ko vations was A. Janeš. pnenu arheologiju. Voditelj je istraživanja bio A. Janeš.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ:

Karta / Map 1. Trasa cjevovoda za KKE Osijek istražena 2015. godine, s položajem kosturnih grobova / Pipeline route for the KKE Osijek excavated in 2015 with the position of the skeletal graves (uredila / edited by M. Krmpotić).

tok rijeke Drave (karta 1). Zapune su se gro- bovaproteže ocrtale južno nakon od povišene uklanjanja grede površinskog koja prati outlinedsouth of theafter plateau removing which the follows uppermost, the flow 0.5 mof sloja oranja, debljine do 0,5 m na sjevernom the Drava River (Map 1). The grave fills were dijelu nalazišta, odnosno sloja naplavine thick, ploughed layer on the northern part of- evidentirani na nivou zdravice. teredthe site, at sterileand the soil about level. 1 m thick alluvial layer debljine oko 1 m na južnom dijelu. Ukopi su on the southern part. The burials were regis

2. OPIS GROBOVA 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE GRAVES Kosturni grob 1 Skeletal grave 1 Grob se nalazio u sjevernom dijelu nalazi- šta, na vrhu povišene grede uz rijeku Dravu, River,The grave at an was altitude situated of 92in them. northernThe skull part of the of pri uklanjanju površinskog sloja humusa the site, on the top of the plateau by the Drava- na 92,00 mnv. Lubanja je pokojnika uočena iskopa, i manjim je dijelom uništena. Kako buried individual was discovered while remov sedebljine ostatak 0,4 kostura do 0,5 nalazio m, uz izvan jugoistočni trase istra rub- ing the 0.4–0.5 m thick layer of humus along the south-eastern edge of the excavated area, and was partially destroyed. Since the rest of

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ:

Slika / Fig. 1. Kosturni grob 1 / Skeletal grave 1 (izradila / drafted by L. Čataj).

širini od 2,2 m. Grobna je raka u zapadnom živanja, iskop je proširen u dužini od 2 m i the skeleton was outside of the excavated area, 1,3 m i širini od 0,75 m, dok joj relativna excavation was expended to the length of 2 m dubinadijelu uništena, iznosi 0,12 a otkrivenado 0,15 m. je Ukopana u dužini je od u and width of 2.2 m. The western part of the burial pit was destroyed, and it was explored in throughthe length the of sterile1.3 m and soil, a andwidth discovered of 0.75 m, underwhile zdravicu, a pronađena je ispod humusnog- its relative depth was 0.12–0.15 m. It was dug lozisloja. niti Ukop bilo je kakvi bio zapunjen tragovi nošnje. svijetlosmeđom Pokojnik zemljom u kojoj nisu utvrđeni grobni pri- the layer of humus. The grave was filled with- light brown soil in which no grave goods or any je ležao na desnom boku, u zgrčenom po traces of garment were found. The buried indi ložaju, orijentiran u smjeru zapad – istok. vidual was laid on the right side in a crouched Donja, desna ruka bila je skvrčena u laktu, position, oriented west to east. The lower, right- svinutasa šakom u položenomlaktu pod gotovo u visini pravim brade, kutomdok je arm was bent at the elbow with a fist laid near (sl.gornja, 1). lijeva ruka na području trbuha bila anglethe chin, (Fig. while 1). the upper, laid over the abdomi nal area, was bent at the elbow almost at a right Analiza kosturnih ostataka pokojnika iz The skeletal remains of the individual from groba 1 pokazala je da ostaci pripadaju grave 1 belong to an adult female older than 50 - - morphological characteristics of the skull and odraslojfoloških ženskojkarakteristika osobi starijojlubanje od i 50zdjelice, godi years of age. The sex was estimated based on- dokna. Spol je dob je osobeprocijenjena određen na na temelju temelju morfo mor- phological changes of the auricular surface of thepelvis, ilium. while2 age was estimated based on mor- kosti.2 served on the remains (Fig. 2). Osteopenia can loških promjena na zglobnoj ploštini bočne- The presence of osteopenia was ob rozi koja Na je ostacima sistemska je uočenabolest. Osteopenija osteopenija (sl. 2). Osteopenija često prethodi osteopo often lead to osteoporosis, which is a systemic- - disease. Osteopenia refers to low bone3 Advanced density kularneoznačava i kortikalnesmanjenu gustoćukosti.3 Smatra kostiju se koja da suse evidenced by changes in the mass and quan očitujeglavni uzrocipromjenama njezina u nastanka masi i količini starija trabe dob, tity of trabecular and cortical bone. - age, diet low in calcium or rich in protein, lack 2 Buikstra, Ubelaker 1994. of2 Buikstra, physical Ubelaker activity, 1994. and hormones are consid 3 Ortner 2003, 411. 3 Ortner 2003, 411.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: prehrana siromašna kalcijem ili bogata

hormoni. Pri radiokarbonskom datiranju ulomkaproteinima, kosti nedostatak dobiveni su fizičkepodaci aktivnostio stabilnim i

Preliminarni rezultati pokazuju da se pre- hranaizotopima, pokojnice točnije bazirala o odnosu na ugljika C3 biljkama, i dušika.

kao što su primjerice pšenica, ječam,4 riža i mahunarke. Uz to, moguće je da je mali dio AMS radiokarbonska analiza, napravljena prehrane činila slatkovodna riba. na ulomku kosti, dala je kalibrirani datum 4056+/-39 prije sadašnjosti, odnosno jed-

- nostruku standardnu devijaciju5 S obzirom između na Slika 2. Smanjena gustoća nadlaktične kosti žene iz kos 2832. i 2492. pr. Kr., s većom vjerojatnošću turnog groba / Low bone density of the humerus of the nedostatak grobnih priloga, prema radio- female from grave 1 (snimila / photographed by P. Rajić karbonskimizmeđu 2632. datumima, i 2561. pr. ukopKr. kosturnoga Šikanjić).

ered to be the main factors in its appearance. groba 1 može se datirati u kraj bakrenog During radiocarbon dating of a bone sample, doba, odnosno u vučedolsku kulturu. Kako - dapri se istraživanju grob nalazio nije izvan pronađen naselja, ili ni na jedan nje- govuobjekt rubu, iz ovog i da razdoblja, postoji velika može vjerojatnostse zaključiti indicativedata on stable of a C3isotopes diet, based was obtained,on plants specifisuch as cally on the C:N ratio. Preliminary results are u blizini iskopa. kako se naselje vučedolske kulture nalazilo wheat, barley, rice, and legumes.4 In addition, this individual’s diet possibly consisted of a Kosturni grob 2 small amount of freshwater fish. fragment gave the calibrated date 4056+/-39 Kosturni grobovi 2, 3 i 4 evidentirani su na AMS radiocarbon analysis conducted on a bone - ti tok rijeke Drave, na oko 87,7 mnv. Me- BC.BP, 5i.e. Considering 1 Sigma range the lackbetween of grave 2832–2492 goods, BC,the ravnici, južno od povišene grede koja pra withburial greater of the skeletal probability grave between 1 can be 2632–2561 dated ac- smjera sjeverozapad – jugoistok. cording to radiocarbon dates at the end of the đusobno su smješteni u blago lučnoj liniji Najsjevernije je bio smješten kosturni grob Eneolithic, i.e. to the Vučedol Culture. Since no other features from this period were found 2. Pokojnik je bio ukopan u raku, izduženu u - during the excavations, it can be concluded smjeru jugoistok – sjeverozapad, sačuvanih ment, or on its edge, and that there is a high that the grave was situated outside the settle zemljadimenzija bez 1,4arheoloških x 0,8 m tenalaza. najveće Pokojnik relativne je dubine 0,13 m. Zapunu je činila sivosmeđa 4 - probability that the settlement of the Vučedol 4 bridge u Velikoj Britaniji na interpretaciji podataka dobive- Culture is located near the excavated area. - nih Zahvaljujemo analizom stabilnih dr. sc. izotopa.Emmi Lightfoot, sa Sveučilišta Cam We wish to thank Emma Lightfoot, PhD, University of Cam 5 Uzorak kosti pod laboratorijskim brojem UBA–29843, ana- bridge,5 UK, for the interpretation of the preliminary results- of the stable isotope analysis. za jednostruku standardnu devijaciju (68,3% vjerojatno- liziran na Sveučilištu u Belfastu, dao je sljedeće vrijednosti Bone sample under the laboratory code UBA–29843, ana 2832.–2820. pr. Kr. (0,063), 2657.–2655. pr. Kr. (0,010) i 2492lysed atBC the (0,337), Belfast 2832–2820 University, BCgave (0.063), the following 2657–2655 1 Sigma BC sti): 2632.–2561. pr. Kr. (0,591), 2535.–2492. pr. Kr. (0,337), dates (68,3 % probability): 2632–2561 BC (0,591), 2535– BC (0,884), 2850–2813 BC (0,092), 2742–2729 BC (0,013), 2681.–2475. pr. Kr. (0,884), 2850.–2813. pr. Kr. (0,092), 2694–2684(0,010), and BC 2 Sigma (0,012). dates (95,4 % probability): 2681–2475 2742.–2729.za dvostruku pr. standardnu Kr. (0,013), devijaciju 2694.–2684. (95,4% pr. Kr. vjerojatnosti): (0,012).

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: Skeletal grave 2 - položen u zgrčenom položaju na lijevom prekoboku, pridonjeg čemu dijela mu je trbuha glava orijentirana (sl. 3). U grobu pre Skeletal graves 2, 3, and 4 were registered on ma jugu – jugoistoku, a lijeva ruka položena the plain south of the plateau which follows the nošnje pokojnika. Desna je strana groba flow of the Drava River, at an altitude of around- nisu utvrđeni prilozi, niti ikakvi dijelovi devastirana kasnijim ukopom kanala, tako 87.7tion. m. They were positioned in a slightly da kosti desne strane trupa pokojnika nisu curved line in a northwest–southeast direc in situ. Pri ukopu kanala tako- - pronađene The northernmost was skeletal grave 2. The- individual was buried in a burial pit elongated dislociranađer su presječene je i njegova natkoljenične zdjelica. Datacijui potkolje je in southeast-northwest direction, with pre navedenognične kosti kanalalijeve i teškodesne precizno noge pokojnika, odrediti as served dimensions 1.4 x 0.8 m and the relative depth of 0.13 m. The burial pit was filled with - grey–brown soil without archaeological finds. obziromno neopredjeljivih na to kako ulomaka je u njemu grube pronađeno prapo- The body was laid in a crouched position on the samovijesne nekoliko keramike. nekarakterističnih S obzirom na kvalitetui kultur southeast, and its left arm placed over the left side, with its head oriented to the south- - goods or parts of garment found in the grave. keramike i utvrđene ostatke srednjo- i ka lower abdomen (Fig. 3). There were no grave snobrončanodobnog naselja na gredi, može- The right side of the grave was destroyed by a nogase pretpostaviti doba. kako je ranobrončanodobni not found in situ. Thigh and shin bones of the grob bio devastiran u kasnijoj fazi bronča later trench, so the bones of the right part were Analiza kosturnih ostataka pokojnika iz of the trench, and the pelvic bones of the per- groba 2 pokazala je da ostaci pripadaju right and left leg were cut during the digging odrasloj muškoj osobi u dobi od 35 do 50 son were dislocated. It is difficult to determine- morfoloških karakteristika lubanje, a dob characteristicthe dating of thecoarse mentioned prehistoric trench ceramics, precisely, jegodina. procijenjena Spol je na osobe temelju određen stupnja na temeljusrašta- since there were only a few fragments of un 6 vanja lubanjskih šavova. Na kosturnim je - - which cannot be culturally determined, found - Bronzein its fill. Age On settlementthe basis of onthe the quality plateau, of the it potcan ostacima uočeno nekoliko patoloških pro tery and the remains of the Middle and Late promjene.mjena i nemetričkih Degenerativne osobina. su Napromjene dva su prna sna kralješka uočene blage degenerativne - Bronzebe assumed Age. that this Early Bronze Age grave was disturbed during the younger phase of the kralježnici najčešća prisutna bolest zglobo- The skeletal remains of the individual from tivnost.va. Na njihovu7 Na donjem pojavu je utječudesnom dob, prvom genetska kut- predispozicija, mehanički stres i fizička ak ongrave morphological 2 belong to ancharacteristics adult male aged of the between skull, 35 and 50 years. The sex was estimated based dolazinjaku uočendo infekcije apsces, i stvaranja koji najčešće gnoja. nastaje Gnoj izlazikada sekroz pulpa sinus zuba ili izložiotvor bakteriji, vidljiv na pri kostur čemu- of cranial suture closure.6 Several pathological while age was estimated based on the degree nim ostacima.8 Nekoliko je zubi u donjoj on the remains. Slight degenerative changes changes and nonmetric traits were observed biti odgovorno nekoliko uzroka, kao što su - karijes,čeljusti kamenac, ispalo tijekom apsces, života, velika za istrošenost što može erative changes on the spine are one of the are present on two thoracic vertebrae. Degen zubne plohe, periodontalne bolesti i trau- most common joint diseases. Their appearance

6 Buikstra, Ubelaker 1994. 7 An 7 is influenced by age, genetic predisposition, 8 Freeth 2000, 231. mechanical6 Buikstra, Ubelaker stress, 1994. and physical activity. Waldron 2009, 28. 7

Waldron 2009, 28.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: me. No i slaba higijena, prehrambene na-

zuba i zatvaranja prazne alveole.9 abscess was observed on the mandibular first- vike i fiziološki stres dovode do ispadanja tionmolar. and Abscess the accumulation most often formsof pus. whenThe pus tooth is Uočene- drainedpulp is exposedthrough toa sinus bacteria, or an causing opening an visible infec su nemetričke osobine dodatne koštane on the skeletal remains.8 Several mandibular pločice u lambdoidnom šavu. Riječ je o ma- - skimnjim ilišavovima. većim ulomcima10 kosti nepravilnog vidual. Ante mortem tooth loss can be caused oblika koje se mogu pronaći u svim lubanj teeth were lost during the lifetime of this indi Pri radiokarbonskom datiranju ulomka ko- sti dobiveni su podaci o stabilnim izotopi- by various factors. These include dental caries, - calculus, abscess, significant occlusal surface- minarni rezultati pokazuju da se prehrana ologicalwear, periodontal stress. All diseasesof them can and lead trauma, to tooth but pokojnikama, točnije bazirala o odnosu na ugljika C3 biljkama, i dušika. kao Preli što lossalso and low alveolar hygiene, remodelling. dietary habits9 The and observed physi - nonmetric traits are sutural ossicles situated - in the lambdoid suture. These are smaller or su, primjerice, pšenica, ječam,11 riža i mahu narke. Uz to, moguće je da je mali dio pre larger bone fragments of irregular shape that AMS radiokarbonska analiza napravljena 10 hrane činila slatkovodna riba. can be found in all cranial sutures. During the na ulomku kosti dala je kalibrirani datum radiocarbon dating of a bone sample, data on 3741+/-36 prije sadašnjosti, odnosno jed- - stable isotopes was obtained, specifically on nostruku standarndnu devijaciju 12 između the C:N ratio. Preliminary results are indica 2202. i 2050. pr. Kr., s većom vjerojatnosti tive of a C3 diet, based on plants such as wheat, između 2202. i 2130. pr. Kr. barley, rice and legumes.11 Additionally, this Kosturni grob 3 individual’s diet possibly consisted of a small amount of freshwater fish. fragment gave the calibrated date 3741+/-36 - AMS radiocarbon analysis conducted on a bone Grob se nalazio 3,6 m jugoistočno od groba- 2. Pokojnik je bio položen u raku nepravil BC.BP, 12i.e. 1 Sigma range between 2202–2050 BC, mnog i relativneovalnog tlocrta,dubine izduženudo 0,15 m. u smjeruZapunu ju je with greater probability between 2202–2130 goistok – sjeverozapad, dimenzija 1,0 x 0,7 - Skeletal grave 3 činila, kao i u prethodnom grobu, sterilna- sivosmeđavom orijentiranom zemlja. Pokojnik prema juguje također – jugoisto polo- žen na lijevi bok u zgrčenom položaju, s gla The grave was located 3.6 m southeast of grave- 2. The body was placed in an oval burial pit, nedostajuku. U grobu kosti nisu lijevog utvrđeni dijela prilozi trupa ni dijelovii lijeve elongated in the southeast–northwest direc ruke,nošnje kao pokojnika. i kosti zdjelice. Kosti su Desna loše jeočuvane, ruka po a- tion. The dimensions of the burial pit were 1.0 x 0.7 m, its relative depth up to 0.15 m, and it was filled with sterile grey–brown soil. The 9 kojnika Freeth 2000, položena 231. na donji dio trbuha (sl. 4). buried individual was also laid on its left side 10 Barnes 2012, 10. in8 Freeth a crouched 2000, 231. position, with its head oriented 11 - 9 Freeth 2000, 231. bridge u Velikoj Britaniji na interpretaciji podataka dobive- 10 Barnes 2012, 10. Zahvaljujemo dr. sc. Emmi Lightfoot, sa Sveučilišta Cam nih analizom stabilnih izotopa. 11 12 Uzorak kosti pod laboratorijskim brojem UBA–29844, - - We wish to thank Emma Lightfoot, PhD, University of sti za jednostruku standardnu devijaciju (68,3% vjerojatno- 12Cambridge, UK, for the interpretation of the preliminary re- analiziran na Sveučilištu u Belfastu, dao je sljedeće vrijedno sults of the stable isotope analysis. Bone sample under the laboratory code UBA–29844, ana sti): 2202.–2130. pr. Kr. (0,703), 2086.–2050. pr. Kr. (0,297) 2279.–2250. pr. Kr. (0,064), 2230.–2220. pr. Kr. (0,015), lysed at the Belfast University, gave the following 1 Sigma i za dvostruku standardnu devijaciju (95,4% vjerojatnosti): 2212.–2033. pr. Kr. (0,921). 2279–2250dates (68,3 BC% probability):(0,064), 2230–2220 2202–2130 BC (0,015), BC (0,703), 2212–2033 2086– BC2050 (0,921). BC (0,297) and 2 Sigma dates (95,4 % probability):

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ:

Slika / Fig. 3. Kosturni grob 2 / Skeletal grave 2 (izradila / drafted by L. Čataj).

Analiza kosturnih ostataka pokojnika iz groba 3 pokazala je da ostaci pripadaju dje- goods or parts of garment found in the grave. tetu u dobi od 10 do 15 godina. Spol nije to the south–southeast. There were no grave left part of the torso, left hand, and pelvis are je dob procijenjena na temelju stupnja sra- missing.The bones The are right poorly arm preserved, of the buried so those individual of the određen budući da se radi o djetetu, dok 13 razvoja trajnih zubi. Na vanjskoj je površi- The skeletal remains of the individual from štavanja epifiza dugih kostiju i kronologije- was placed over its lower abdomen (Fig. 4). kranijalna poroznost. Njezina etiologija nije - uni potpunostiulomaka lubanje razjašnjena, uočena ali umjerena se povezuje ekto s grave 3 belong to a juvenile aged between 10 and 15. The sex was not estimated since the in dividual is a child, while the age was estimated deficitarnim14 bolestima, kao što su anemija skorbut. Endokranijalne su lezije prisutne teethbased development. on the degree13 Moderateof epiphyseal ectocranial closure po on- naprouzročena zatiljnoj kosti nedostatkom (sl. 5). Lezije željeza, su rahitisrezultat i long bones and the chronology of permanent upale i / ili krvarenja meningealnih krvnih - rosity was observed on the outer surface of the- skull fragments. Its aetiology is unclear, even

anemija,žila, koje neoplazmi,se pojavljaju skorbut, kod različitih rahitis iobolje tuber- though it can be associated14 with deficiency-re nja, kao15 što su kronični meningitis, trauma, kuloza. latedobserved diseases on the such occipital as iron bonedeficiency (Fig. 5).anaemia, These rickets, and scurvy. Endocranial lesions were 13 Scheuer, Black 2004. 14 haemorrhage of the meningeal blood vessels, Roberts, Manchester 2005, 230. lesions are caused by inflammation and/or 15 occurring in chronic meningitis, trauma, anae- - Lewis 2007, 141. losis.15 mia, neoplasms, scurvy, rickets, and tubercu 13 Scheuer, Black 2004. 14 Roberts, Manchester 2005, 230. 15

Lewis 2007, 141.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ:

Slika / Fig. 4. Kosturni grob 3 / Skeletal grave 3 (izradila / drafted by L. Čataj).

Skeletal grave 4

The grave was situated about 2.6 m southeast slightof grave deviation 3. The burialto the pit southeast was oval, and elongated north- in almost south-north direction, with a very

west. Its dimensions were 1.4 x 1.2 m, and the maximum relative depth up to 0.19 m. The fill- was the same as that in graves 2 and 3. The- body was placed in a crouched, almost squat Slika / Fig. 5. Endokranijalne lezije na zatiljnoj kosti dje- ented to the south and arms laid on its knees teta iz kosturnog groba 3 / Endocranial lesions on the (Fig.ting position,6). Grave on goods its left or preservedside, with partsits head of garori- occipital bone of the child from grave 3 (snimila / photo-

The skeletal remains of the individual from graphed by P. Rajić Šikanjić). ment were not found in this grave as well. Kosturni grob 4 - morphologicalgrave 4 belong characteristicsto an adult male of aged the skull between and no od groba 3. Grobna je raka bila ovalnog 35 and 50. The sex was determined based on Grob je bio smješten oko 2,6 m jugoistoč morphological changes of the auricular surface sjever, s vrlo blagim otklonom prema jugo- ofpelvis, the ilium.while16 the Several age was pathological estimated conditions based on istoku,tlocrta, odnosno izdužena sjeverozapadu. otprilike u smjeru Dimenzije jug – - - dubina 0,19 m. Zapuna je groba bila ista and nonmetric traits were observed on the re joj iznose 1,4 x 1,2 m, a najveća relativna mains. Severe degenerative changes were pre sent on one hand bone as well as the first and- lijevomkao u grobovima boku, glave 2 orijentiranei 3. Pokojnik prema je položen jugu second cervical vertebrae, whereas moderate u zgrčenom, gotovo čučećem položaju, na- changes were present on the remaining cer vical16 Buikstra, and Ubelakertwo thoracic 1994. vertebrae (Fig. 7). The i ruku položenih na koljena (sl. 6). Ni u ovo

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ:

Slika / Fig. 6. Kosturni grob 4 / Skeletal grave 4 (izradila / drafted by L. Čataj). characteristic features of degenerative disease - pokojnika.me grobu nisu utvrđeni grobni prilozi, niti struction of bone and cartilage. Advanced age sačuvani dijelovi opreme, odnosno nošnje or osteoarthritis are the inflammation and de- Analiza je kosturnih ostataka pokojnika iz groba 4 pokazala da ostaci pripadaju odra- consideredand genetic predisposition,to be main factors as well in itsas mechanidevelop- slom muškarcu u dobi od 35 do 50 godina. ment.cal stress17 Slight and striationstrenuous is physical present activity,on the diaare- - - kih karakteristika lubanje i zdjelice, dok je dobSpol jeprocijenjena osobe određen na temeljuna temelju morfoloških morfološ physesmembrane of both covering tibiae. theIt is bone.the result Periostitis of periosti can - tis, inflammation of the periosteum, the outer sti.16 - promjena na zglobnoj ploštini bočne ko appear as a response of the skeletal system18 Abscess to a- degenerativne Na ostacima promjene je uočeno prisutne nekoliko na jednoj pato systemic, bacterial infection or as a response of- kostiloških šake stanja i prvom i nemetričkih te drugom osobina. vratnom Jake kra su- the tissue to a fracture, cut, or blow. lješku, dok su umjerene promjene prisutne es are present on maxillar canines, while sev na ostalim vratnim i dvama prsnim kralješ- eral teeth in both jaws were lost ante mortem - (Fig. 8). An abscess can form when tooth pulp ne bolesti ili osteoartritisa upala i destruk- is exposed to bacteria, causing an infection and cima (sl. 7). Glavno je obilježje degenerativ tooth loss can be a result of various individual factors,the accumulation but also their of pus,interaction. while ante Some mortem of the - cija kosti i pripadajuće hrskavice. Smatra- se da su glavni uzroci nastanka povećana17 factors are caries, calculus, abscess, heavy oc- dob i genetska predispozicija te mehanič clusal surface wear, periodontal disease and blagaki stres strijacija, i pojačana nastala fizička uslijed aktivnost. periostitisa, Duž toothtrauma, falls as outwell of as its a lowsocket, level soft of hygiene,tissue heals, die tijela obiju goljeničnih kostiju prisutna je tary habits, and physiological stress. Once the 16 Buikstra, Ubelaker 1994. 17 Roberts, Manchester 2005, 138. 17 Roberts, Manchester 2005, 138. 18 Ortner 2003, 53.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ:

Slika / Fig. 7. Jake degenerativne promjene na drugom - vratnom kralješku muškarca iz kosturnog groba 4 / Se- vere degenerative changes on the second cervical verte- Slika / Fig. 8. Apsces na gornjoj čeljusti muškarca iz kos turnog groba 4 / Maxillary abscess of the male from grave 4 (snimila / photographed by P. Rajić Šikanjić). bra of the male from grave 4 (snimila / photographed by P. Rajić Šikanjić).

upale periosta, vanjskog sloja kosti. Perio- - model.19 Sutural ossicles are present in the sag- sustava na sistemsku, bakterijsku infekciju ittaland afterwardsand lambdoid the suture. empty Ossiclessocket begins are smaller to re ilistitis kao može odgovor nastati tkiva kao na lom, odgovor posjekotinu koštanog ili udarac.18 - found in all cranial sutures.20 or bigger irregularly shaped bones that can be U gornjoj su čeljusti uočeni apsce si na očnjacima, dok je nekoliko zuba u obje Burial practice čeljusti ispalo za života (sl. 8). Apsces može- nastati kada se pulpa zuba izloži bakteriji, pri čemu dolazi do infekcije i stvaranja gno ofA thestandardized Early Bronze burial Age gravespractice can be no- ja, dok gubitak zubi tijekom života može biti Bronze Age graves. These are skeletal burials karijes,rezultat kamenac, nekoliko apsces, pojedinačnih velika istrošenost čimbenika, ticed in the case of the three recorded Early zubneali i njihova plohe, međudjelovanja. periodontalne Nekibolesti od njihi trau su- me, ali i slaba higijena, prehrambene navike thein which head bodiesoriented were to the placed south in theor southeast, burial pit in a crouched position on their left side, with - 19 te fiziološki stres. Jednom kad zub ispadne and arms placed over the lower abdomen or on Uiz sagitalnomsvoje alveole, i lambdoidnom meko tkivo se šavu zalječi, prisutne a po the knees. There were no grave goods placed tom se počinje zatvarati i prazna alveola. within, and there were no preserved parts kosti nepravilnog oblika, koje se mogu pro- of their equipment or garments such as pins, 20 or oval burial pits, oriented in southeast- su dodatne koštane pločice, manje ili veće jewellery, etc. Bodies were laid in elongated

18 Ortner 2003, 53. naći u svim lubanjskim šavovima. northwest direction. Based on the burials of 19 Freeth 2000, 231. the two adults, it can be concluded that the 20 Barnes 2012, 10. average length of the burial pit was around is1.4 around m, while 2.5–3.5 the child m, andburial their pit waspositions of smaller pos- dimensions. The distance between the graves 19 Freeth 2000, 231. 20 Barnes 2012, 10.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: Pogrebni ritual - sibly indicate burial in a slightly curved line. ranobrončanodobnih grobova There were no other (concurrent) graves reg istered nearby. The archaeological material- Kod tri evidentirana ranobrončanodobna found in the younger trench, which is situated- ukopimagroba može kod sekojih primijetiti je pokojnik standardiziran bio polo- north along the Early Bronze Age graves par pogrebni ritual. Riječ je o inhumacijskim tially damaging one of them, does not indi boku, s glavom orijentiranom prema jugu, ofcate this the trench. existence Considering of some other the lackgrave, of whichgrave žen u raku u zgrčenom položaju na lijevom- could have been destroyed by the digging nji dio trbuha ili na koljena. Uz pokojnike odnosno jugoistoku, ruku položenih na do- goods and equipment or garment as well as the sterile fill of the grave pits, their dating ilinisu nošnje, priloženi poput grobni igala, prilozi, nakita ai sl.na Pokojnici pokojni 2was indicates possible the only period on the of basis the ofolder radiocarbon phase of cima nisu sačuvani dijelovi njihove opreme dates. Analysis of the bone sample from grave do ovalnog tlocrta, orijentirane u smjeru jugoistoksu položeni – sjeverozapad.u rake nepravilnoga Na osnovi izduženog ukopa inthe the Early 22 ndBronze Age, i.e. Re Br A1 stage. With greater probability this burial can be dated century BC. Skeletal graves 3 and adviju grob odraslih s ukopom osoba djeteta može manjih se zaključiti je dimenzi kako- 14 wereand the ascribed same burial to the practice.same period The basedobtained on je prosječna dužina rake iznosila oko 1,4 m, their positions in the same group with grave oko 2,5 do 3,5 m, a njihov razmještaj vjero- end of the Vinkovci Culture, i.e. cultural com- jatnoja. Udaljenost ukazuje naizmeđu ukapanje grobova u blago kreće zaoblje se od- date roughly corresponds to the dates for the noj liniji. U blizini nisu evidentirani drugi of the Kisapostag Culture. (istovremeni) grobovi, dok pokretni arhe- plex Somogyvar–Vinkovci, and the beginning

ološki materijal iz kasnijeg kanala, koji leži jošsjeverno kojega uz groba, ranobrončanodobne koji je ukop kanala grobove mo -i gaosječe uništiti. jednog S od obzirom njih, ne na indicira nedostatak postojanje grob- nih priloga i opreme pokojnika te sterilnu zapunu grobova, njihovo je datiranje bilo - skih datuma. Analiza uzorka kosti iz groba 2moguće ukazuje isključivo na razdoblje na osnovi starije radiokarbon faze ranoga

st.brončanog pr. Kr. Kosturni doba, stupnja grobovi Re 3 Bri 4 A1.pripisani S većom su vjerojatnošću grob se može datirati u 22. istoj grupaciji s grobom 1 te primijenjenog pogrebnogistome razdoblju rituala. na Dobiveni osnovi svog datum položaja okvirno u odgovara radiokarbonskim datumima za

kulturekraj vinkovačke Kisapostag. kulture, odnosno kulturnog kompleksa Somogyvar – Vinkovci i početak

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: 3. KULTUROLOŠKI OKVIR

3. CULTURAL FRAMEWORK Vučedolska kultura - The Vučedol Culture - - sion, rich spiritual life and achievements, espe- Vučedolska je kultura svojim prepoznatlji According to its recognizable artistic expres vimna polju umjetničkim metalurgije, izrazom, zasigurno bogatim jedna duhov od of the most important Eneolithic occurrences nim životom i dostignućima, prije svega incially our in region. metallurgy, Originating the Vučedol in the easternCulture Slavois one- na našim prostorima. Nastala na prostoru najvažnijih manifestacija bakrenog doba at the end of its classical phase21 - 21 - nian and Syrmian area, it began its expansion- istočnoslavonskog i srijemskog prostora, though it disintegrated in a series, with of theregional larg krajemkasnoj fazi klasične kulture. faze Iako počinjese tada razbila svoju ekna est extent in the late phase of the culture. Al nizspanziju, regionalnih koja poprima varijanta, najveće bila je prisutnarazmjere na u the area from Prague in the north to southern - Bosniavariants, in the south Vučedol and Culture from the was south-eastern present in - storapodručju na zapadu od Praga do na rumunjskog sjeveru do Banatajužne Bo na in the east. At the beginning of the Bronze Age, sne na jugu te od jugoistočnoalpskog pro Alpine area in the west to the Romanian Banat - istoku. Još početkom brončanog doba, kada- when it was replaced by the Vinkovci Culture je u istočnoj Slavoniji zamjenjuje vinkovač- andin eastern South-eastern Slavonia, Europe. numerous22 post–Vučedol skeka kultura, manifestacije. na prostoru22 srednje i jugoistoč appearances still existed in the area of Middle ne Europe egzistiraju brojne postvučedol - entireIn the absolute-chronological3rd millennium BC. Radiocarbon framework, dates the cijeloU apsolutno 3. tis. pr. kronološkim Kr. Radiokarbonski okvirima datumi vuče Vučedol Culture can be dated to almost the dolsku kulturu možemo datirati gotovo u 3100–2500 BC and belong to a period of the ear- do 2500. pr. Kr. i pripadaju vremenu rane i from the site Vučedol are in the range between23. s nalazišta Vučedol u rasponu su 23od. Radio 3100.- Radiocarbon dates from Ervenica (14 Matija karbonski datumi s Ervenice (ulica Matije ly and classical phase of the Vučedol Culture klasičneGupca 14) faze u Vinkovcima vučedolske u kulture rasponu su od - Gubec Street) in Vinkovci range between 2890 dine u Starim Mikanovcima smještaju se and 2480 BC and the ones from Damića gradina 2890. do 2480. pr. Kr., a oni s Damića gra in Stari Mikanovci24 between 2860 and 2470 BC,- edwhich radiocarbon puts them dates in the from classical the site phase Hotel of Slathe- kultureu razdoblje24 između 2860. i 2470. pr. Kr. te- voniaVučedol (2668–2467 Culture . FromBC and Vinkovci, 2632–2408 two correctBC) can pripadaju razdoblju klasične vučedolske be associated to the B2 stage25 Hotel Slavonija. Uz stupanj u Vinkovcima B2 vežu (2668.–2467.se i dva kori calibrated dates (2630–2470 BC and 2580– pr.girana Kr. i radiokarbonska 2632.–2408. pr. datuma Kr.)25 s položaja . Two younger kalibrirana datuma (2630.–2470. pr. Kr. i . Dva mlađa 2450 BC) indicate that life at the Vučedol site, as well as at Sarvaš and Vinkovci, lasted into 2580.–2450. pr. Kr.) upućuju da je život na the late phase of the classical Vučedol Culture 21 kultureVučedolu, (stupanj kao i na B2), Sarvašu suprotno i u Vinkovcima, prethodno (B2 stage), contrary to the earlier assumptions trajao i u kasnoj fazi klasične vučedolske S. Dimitrijević (1979, 278) divided the Vučedol Cuture 21 - Culture.into three main phases: early or preclassical (A), classical 22(early classical B1 and late classical B2) and late (C) Vučedol S. Dimitrijević (1979, 278) podijelio je vučedolsku kul 23 Balen 2010, 111-112, Tab. 8. turu u tri osnovne faze: rana ili pretklasična (A), klasična kultura. 24 Dimitrijević 1979; Durman 1988. (ranoklasična22 B1 i kasnoklasična B2) i kasna (C) vučedolska Miloglav 2016, Table 1. 25 Durman 2000, 96 23 Balen 2010, 111–112, tab. 8. Dimitrijević 1979; Durman 1988. 24 Miloglav 2016, tab. 1. 25 Durman 2000, 96

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: iznesenim pretpostavkama da nije bio na- 26. The seljen poslije B1 stupnja26 iz Rudine (2340.–2030. pr. Kr.) pripada raz- that it was not settled after the B1 stage 27 . Najmlađi27. datum youngest date from Rudina (2340–2030 BC) belongs to the period of the Early Brozne Age. - - doblju ranoga brončanog doba The largest number of Vučedol Culture burials Najveći broj ukopa vučedolske kulture pro was found within the settlement. At the epony nađen je unutar naselja. Na eponimnom- mous site Vučedol, bodies in 28crouched position nalazištu Vučedol pokojnici u zgrčenom28 amongwere placed them inare abandoned numerous storage group pits,burials. often A položaju polagani su u napuštene jame-po with numerous grave goods. The best known- drume, često s velikom količinom priloga. - Među njima najpoznatiji su brojni grupni grave of a “couple“, with both of the buried in ukopi. Grob „bračnog para“ s oba pokojni- dividuals laid in a crouched position, and29 In with grave a dolskomka u zgrčenom Gradcu položaju R. R. Schmidt.i velikom29 količinom U grobu lot of grave goods, was excavated in 1938 by R. 3,priloga iskopanom iskopao 1985. je 1938. godine godine na Vinogradu na vuče R. Scmidt at the site Vučedol Gradac. Streim, nalazili su se ostaci osam pokojni- 3 at Vinograd Streim, excavated in 1985, there - were remains of eight buried individuals (one male, six female, and one girl) at the bottom of komadimaka (jedan muškarac, drvenog ugljena. šest žena Šest i jedna je pokoj dje- a 4 m deep pit, covered with pieces of charcoal. nikavojčica) na lubanjamana dnu 4 m imalo duboke udubljenja. jame, zatrpani Glava Six of the individuals had a dent on the skull. jednog pokojnika nalazila se u lesnom na- The head of one of the buried individuals was - in the loess charge with which the grave was sealed. In the30 grave,There datedare some between more 3100–2750 group and boju kojim je „zapečaćena“ grobnica. U gro- individualBC, a few whole burials vessels in pits and beside some the animal mentioned bones tinjskebu, datiranom kosti.30 izmeđuOsim navedenih, 3100. i 2750. poznato pr. Kr., je ones.were 31found. Several graves dug into the cultural pronađeno je nekoliko cijelih posuda i živo - u jamama.31 - nojoš jenekoliko nekoliko grupnih grobova i pojedinačnihukopanih u sloj, ukopa bez layer, without visible burial pits, were excavat vidljive grobne Tijekom rake. 2006.Ispod godinei oko kostura,istraže ed in 2006. Under and around the southwest- orijentiranih jugozapad – sjeveroistok ili ju- northeast or southeast–northwest oriented skeletons, a lot of finds of the Vučedol32 Culture were discovered. One of the skeletons is dated - Burials under burial mounds at Velika humka goistok – sjeverozapad, pronađeno je dosta to the period between 2900–2840 BC. near Batajnica and Humka near Veliki Begej in vučedolskih32 nalaza. Jedan od kostura dati Kr. Vojka differ from this burial practice. The bod- ran je u razdoblje između 2900. i 2840. pr. Od ovoga pogrebnog rituala odstupaju uko- 33

pokraj Batajnice i Humci pokraj Velikog Be- 26ies were burned and placed in urns. 27 gejapi pod u Vojki,tumulima, u kojima pronađeni su pokojnici u Velikoj spaljeni humci i 28 Dimitrijević 1979, 278, 303; Balen 2010, 111-112, Tab. 8. 33 Durman-Obelić 1989, Tab. 1. 29 Schmidt 1945, 41–44. 30 Durman 1988, 20; Balen 2010, 115-116. 26 Durman 2000, 42–56. položeni u urne. 31 27 32 28 Dimitrijević 1979, 278, 303; Balen 2010, 111–112, tab. 8. Balen 2010, 115–116. Durman 1988, 20; Hoti 1994. Durman-Obelić 1989, tab. 1. 33 Durman 1988, 20. 29 Schmidt 1945, 41–44. Durman 1988, 20; Balen 2010, 115–116. 30 Durman 2000, 42–56. 31

32 Balen 2010, 115–116. Durman 1988, 20; Hoti 1994. 33 Durman 1988, 20.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: The Vinkovci Culture - Vinkovačka kultura Za sada raspolažemo s nekoliko radiokar- samplesFor now, fromwe have the several site Hotel radiocarbon at Vinkovci, dates found for bonskih datuma za vinkovačku kulturu na- the Vinkovci Culture in the Slavonian area. Two području Slavonije. Dva uzorka iz Vinkova- Vinkovci cultures, gave the results 3810±140 ca, s položaja Hotel, pronađena u poremeće (Z–1817)in a disturbed and 3830±140,layer with findsi.e. calibrated of Vučedol dates and (Z–1817)nom sloju is 3830±140,materijalom odnosno vučedolske kalibrirane i vinko 2470–2040 BC and 2480–2040 BC.34 S. Foren- datumevačke kulture, 2470.–2040. dala su pr. rezultate Kr. i 2480.–2040. 3810±140 baher attributes these samples to the Vinko- pr. Kr.34 S. Forenbaher ove uzorke pripisu- dates for mentioned samples of 2455–2140 BC kalibrirane datume za spomenute uzorke (Z–1817)vci Culture and and 2460–2146 cites subsequently BC (Z–1818). calibrated35 From 2455.–2140.je vinkovačkoj pr. kulturiKr. (Z–1817) i navodi i 2460.–2146. naknadno the Vinkovci area, there is also one incineration pr. Kr. (Z–1818).35 2455–2306 BC (3881±25).36 At the site Josipo- kulture apsolutno datiran S područja u 2455.–2306. Vinkovaca grave of the Vinkovci Culture, absolutely dated pr.potječe Kr. (3881±25). i jedan paljevinski36 Na nalazištu grob vinkovačke Josipovac vac Punitovački–Veliko polje I, the remains of ostaci naselja i jedan paljevinski grob. Ra- a settlement and one incineration grave were diokarbonskiPunitovački – su Veliko analizirani polje Iuzorci pronađeni iz dvaju su andfound. 2390–2210 Samples fromBC (3840±40). two pits were37 Three radiocarbon samples analysed and dated: 2470–2350 BC (3926±24) 2470.–2350. pr. Kr. (3926±24) i 2390.– of them from graves and one from a pit, gave 2210.jamskih pr. objekataKr. (3840±40). te su37 dobiveniTri uzorka datumi: s nala- thefrom results the site from Čepinski the 26 Martinci–Dubrava,th two- ginning of the 23rd 38 It can be noted dva iz grobova i jedan iz jame, dala su rezul- century BC to the be zišta Čepinski Martinci – Dubrava, od kojih century BC. Kr. 38 that existing dates for the Vinkovci Culture in tate od 26. st. pr. Kr. do početka 23. st. pr.- the territory of Slavonia extend across a wide Primjetno je kako se postojeći datumi time range, especially considering the dates za vinkovačku kulturu na području Slavoni from the site Hotel at Vinkovci. However, dates je kreću u širokome vremenskom rasponu,- from Josipovac Punitovački, two dates from- posebice imajući u vidu datume s položaja- Čepinskiriod from Martinci, the mid-25 andth one from the grave atrd Hotelske Martince u Vinkovcima. te onaj Međutim, za grob datumiiz Vinkovaca za Jo Vinkovci correspond well, indicating the pe sipovac Punitovački, dva datuma za Čepin samples from Hotel at Vinkovci,century BC there to the are 23 no od sredine 25. st. pr. Kr. do 23. st. pr. Kr. U century BC. In any case, except the wide dated- dobro se poklapaju, ukazujući na razdoblje- raka s Hotela u Vinkovcima, nema poznatih known dates for the Vinkovci Culture in Slavo svakom slučaju, osim široko datiranih uzo nia after 2200 BC. Few radiocarbon dates for- garainthe Somogyvar–Vinkovci part of Baranja. Samples cultural from complex the siteare datuma za vinkovačku kulturu na području known from the neighbouring area, the Hun Nekoliko radiokarbonskih datuma za kul- Slavonije mlađih od 2200. pr. Kr. – 2460–2444 BC, 2440–2340 BC (3885±40) andNagyarpad Bln–1945 gave – 2490–2482 calibrated BC, dates: 2470–2310 Bln–1634 BC poznato je sa susjednog prostora, iz ma- turni kompleks Somogyvar – Vinkovci (3900±60), while for the sample from the site 34 đarskog Benkö et al. dijela Baranje. Uzorci s lokaliteta Szava34 Benkö a et date al. of 2582–2468 BC (4000±50) was et al. 1989, 87. et al. 1989, 87. 35 1989, 998–999, tab. 1; Durman, Obelić 1989, 35 Forenbaher 1989,1993, 998–999,342, 348, Tab.Fig. 8. 1; Durman, Obelić 1989, 1006, tab. 1; Srdoč 36 361006, Tab. 1; Srdoč Forenbaher 1993, 342, 348, fig. 8. 37 Hirschler 2009, 145, tab. 1. 37 Hirschler 2009, 145, Tab. 1. 38 Kalafatić 2006. 38 Kalafatić 2006.

Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 664, 666, sl. 10. Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 664, 666, Fig. 10.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: obtained.39 The most numerous radiocarbon 1634 – 2460.–2444. pr. Kr., 2440.–2340. pr. Kr.Nagyarpad (3885±40) dali i suBln–1945 kalibrirane – 2490.–2482. datume: Bln– pr. Kr., 2470.–2310. pr. Kr. (3900±60), dok je Thesedates forare thecalibrated Somogyvar–Vinkovci dates obtained culturalfor the za uzorak s nalazišta Szava dobiven datum complex come from the Slovenian territory. 2582.–2468. pr. Kr. (4000±50).39 Najbrojniji - - samples from the numerousth sites, which date thebeginning Somogyvar–Vinkovci of the 22nd cultural complex be radiokarbonski datumi za Somogyvar – Vin tween the end of the 27 century BC and the dobivenimkovci kulturni za uzorkekompleks s niza potječu lokaliteta, s područja koji the end of the 26th century BC, whereas the Slovenije. Riječ je o kalibriranim datumima intervals23rd of higher probability range between the 25th century BCth and the end40 of Den the- datiraju kulturni kompleks Somogyvar –- drochronological century BC, with dates the from most Ljubljansko of them between barje Vinkovci od kraja 27. st. pr. Kr. do početka century BC and 24 century BC.nd half of 22. st. pr. Kr., pri čemu se intervali veće vje the 26th th 41 st.rojatnosti pr. Kr. i kreću 24. st. između pr. Kr. 40kraja Dendrokronološ 26. st. pr. Kr. -i indicate the time span between the 2 krajaki datumi 23. st. s pr.Ljubljanskog Kr., a najviše barja ih je ukazujuizmeđu 25.na from the century Croatian BC and and Hungarian the 25 centuryareas. On BC. the trajanje ovog kompleksa tijekom 2. polovi- The Slovenian results correspond with those ce 26. st. pr. Kr. i 25. st. pr. Kr.41 Slovenski radiokarbonski rezultati odgovaraju onima basis of all the knownth dates, B. Teržan and M. Črešnarprosperous date period the Somogyvar–Vinkovci during the 25th cultural complexhalf of the from 24th the 26 century BC, with its most s područja Hrvatske i Mađarske. B. Teržan i half of the 24th and the first M. Črešnar, na osnovi svih poznatih datuma,- century BC, while in 42the second cvatomkulturni tijekom kompleks 25. st. Somogyvar pr. Kr. i prve – Vinkovcipolovice authors point out and that in the some first dates half indicateof the 23th its 24.datiraju st. pr. od Kr., 26. dok st. se pr. polagano Kr., s najvećim gasi tijekom pro survivalcentury BCto theit gradually 21st diminished.43 However, druge polovice 24. st. pr. Kr. i prve polovice 42 century BC. 23. st. pr. Kr. practice of the bearers of the Vinkovci Culture, Few recorded graves testify about the burial Međutim, autori ističu kako- nekoliko datuma 43 sugerira preživaljavanje sa do 21. st. pr. Kr. i.e. the Somogyvar–Vinkovci44 later attributed cultural to the complex.Vinkovci Somogyvar – Vinkovci kulturnog komplek - Culture.In the city45 of Osijek, two incineration urn graves- ke kulture, odnosno kulturnog kompleksa were found, 46 O pogrebnom ritualu nositelja vinkovač The remaining At the burials nearby of Čepinski the Vinkovci Martinci, Culture sev eral incineration graves were also excavated. Somogyvar – Vinkovci svjedoči nekolicina- evidentiranih grobova.44 naknadno Na području pripisana samog vin- from eastern Slavonia and western Syrmia grada Osijeka pronađena45 su dva paljevin were exclusively47 incineration burials as well. ska žarna groba, Urnpolje burialsI48, and were Vinkovci–Duga recorded atulica. the49 sites Incinera Selci- kovačkojpaljevinskih kulturi. grobova. U 46 obližnjim I preostali Čepinskim grobovi Đakovački, Josipovac Punitovački–Veliko Martincima istraženo je također nekoliko 39 et al. 1992, 43. 40 39 et al. 1992, 43. 41 Raczky 40 et al. Raczky 42 Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 663–665, Fig. 8. 41 et al. 43 Velušček 2011; Velušček 2014, 639–641. 42 Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 663–665, sl. 8. 44 Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 665, 666, Fig. 11. 43 Velušček 2011; Velušček 2014, 639–641. Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 674. Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 665, 666, sl. 11. 45 44 Bulat 1977, 13–17, T. III: 1–2. Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 674. 46 45 Šimić 2001b, 24, Fig. 1, Fig. 2. Bulat 1977, 13–17, T. III: 1–2. 46 - We wish to thank Hrvoje Kalafatić, PhD, The Institute of Šimić 2001b, 24, sl. 1, sl. 2. - 47Archaeology, Zagreb, for the information about the findings ski Zahvaljujemo Martinci – Dubrava. dr. sc. Hrvoju Kalafatiću s Instituta za arhe 48from the site Čepinski Martinci-Dubrava. ologiju u Zagrebu na podacima za nalaze s lokaliteta Čepin 49 Kalafatić, Hršak 2007. Hirschler 2009, 149, Fig. 5, Fig. 8, T. 9: 3, 4. Kalafatić 2006.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: - - at the site Drljanovac,50 and in the area around vinkovačke kulture s područja istočne Sla tion graves were also registered near Bjelovar vonije i zapadnog Srijema isključivo47 Josipovac su pa 51 and Belegiš–Gradac.52 ljevinski. Po jedan žarni grob48 zabilježeni Vinkovci je– the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers at- naDuga nalazištima ulica.49 Selci Đakovački, the sites Rospi Ćuprija Punitovačkiregistrirani u – okolici Veliko Bjelovara polje I na lokalitetu Skeletal graves are very rare in the Vinko Drljanovac50 Također, paljevinski su grobovi vci Culture, i.e. Somogyvar–Vinkovci cultural 51 i situatedcomplex. nearN. Tasić the mentions incineration two skeletalburials gravesof the Belegiš – Gradac. te na52 području Kosturni oko su groboviušća Save u at the cemetery Gradac in Belegiš, which were u Dunav, na nalazištima Rospi Ćuprija - Vinkovci Culture. The bodies 53 were Based laid on inthe a sklopu vinkovačke kulture, odnosno kultur- crouched position, and in one grave there was nihnog grobovakompleksa na Somogyvarnekropoli Gradac – Vinkovci u Belegi vrlo- aM. jug Garašanin typical forconcluded this culture. that both burial rites šu,rijetki. koji N.su Tasić se nalazili navodi u nalazblizini dvaju paljevinskih kostur finds from the cemetery at Gradac in Belegiš,-

- were practiced in the Vinkovci Culture; in grobova vinkovačke kulture. Pokojnici su cineration and skeletal, wherein the bodies bili položeni u zgrčenom53 Na položaju, osnovi nalazaa u jed s in skeletal graves were placed in a crouched54 nom od kosturnih grobova pronađen je vrč position on the left side, while in incineration nekropole Gradac u Belegišu, M. Garašanin - tipičan za ovu kulturu. graves the remains were placed in urns. In the Hungarian area, flat graves of the So je zaključio kako su u vinkovačkoj kulturi- mogyvar–Vinkovci cultural complex are quite primjenjivana oba načina sahranjivanja: - fromrare. Twothe sitesincineration Ajka, Csabrendek, graves are knownand Monos from- paljevinski i kosturni, pri čemu su u kostur Keszhtely, and there is a possibility that55 finds The paljevinskihnim grobovima ukopa pokojnici ostaci pokojnikapolagani u stavlja zgrče- nom položaju54 na lijevom boku, dok su kod southerntorapati comeTransdanubia, from destroyed at the site graves. Kaposujlak. - only two skeletal burials were registered in- ni u žare. tion on his left side at the bottom of the trench, Na području Mađarske ravni grobovi So A young male was buried in a crouched posi mogyvar – Vinkovci kulturnog kompleksa irregular position in a bigger pit.56 Considering daprilično materijal su rijetki. s lokaliteta Dva su Ajka, paljevinska Csabrendek groba i while the remains of a female were found in an poznata iz Keszthelyja, a postoji mogućnost- va.55 Jedina su dva kosturna groba eviden- the known grave burials of the Somogyvar- Monostorapati potječe iz uništenih grobo Vinkovci cultural complex, G. Kulcar noted that - skeletal burials are rare in Slavonia and Syrmia- tirana u južnoj Transdanubiji, na nalazištu na,and Danube she connected and Tisza. them57 with the northward Kaposujlak. Mlađa je muška osoba poko thatinfluences the dominant of the migrants rite in the along area the of therivers Vinko Dri- pana u zgrčenom položaju na lijevom boku Known finds indicate- u raku na dnu56 jarka, dok su ostaci ženske osobe pronađeni u nepravilnom položaju u differentvci Culture burial in Slavonia practices and in Syrmiathe area was of the incin So- 47većoj jami. Razmatrajući poznate grobne eration burial in urns. Certainly there were 48 Kalafatić, Hršak 2007. 49 50mogyvar–Vinkovci cultural complex, wherein 51 50 Hirschler 2009, 149, sl. 5, sl. 8, T. 9: 3, 4. 52 Majnarić-Pandžić 1981, 37. 51 Kalafatić 2006. 53 Todorović 1956, 40–41. 52 Majnarić-Pandžić 1981, 37. 54 Trbuhović 1956, 147–149. 53 Todorović 1956, 40–41. Garašanin 1983, 473. Tasić 1974, 190, 192; 1983, 48; 1984, 24–25. Trbuhović 1956, 147–149. 55 Kiss, Kulcsar 2007, 108–109. 54 Garašanin 1983, 473. Tasić 1974, 190, 192; 1983, 48; 1984, 24–25. 56 55 Kiss, Kulcsar 2007, 108–109. 57 Kulcsar 2009, 274. 56 Somogyi 2002; Zoffmann 2002, 59.

Somogyi 2002; Zoffmann 2002, 59.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: some regional differences can be noticed.58 G. Kulcsar je istaknula kako su u Slavoniji i Therefore, the burial in the incineration urn Transdanubijiukope Somogyvar kosturni – Vinkovci grobovi kompleksa,rijetki te ih graves could be characteristic of the Slavonian je povezala s utjecajima ili migracijama pre- 57 Po- znati nalazi za sada svakako ukazuju na to and Syrmian territory. ma sjeveru duž Drine, Dunava i Tise. -

kako je paljevinski ukop u žarama bio domi nantan pogrebni ritual vinkovačke kulture na području Slavonije i Srijema. Svakako, na- području kulturnog kompleksa Somogyvar regionalne– Vinkovci prisutnivarijante. su58 različitiU tome pogrebnismislu, po ri- tuali, pri čemu se mogu nazrijeti određene mogla bi biti karakteristika prostora Slavo- nijekapanje i Srijema. u paljevinskim žarnim grobovima

Kisapostag kultura The Kisapostag Culture - - Nakon završetka života kulturnog komplek After the end of Somogyvar–Vinkovci cultural promjenesa Somogyvar uslijed – Vinkovci, kojih dolazi na dopodručju formiranja nje complex, there were significant changes in its- nizagove novihrasprostranjenosti kulturnih manifestacija. nastupaju značajne Na pro- distributiondanubia and the area, northern due to part which of aSlovenia, number the of storu Transdanubije i u sjevernom dijelu new cultural instances were formed. In Trans - ni nalazi iz zapadnog dijela Hrvatske pripi- Kisapostag Culture developed. Similar finds saniSlovenije su tzv. razvija protolicenskoj se Kisapostag fazi kultura. licenskoke Slič- from the western part of59 Croatia are ascribed- 59 to the so–called “proto–Litzen phase of60 the In 60 U sje- Litzenpottery Culture“, while in the south ramičke kulture, dok se na jugoistočnom eastcan be area, attributed the Vatin to Culturea post–Vinkovci was formed. horizon područjurijetki nalazi formira koji se vatinska mogu pripisati kultura. postvin- the north-eastern part of Croatia, finds which veroistočnom dijelu Hrvatske izrazito su- - nje nekropola Kisapostag kulture u Lugu u are extremely rare. In the literature, there is a- kovačkom horizontu. U literaturi se spomi garianmention archaeologists, of a cemetery and of the material, Kisapostag stored Cul ture at Lug in Baranja. It was excavated61 A fragment by Hun of jeBaranji. neobjavljen. Istraživali61 su je mađarski arheolozi, - aukrašenog materijal, lonca pohranjen Kisapostag u Mađarskoj, kulture prona ostao- in Hungary, was not published. Ulomak karakteristično62 Dijelovi Osijek.a characteristically62 Fragments decoratedof the ceramic pot of vessels the Kisa or- postag Culture was found at Pristanište in- đen je na Pristaništu u Osijeku. - keramičkih posuda, dekoriranih na način- namented in the style specific for the Kisapos specifičan za Kisapostag kulturu, eviden tag Culture were also registered in the Đakovo tirani su i na đakovačkom području (loka area (site Kuševac–Grabrovac), and since they 57litet Kulcsar Kuševac 2009, 274. – Grabrovac), a budući da su were found in a closed context together with 58 Kulcsar 2009, 269. Transdanubian58 Kulcsar 2009, 269. encrusted pottery, it can be 59 59 60 60 Marković 2003. 61 61 Marković 2003. Tasić 2004, 28, 30–31; Ložnjak Dizdar 2007, 315, 321. Tasić 2004, 28, 30–31; Ložnjak Dizdar 2007, 315, 321. 62 Patay 1938, 40; Vinski–Gasparini 1956, 24; Bulat 1970, 62 Patay 1938, 40; Vinski–Gasparini 1956, 24; Bulat 1970, 65; Minichreiter 1987, 60; Šimić 2012, 202. 65; Minichreiter 1987, 60; Šimić 2012, 202. Šimić 2001b, 25, sl. 3. Šimić 2001b, 25, Fig. 3.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: - the culture.63 - pronađeni u objektu zajedno s transdanu- acteristicsconcluded thatappears they in belong northern to the Croatia, late phase and asof bijskomture.63 inkrustiranom keramikom, može- Material with Kisapostag char se zaključiti kako pripadaju kasnoj fazi kul Materijal Kisapostag obilježja pojav southernsouth as Posavina,slopes of Dilj as evidencedMountain, by64 the finds ljuje se na području sjeverne Hrvatske sve thefrom sites the sitefrom Palež the areanear ofGornji Slavonski Slatinik Brod. on the In do Posavine na jugu, o čemu64 kaosvjedoče i nalazišta nalazi as well as- s lokaliteta Palež kod Gornjeg Slatinika na- južnim obroncima Dilja, partthe area of a ofsettlement Tvrđava atof Slavonskithe Kisapostag Brod, Cultureat loca s područja Slavonskog Broda. Na područ tions Hotel/Stožerna vojarna and Oružni trg, a dioju brodskenaselja Kisapostag Tvrđave, na kulture položajima s ukopanim, Hotel 65 odnosno– Stožerna poluukopanim vojarna i Oružni objektima, trg, istražen65 dok je with dugout and semi-dugout buildings was- excavated, while in the north-eastern part of naselja ove kulture evidentirani na lokaciji the city,Glogovnica remains Creek. of the66 settlement of this cul Preljevsu u sjeveroistočnom P3 uz potok Glogovnicu. dijelu grada66 Pregle ostaci- ture were registered at location Preljev P3, by dom pokretnoga arheološkog materijala iz stored at the Brodsko Posavlje When Museum, reviewing frag the- Novigrada na Savi, pohranjenog u Muzeju archaeological finds from Novigrad na Savi,-

ulomci posuda Kisapostag kulture. Reeva- ments of Kisapostag vessels were also identi- luacijomBrodskog nalaza,Posavlja, objavljenih također su kao ustanovljeni licenska fied. Re-evaluation of the finds published in the- keramika, ustanovljena je prisutnost kera- ticsliterature at a number as Litzen of potterysites in revealednorthern the Croatia. occur67 mike Kisapostag karakteristika na još nizu rence of pottery with Kisapostag characteris nalazišta sjeverne Hrvatske.67 at the site Klasje near Pleternica,68 and around - In the Požega basin, such finds69 were recorded ni na lokalitetu Klasje kod Pleternice, Na području68 a u su Požeške kotline ovakvi nalazi zabilježe69 Našice at Vučjak Feričanački. Other finds of Ostali nalazi Kisapostag kulture, odnosno the Kisapostag Culture, i.e. the “proto–Litzen okolici Našica u Vučjaku Feričanačkom. - phase“ were registered in the north-western part of Croatia. Among them, finds from Rađinci „protolicenske faze“, evidentirani su u sje near Čazma70 stand out, where the remains of a verozapadnom dijelu Hrvatske. Među njima- single layer settlement with dugout buildings ljase s ističe ukopanim materijal objektima. iz Rađinca70 Spomenuti kod Čazme, ma- were found. Z. Marković ascribes them to the gdje su utvrđeni ostaci jednoslojnog nase proto–Litzen phase within his classification of Litzen pottery in northern Croatia, wherein 63 terijal63 Z. Marković pripisuje protolicenskoj this phase would be contemporaneous with 117. 127. Martinec 2002; Marković 2003, 127; Črešnar 2010, 116– 64 Martinec 2002; Črešnar 2010, 116–117; Marković 2003, 64 - - - Excavations at the site Palež were carried out by “Geoar Posavlja. Istraživanja Ovom na prilikom lokalitetu zahvaljujemo Palež provela višim je tvrtkakustosima „Geoar Ar- heo“, and removable finds are stored at the Brodsko Posav heološkogheo“, a pokretni odjela suMuzeja nalazi Brodskog pohranjeni Posavlja u Muzeju L. Miklik Brodskog Lozuk lje Museum. We wish to thank the senior curators of the- - Archaeology Department L. Miklik Lozuk and J. Lozuk for Novigradinformation na andSavi. the possibility of insight into the archaeo i65 J. Lozuku na podacima i mogućnosti uvida u materijal s lo 65logical finds from sites Palež, Slavonski Brod-Tvrđava, and kaliteta Palež, Slavonski Brod – Tvrđava i Novigrad na Savi.

Istraživanja na prostoru Tvrđave u Slavonskom Brodu Excavations at the site Tvrđava in Slavonski Brod were proveo je Muzej Brodskog Posavlja. Istraživanja je vodio carried out by the Brodsko Posavlje Museum. The head of J. Lozuk, a provedena su 2003. godine na Oružnom trgu i the excavations was J. Lozuk, and they were carried out in- kulture.2008. godine na položaju Hotel – Stožerna vojarna. Riječ je 2003 at Oružni trg, and in 2008 at Hotel/Stožerna vojarna. 66o dijelovima istoga ranobrončanodobnog naselja Kisapostag 66At these locations, parts of the same Early Bronze Age settle 67 67ment of the Kisapostag Culture were found. Maljković 2012. 68 68 Maljković 2012. Črešnar 2010. 69 69 Črešnar 2010. Majnarić–Pandžić 1977, 69, sl. 2; Črešnar 2010, 125. Majnarić–Pandžić 1977, 69, Fig. 2; Črešnar 2010, 125. 70 Štrk 1984. 70 Štrk 1984. Marković 1994, 120; 2003, T. 6: 3; Črešnar 2010, 125. Marković 1994, 120; 2003, T. 6: 3; Črešnar 2010, 125.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: fazi u sklopu svojega stupnjevanja licenske 71 M.

bi ova faza bila vremenski paralelna ranoj the early and classical Kisapostag Culture. keramike u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj,71 pri čemu Črešnar classifies the material from Rađinac to the early phase of the Kisapostag Culture and i klasičnoj Kisapostag kulturi. M. Črešnar concludes that the first and second phases of materijal iz Rađinca svrstava u ranu fazu- this culture in Slovenia can be equated72 with Kisapostag kulture i zaključuje kako se prva proto–Litzen stage of Z. Marković, not only i druga faza ove kulture na području Slove chronologically but also culturally. from northern Croatia and those found in re- nije mogu 72 izjednačiti, ne samo kronološki Known finds with Kisapostag characteristics već i kulturno, s protolicenskim stupnjem Z. - and Prekmurje,73 Markovića. centthe Kisapostag researches Culture in the area has ofto Slovenianbe moved Styriato the Postojeći nalazi Kisapostag karakteristi testify that the boundary of- slovenskogka s područja dijela sjeverne Štajerske Hrvatske, i Prekmurja, kao i oni73 - proizašli iz novijih istraživanja na prostoru- ansouth literature. of Rinya74 and The Drava area of rivers, northern which Croatia, are men all tioned as a boundary of this culture in Hungari svjedoče da granicu rasprostranjenosti Ki should also be included as a part of the distri- sapostag kulture treba pomaknuti južno74 U butionthe way area to the of theborder Kisapostag with Syrmia Culture to the(Map east, 2). od rijeka Rinye i Drave, koje se kao njezine - granice navode u mađarskoj literaturi. napodručje istoku rasprostiranjaotprilike do granice Kisapostag sa Srijemom kulture resultIn Syrmia, of a findsdifferent of the cultural early Vatindevelopment. Culture ocAn treba uključiti i prostor sjeverne Hrvatske, curred after the Vinkovci Culture, which is the kulture pojavljuju nalazi rane vatinske kul- (karta 2). U Srijemu se nakon vinkovačke exact border between the Kisapostag Culture and the early Vatin Culture cannot be precisely kultureture, što i jerane posljedica vatinske drugačijeg kulture za kulturnoga sada se ne determined for now, but one can expect it in the razvoja. Točna granica između Kisapostag- area of eastern Slavonia. Although very scarce,- zonfinds in withnorthern Kisapostag Croatia. characteristics At the present state are for of Premdamože preciznije vrlo oskudni, odrediti, nalazi no Kisapostag svakako je obitre- research,now the only it can ones be concludedfrom a post–Vinkovci that the Kisapos hori- ba očekivati na prostoru istočne Slavonije. tag Culture succeeded the Vinkovci Culture in horizonta na prostoru sjeverne Hrvatske te this area. Finds from a number of sites situated lježja za sada su jedini iz postvinkovačkog along the southern shore of Lake Balaton, and - se na trenutačnom stanju istraženosti može zaključiti kako vinkovačku kulturu na ovo thethose same from sites Slovenian around Prekmurje, Murska Sobota, where prove both me prostoru nasljeđuje kultura Kisapostag. of the cultural appearances were registered at dokazujuKontinuitet nalazi između s više kulturnog lokaliteta kompleksa smješte- 75 Somogyvar – Vinkovci i Kisapostag kulture the continuity between Somogyvar–Vinkovci 71 prostora slovenskog Prekmurja gdje su na cultural complex and the Kisapostag Culture. 72 nih uz južnu obalu Balatona, a također i s nekoliko lokaliteta oko Murske Sobote regi- 73 Marković 2003, 127-128. 75 strirane obje kulturne pojave. Črešnar 2010, 123, 127. - Guštin 2005; Stankovič 2009, 139–150, T. 81–112; 71 2014,Črešnar 666–674. 2010; Kerman 2011a, 23–27, kat. br. 1–132; Ker 72 74man 2011b, 22–27, 131, kat. br. 1–326; Teržan, Črešnar Marković 2003, 127–128. 73 - 75Honti et al. et al. 2004, 9–10, 13, 15, Črešnar 2010, 123, 127. Kiss 2003, 148; Bondar 2005, 94; Bondar, Kiss 2007, 206. et al. Guštin 2005; Stankovič 2009, 139–150, T. 81–112; Čreš 667–668. 2002, 34–35; Honti 666–674.nar 2010; Kerman 2011a, 23–27, kat. br. 1–132; Kerman 41; Honti 2007, 8–9, 16, 51, 62; Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 2011b,74 22–27, 131, kat. br. 1–326; Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 206. Kiss 2003, 148; Bondar 2005, 94; Bondar, Kiss 2007, 75 Honti et al. et al. 2004, 9–10, 13, 15, et al. 667–668. 2002, 34–35; Honti 41; Honti 2007, 8–9, 16, 51, 62; Teržan, Črešnar 2014,

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ:

-

Karta / Map 2. Nalazi materijala Kisapostag obilježja na prostoru sjeverne Hrvatske / Finds with Kisapostag characteris tics on the territory of northern Croatia. (izradila / drafted by M. Krmpotić). - bonskim datumom za Kisapostag kulturu, Za sada ne raspolažemo ni jednim radiokar For now, we do not have a single date for the- Kisapostag Culture or the “proto–Litzen odnosno „protolicensku fazu“ s područja- phase“ from Croatia. A similar situation is no- Hrvatske.cija uglavnom Slična bazira je situacija na relativno i na kronološ prostoru- ticed in the Hungarian territory as well, where Mađarske,kom odnosu gdje sa susjednim se njezina kulturnim apsolutna datapoja- the absolute chronology of the culture is most- cordingly based to on that, its relative–chronologicalthe beginning of the Kisapostag relation with the neighbouring cultural instances. Ac 2100.vama. pr.Na Kr.,toj aje njezin osnovi kraj početak oko 2000. Kisapostag pr. Kr., kulture u Mađarskoj apsolutno datiran oko Culture in Hungary is absolutely dated around - 2100 BC, and its end around 2000 BC, when jikada radiokarbonski bi počinjala datumi kultura za transdanubijske Kisapostag kul- the TransdanubianKisapostag Culture encrusted in Transdanubia pottery culture do inkrustirane keramike. Međutim, neki novi began. However, recent radiocarbon dates for se u ovaj okvir. Analizirani uzorci s naselja turu s područja Transdanubije ne uklapaju- gavenot fit the into calibrated this framework. dates in the Analysed time span samples from ne datume u rasponu od 2010.–1870. pr. Kr. 2010–1870from the settlement BC to 1740–1630 Vörs–Mariaasszonysziget BC.76 On the oth- doVörs 1740.–1630. – Mariaasszonysziget pr. Kr.76 S druge dali su strane, kalibrira kali- brirani radiokarbonski datumi za dva groba - necteder hand, to calibrated the older phase radiocarbon of the Kisapostag dates for Cultwo- graves of the Bonyad I phase, which is con faze Bonyhad I s istoimenog lokaliteta, koja kostijuse veže izuz kosturnih stariju fazu grobova Kisapostag BBQ242-243, kulture, samplesture, from from the the mentioned skeletal gravessite, fit BBQ242–243, much better analiziranimaznatno se bolje u uklapaju. više navrata, Riječ jekoji o uzorcima ukazuju into the temporal framework. These are bone- na okvirno razdoblje 21. – 20. st. pr. Kr.77 st and 20th Više radiokarbonskih datuma za naselja Ki- which were77 More analysed radiocarbon several dates times for andthe set in- - dicatetlements roughly of the theKisapostag period ofCulture the 21 in Slovenia zuju na razdoblje od 23. st. pr. Kr. do 17. st. indicatecentury. the period from the 23rd sapostag kulture na području Slovenije uka 76 Kiss 2012, 203. 76 Kiss 2012, 203. century BC to 77 Kiss et al. 2015, 31–32, Fig. 11–12. 77 Kiss et al. 2015, 31–32, Fig. 11–12.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: 17th - na vrijeme od 22. st. pr. Kr. do 19. st. pr. Kr., nd th pr. Kr., pri čemu se ovaj raspon može suziti century BC, wherein this span can be nar 78 rowedbeginning to the of timethe 21 fromst 22 century BC to 19 - s većom vjerojatnošću od početka 21. st. pr. centuryning of the BC, 19 withth higher probability78 from the Do sada nema objavljenih grobova iz po- Kr. do početka 19. st. pr. Kr. century BC to the begin There are no published century BC.graves from the post– - bovestvinkovačkog iz Luga u Baranjihorizonta ne ranoganavode brončanog se nikakvi northern Croatia so far. There is also no infor- doba s područja sjeverne Hrvatske. Za gro Vinkovcimation about horizon burials of the found Early at Bronze Lug in Age Baranja, from kosturnim grobovima. Jedini nalaz, koji bi sepodaci, tek okvirno čak niti mogao radi li smjestiti se o paljevinskim u ovo razdo ili- blje, navodni je grob iz Sigeteca u Podravini. datednot even in this if they period were is incinerationa supposed grave or skeletal from - graves. The only find which could be roughly - Riječ je o slučajnom nalazu bodeža79 sa Grob zao- Sigetec in Podravina; a stray find of a dagger79 bljenomni ukopi pločicomKisapostag s četirikulture zakovice, nisu poznati koji na ni Graveswith the of roundedthe Kisapostag hilt plate Culture with fourin Slovenia rivets, vodno potječe iz kosturnoga groba. - which was allegedly found in a skeletal grave. - - - s prostora Slovenije. U mađarskoj su Tran arecorded, also and not theknown. lack ofIn graveHungarian goods Transdanu in skeletal sdanubiji zabilježeni i paljevinski i kostur- burialsbia, incineration complicates and their skeletal cultural graves attribution. were re turnoni grobovi, opredjeljivanje. pri čemu nedostatakU kosturnim priloga su gro u- kosturnim grobovima otežava njihovo kul- In skeletal graves, bodies were laid in the grave80 bovima pokojnici polagani u raku u zgrče80 Smallpit in abiritual crouched cemeteries position, usuallyof the withoutKisapostag any Poznatanom položaju su manja na boku, biritualna najčešće groblja bez Kisapoikakvih- grave goods, excluding the sporadic vessel. priloga osim ponekad priložene posude. tijekom gradnje autoceste M7. Na lokalite- M7.Culture At the are site known Ordacsehi–Csereföld, in the area of Lake three Balaton, skel- stag kulture iz okolice Balatona, istražena excavated during the construction of highway- dvanaest paljevinskih, i tri kosturna groba 81 ovetu Ordacsehi kulture.81 –Groblje Csereföld se protezalo istražena usu, smjeru osim etal and twelve incineration graves of this cul tureconsisted were excavated.of three groups The cemetery of graves, stretched in the skupine grobova, od kojih je kod najsjever- out in the northwest–southeast direction, and nijesjeverozapad primjetan – smještajjugoistok, grobova a činile u suzaoblje ga tri- 82 In the noj liniji.82 U kosturnim su grobovima po- northernmost of which an aliment of graves in a slightly curved line can be noticed. na lijevom boku, orijentirani u smjeru istok skeletal graves, bodies were laid in a crouched –kojnici zapad bili(grobovi položeni 385 ui 400), zgrčenom odnosno položaju, sjeve- (graveposition 404). on theThe left individual side, oriented buried east–west in grave roistok – jugozapad (grob 404). Pokojnik u (graves 385 and 400) or northeast–southwest

404 was placed in an extremely crouched, grobnihgrobu 404 priloga. položen U preostalaje u izrazito dva zgrčenom, kosturna graves,almost in squat addition position, to elements and was of garment, the only one groba,gotovo uz čučećem dijelove položaju,nošnje pokojnika, i jedini bio nema je without grave goods. In two other skeletal

ceramic vessel was enclosed. The arms of the uz78 pokojnika priložen po jedan keramički buried78 individuals were usually in front of the 672–673, sl. 12. 672–673, Fig. 12. 79 Črešnar 2010, 122–126, sl. 7; Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 79 Črešnar 2010, 122–126, Fig. 7; Teržan, Črešnar 2014,

Willvonseder 1937, Taf. 49: 10; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 80 Willvonseder 1937, Taf. 49: 10; Vinski–Gasparini 1973, 80 Kiss 2003, 149. Kiss 2003, 149. 31, 184, tab. 6: 12. 8131, 184, Tab. 6: 12. 81 Honti et al. Honti et al. 2007, 110. 2007, 110. 82 2002, 20, 35; Somgyi 2004; Kiss, Kulcsar 82 2002, 20, 35; Somgyi 2004; Kiss, Kulcsar

Somogyi 2004, 349, 358, Tab. 3. Somogyi 2004, 349, 358, tab. 3.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ:

vrč. Ruke su pokojnika položene najčešće onface, the but individual’s in grave 400, chest. the83 right arm was laid trbuha,pred licem, a lijeva međutim, na prsima. u grobu83 400 desna se Ordacsehi–Major,over the lower abdomen, four urn and graves the leftof the one Kisa was- ruka nalazi prekrižena preko donjeg dijela At the nearby site Na obližnjem- položajunosno faze Ordacsehi kasna Kisapostag – Major pronađena– rana inkru su- postag Culture, i.e. of its late Kisapostag – early četiristirana žarna keramika groba te Kisapostag pet kosturnih kulture, grobova od encrusted pottery phase, and five84 The skeletal indi- - graves of the Kisapostag Culture with bodies postag kulture.84 Pokojnik iz kosturnoga in a crouched position, were found. s pokojnicima u zgrčenom položaju Kisa vidual buried in skeletal grave 25 was placed85 glave orijentirane na jugoistok i ruku savi- onAt thethe site left Ordacsehi–Bugaszeg, side, with its head oriented the remains to the of jenihgroba ispod 25 položen glave. 85 je također na lijevi bok,- southeast and the arms bent below the head.

Na položaju Ordacse a settlement and few graves of the late phase86 –hi Vinkovci – Bugaszeg kulturnog istraženi kompleksa su ostaci i naseljaKisapo - i of the Somogyvar–Vinkovci cultural complex- stagnekoliko kulture. grobova86 Registrirani kasne fazesu i paljevinski Somogyvar i and the Kisapostag Culture were excavated. Bothburied incineration individuals, and both skeletal laid on gravesthe left were side inre a ostalim i dvojni kosturni grob u kojem su corded, among others a skeletal grave with two kosturni grobovi Kisapostag kulture, među- 87 crouched position, with their arms beneath the obagrobnih pokojnika priloga. ležala87 Tijekom na lijevom zaštitnih boku uistra zgr- head, and without any grave goods enclosed. čenom položaju, s rukama ispod glave, bez crouchedDuring the skeletal rescue graves excavations of the Kisapostag on highway Cul- M7, at the site Balatonboglar–Berekre–dűlő, živanja na trasi autoceste M7, na lokalitetu- rich assemblage of ceramic vessels.88 A smaller Balatonboglar – Berekre-dűlő također su ture were discovered, including a burial with a pokojnikaevidentirani s zgrčenibogatim kosturni grobnim grobovi prilozima Ki sapostag kulture, pri88 čemu se ističe ukop biritual cemetery of the Kisapostag Culture manje biritualno groblje Kisapostag kultu- north–southwas also excavated or south–north at the direction. site Balatonlelle– Some of keramičkihre na lokalitetu posuda. Balatonlelle Također, – Kenderföld, istraženo jeu Kenderföld, with graves mostly oriented in the kojem su grobovi uglavnom orijentirani sje- - ver – jug ili jug – sjever. Dio grobova nije sa- manthe graves period, did a smallernot have vessel any grave of the goods, Kisapostag but in one grave, damaged by a burial from the Ro 89 At the site državao priloge, međutim, u jednom grobu,- CultureVörs–Papkert was foundB, among close hundreds to the skull, of graves which oštećenom kasnijim ukopom u razdoblju- confirms its cultural attribution. govojantike, kulturnoj uz lubanju pripadnosti. je pronađena89 Na manja nalazištu po Arpad period, ten skeletal graves of the Kisa- suda Kisapostag kulture koja svjedoči o nje- dated from the Late Avar period90 to the Early nih grobova datiranih od kasnoavarskog do again laid in a crouched position on the side, ranoarpadskogVörs – Papkert B,razdoblja, među više evidentirano stotina kostur je postag Culture were recorded. Bodies were91 At i deset kosturnih grobova Kisapostag kul- ture.90 with their arms placed in front of the head. the83 Honti site et Bonyhad, al. situated in the south-eastern 83 Honti etPokojnici al. leže ponovno u zgrčenom 377, Tab. 10, 378, Tab. 400. 377, tab. 10, 378, tab. 400. 84 Bondar et al. 2002, 2001, T. 114.X: 4; Somogyi 2004, 350, 371, Tab. 4, 84 2002, T. X: 4; Somogyi 2004, 350, 371, tab. 4, Bondar et al. 2001, 114. 85 Bondar et al. 85 Bondar et al. 86 Honti et al. 2002, 35. 86 2001, T. I: 3. Honti et al. 2002, 35. 87 Honti et al. 87 2001, T. I: 3. Honti et al. 88 Honti et al. 2002, 30, 36. 88 2002, 15, T. VII: 3. Honti et al. 2002, 30, 36. 89 Honti et al. 89 2002, 15, T. VII: 3. Honti et al. 90 et al. 1992, 302–303. 2004, 15, 54, T. XXI: 2. 90 et al. 1992, 302–303. 91 Honti 1996, 49. 2004, 15, 54, T. XXI: 2. Bondar 1989, 33; Költo Bondar 1989, 33; Költo

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: part of Transdanubia, a larger biritual ceme- ispred glave.91 - položaju na boku, s rukama položenima- Na lokalitetu Bonyhad, smje tery from the Early and Middle Bronze Age was štenom u jugoistočnome dijelu Transda- excavated. In the north-western part of the verozapadnomnubije, istraženo je je dijelu veće biritualnogroblja izdvojena groblje cemetery, there was a group of skeletal graves, skupinaranog i srednjegakosturnih brončanoggrobova, orijentiranih doba. U sje u oriented in the northwest–southeast direction, smjeru sjeverozapad – jugoistok, u kojima in which the bodies laid with their legs drawn - toward the torso and their arms placed on the abdomen. Grave goods were rare and, besides usu grobovima pokojnici takođerbili su vrlo ležali skromni sa zgrčenim te je, osim no several pieces of spiral ornaments,92 only one jug nekolikogama, ruku primjeraka položenih spiralnog preko trbuha. nakita, Prilozi pro- with a cylindrical neck, characteristic for the Kisapostag Culture, was found. the Kisapostag Culture. Although incineration 92 gravesKnown are data more clearly common, indicates skeletal birituality burials are in nađen samo jedan vrč cilindričnog vrata, Poznati podaci jasno ukazuju na biritual- karakterističan za Kisapostag kulturu. nost u Kisapostag kulturi. Premda su pa- burial practices, Sz. Honti assumed that differ- - not rare. To explain the appearance of different - ljevinski grobovi češći, nisu rijetkost ni ko ent practices can be associated with different93 V. Kiss sturni. Kako bi objasnila pojavu različitih andphases G. Kulcsar of the culture,also state wherein that skeletal skeletal graves buri pogrebnih običaja, Sz. Honti pretpostavila- als were linked with the older period. neje kakoukope se uz različiti starije ritualirazdoblje. mogu93 V. vezati Kiss i uzG. različite faze kulture, vežući pritom kostur are rare in the younger phase. Considering the finds of richly equipped skeletal graves at sites- nalazeKulcsar bogato također opremljenih navode kako kosturnih su kosturni gro- Balatonakali and Vörs–Battyanidisznolegelő,- bovagrobovi na rijetkilokalitetima u mlađoj Balatonakali fazi. S obzirom i Vörs na – from the younger phase of the culture, these au thors presume that in the younger phase94 Finds skel ove autorice pretpostavljaju kako je u mla- etal burial was practiced only when burying Battyanidisznolegelő iz mlađe faze kulture, wealthyKisapostag individuals Culture ofat a higherOrdacsehi–Csereföld status. pokapanju bogatih pojedinaca visokog sta- from the cemetery of the younger phase of the- tusa.đoj fazi94 kosturni ukop prakticiran samo pri - confirm this theory. Namely,95 the temporal dis dacsehi U – prilog Csereföld. ovoj teorijiNaime, svjedoče na groblju i nalazi nije tance between incineration and skeletal graves s groblja mlađe faze Kisapostag kulture Or was not established, and when considering paljevinskih i kosturnih grobova,95 a ima- metalthe assemblages objects,96 it is obvious that they were ustanovljena vremenska distanca između resultricher ofin differentskeletal graves,burial practices.especially Finds regarding from je ona u kosturnim grobovima bogatija, po- unless this situation was not a sebicejući u vidu u metalnim opremu predmetima,pokojnika, očito96 osim je kako ako practice during the older phase of the Kisa- - the site Bonyhad also testify the skeletal grave grebnih rituala. O prakticiranju kosturnog ukopaovakva tijekom situacija starije nije rezultat faze Kisapostag različitih kul po- postag Culture. In the oldest phase, Bonyhad I, there were skeletal graves with the rare finds of ornaments in graves, and only in onest caseand ture svjedoče i nalazi s lokaliteta Bonyhad. with the enclosed ceramic vessel. These graves 91U Honti najstarijoj 1996, 49. fazi, Bonyhad I, pojavljuju se are92 Kiss dated et al. 2015,in the 31, frameworkFig. 10.1.–2. between 21 93 92 Kiss et al. 2015, 31, Fig. 10.1.–2. Honti 1996, 49. 94 93 Honti 1996, 49. Kiss, Kulcsar 2007, 111. 95 94 Kiss, Kulcsar 2007, 111. 95 96 Somogyi 2004, 351. 96 Somogyi 2004, 351. Somogyi 2004, 373–380, Tab. 6–13. Somogyi 2004, 373–380, tab. 6–13.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: kosturni grobovi sa skromnim nalazima 20th -

Culture century and theBC. Transdanubian In later phases, encrusted which are pot re- okvirnonakita u u grobu,razdoblje a tek 21. u– 20. jednom st. pr. slučajuKr. U ka s- lated to the younger phase of the Kisapostag priloženom posudom, apsolutno datirani predominates.97 Kisapostag kulture te kulturu transdanubij- tery culture (Bonyhad 2–5) incineration burial snijim fazama, koje se vežu uz mlađu fazu dominira paljevinski ukop.97 ske inkrustirane keramike (Bonyhad 2–5),

4. REZULTATI 4. RESULTS Grob kasnoga bakrenog doba Late Eneolithic grave Kosturni grob 1 bio je bez priloga te se - kulturi temelji na radiokarbonskoj anali- Skeletal grave 1 did not have any grave goods, njegova kulturna pripadnost vučedolskoj so its cultural affiliation to the Vučedol Cul 2681. pr. Kr. i 2475. pr. Kr. (84,3% vjerojat- ture was based on the radiocarbon analysis of- nosti)zi uzorka te sekosti, uklapa koja u datira datume grob dobivene 1 između za a bone sample, which dates grave 1 between 2861–2475 BC (84.3% probability) and corre (B2). Ovaj je grob ujedno i jedini nalaz koji sponds with dates for the late classical stage of kasni klasični stupanj vučedolske kulture- the Vučedol Culture (B2). This grave is also the - outonly at find the which site Osijek–Ciglana can be attributed and to Zeleno the Vučedol polje litetumožemo Osijek pripisati – Ciglana vučedolskoj i Zeleno kulturi. polje nisu Ar Culture. Archaeological excavations carried heološka istraživanja provedena na loka settlement, so it can be assumed that the burial did not reveal any traces of a Vučedol Culture 1otkrila bio izvan tragove naselja naselja iako vučedolskedo sada nisu kulture otkri- pa možemo pretpostaviti da je ukop groba of grave 1 was outside the settlement, although separate Vučedol cemeteries were not found vene izdvojene vučedolske nekropole. for now. Crouched burials are typical for this - culture, and most of the published graves were Zgrčeni su ukopi tipični za ovu kulturu, a lozima, koji su olakšali njihovo datiranje. abundant with grave goods, which facilitate većina objavljenih grobova obilovala je pri their dating. However, examples of crouched- priloga, na kojima nisu provedene radio- burials without grave goods are numerous, Ipak, brojni su primjeri zgrčenih ukopa bez- ducted. Hence, their cultural determination is notand clear.radiocarbon At the siteanalysis Vinograd on them Streim, was notin 1897, con Streimkarbonske J. Brunšmid analize ije čija 1897. kulturna godine pripad otkrio 98 nost nije posve jasna. Na položaju Vinograd, - J. Brunšmid found fifteen crouched burials ljenima na istok.98 Izuzev nekoliko raštrka- with heads oriented to the east. Except99 for petnaest zgrčenih ukopa, s glavama postav Over a few fragments of ceramic and animal bones, 99 grobovi su bili bez priloga. the graves were without grave goods. nih ulomaka keramike i životinjskih kostiju, have been found at Vinkovci since the 1950-s grada Vinkovaca od 1950-ih do danas otkri- thirty crouched burials without grave goods Na području - to present. Their cultural affiliation was not veno je više od trideset zgrčenih ukopa bez - 97determined, Kiss et al. 2015, and 31. they presumably belong to priloga, čija kulturna pripadnost još nije ra 98 Colleagues A. Solter and J. Balen, PhD, curators from the zriješena,97 Kiss et al. 2015, a vjerojatno 31. pripadaju starčevač 98 Navedenim su se ukopima u novije vrijeme bavile kolegi- - ce A. Solter i dr. sc. J. Balen iz Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu, tion.Archaeological The results Museum of their research in Zagreb, and dealt conducted lately radiocar with the- kojima se ovom prilikom zahvaljujemo na podacima. Rezul- mentioned burials. We wish to thank them for the informa - 99 Hoerns 1903, 266–268. liza u postupku su objave. bon analysis are yet to be published. tati njihovih istraživanja i provedenih radiokarbonskih ana 99 Hoerns 1903, 266–268.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: 100 Ovdje moramo 100 must mention a grave found at the site Osi- –koj Ciglana ili vučedolskoj i Zeleno kulturi. polje prilikom zaštitnih jek–Ciglanathe Starčevo and or Zeleno Vučedol polje cultures. during the Here, rescue we navesti i grob pronađen na nalazištu Osijek- - arheoloških istraživanja na trasi plinovo excavations on the gas pipeline route Belišće dagredi, Belišće oko –300 Osijek m sjeverozapadno provedenih 2006. od goditrase – Osijek in 2006. Excavations were carried ne. Istraživanja su se odvijala na povišenoj- aout grave on a pit plateau in a crouched some 300 position, m northwest in southeast- of the route researched in 2015. A body was placed in istražene 2015. godine. Pokojnik je bio po bezložen grobnih u grobnu priloga. raku uKako zgrčenom nisu provedene položaju, northwest direction, also without grave101 goods. radiokarbonskeu smjeru jugoistok analize, – sjeverozapad, njegova kulturna također Since radiocarbon analysis was not conducted, 101 its cultural affiliation is still unknown. pripadnost još ostaje nepoznata. found at Donji grad during the construction In Osijek, traces of a Vučedol102 settlement were - - ljerijskeNa području kasarne Osijeka u Donjem tragovi gradu. vučedolskog102 U široj of an artillery barracks. In the wider area, naselja pronađeni su tijekom gradnje arti Vučedol finds were collected during field sur - zemlja,veys or Dalj–Lisova smaller excavations skela and atCiglana, several Daljska sites: su okolici vučedolski nalazi prikupljeni pri Aljmaš–Ulica Matije Gupca, Čeminac–Okrugla terenskim pregledima ili manjim istraživa and Veliki Varod, Ivanovac, Josipovac–Dalagaj, Daljnjima – Lisovana nekoliko skela lokaliteta:i Ciglana, Daljska Aljmaš planina – Ulica Klisa–Ekonomija,planina–Velika straža, Kozarac, Erdut–Veliki Lug–Gradina, Liman Nem- Matije Gupca, Čeminac – Okrugla zemlja, etin–Suvatovo and Samatovci–Pusta.103 At the Varod, Ivanovac, Josipovac – Dalagaj, Klisa - – Ekonomija,Velika straža, Kozarac, Erdut –Lug Veliki – Gradina, Liman iNeme Veliki- tin – Suvatovo i Samatovci – Pusta.103 Na vi- multi-layered prehistoric site Aljmaš–Podu šeslojnom prapovijesnom lokalitetu Aljmaš navlje, rescue archaeological excavations were – Podunavlje zaštitna su se arheološka istra- conducted for several years, and the remains104 of Sopot, Baden, Kostolac, Vučedol, Dalj–Bijelo otkriveni su ostaci sopotske, badenske, ko- Brdo and Vatin cultures were discovered. živanja odvijala tijekom nekoliko godina, a At the site Sarvaš–Gradac during excavations i vatinske kulture.104 Na nalazištu Sarvaš which have been carried out 105for During several the years, res- stolačke, vučedolske, daljsko-bjelobrdske rich cultural layers of the Baden, Kostolac and- - Vučedol cultures were found. – Gradac u višegodišnjim105 Tijekomsu istraživanjima zaštitnih cue excavations associated with the construc otkriveni bogati slojevi badenske, kostolač tion of the highway Beli Manastir – Osijek –- Belike i vučedolske Manastir – kulture.Osijek – Svilaj otkriveno je Svilaj, the multi-layered site Josipovac-Verušed106 iistraživanja višeslojno nalazište vezanih uzJosipovac gradnju – Verušed autoceste s with Late Eneolithic horizons of the Baden, Ko stolac100 and Vučedol cultures was discovered.

106 Dimitrijević 1979: 285; information from M. Krznarić kasnoeneolitičkim horizontima badenske, Škrivanko. Radiocarbon analysis on the mentioned bones is kostolačke100 i vučedolske kulture. planned, but has not yet been carried out due to a lack of Škrivanko. Radiokarbonske analize na navedenim kosturi- financial resources. We owe great gratitude to colleague M. Dimitrijević 1979: 285; usmeno priopćenje M. Krznarić- Krznarić101 Skelac Škrivnko, 2007, 69. curator form the Vinkovci Town Museum for information about excavations at Vinkovci. 102 Schmidt 1945, 146. ma su u planu, ali još nisu obavljene zbog nedostatka finan 103 Gradskogcijskih sredstava. muzeja Vinkovci.Veliku zahvalu na podacima s istraživanja u101 Vinkovcima dugujemo kolegici M. Krznarić Škrivanko iz 2012. Skelac 2007, 69. 104 Marković 1994, Map 14; Balen 2010, 120–123; Šimić 102 Schmidt 1945, 146. 105 103 Šimić 2001; 2006; 2012, 133. 106 Filipec et al. 2009, 47. 2012. Schmidt 1945, 127–131; Balen 2005. 104 Marković 1994, karta 14; Balen 2010, 120-123; Šimić 105 Šimić 2001; 2006; 2012, 133. 106 Filipec et al. 2009, 47. Schmidt 1945, 127–131; Balen 2005.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ:

- There are obvious similarities in the burial Grobovi ranoga brončanog doba Early Bronze Age graves practice of the three skeletal graves found at naOčigledne lokalitetu su Osijek sličnosti – Ciglana u pogrebnom i Zeleno rituapolje kojilu kod su, triju na osnovi kosturnih radiokarbonskog grobova, pronađenih datuma za uzorak kosti iz groba 2, pripisani ranome basedthe site on Osijek–Ciglana the radiocarbon and Zelenodates for polje, the which bone samplehave been from ascribed grave 2. to The the obtained Early Bronze date con Age,- - brončanomturu i najstarijima dobu. Dobiveni za Kisapostag datum poklapakulturu. Culture and the oldest ones for the Kisapostag sePremda s mlađim u grobovima datumima nisu za evidentiranivinkovačku kulpri- curs with the younger dates for the Vinkovci lozi ili dijelovi nošnje, karakteristike grob- ofCulture. the burial Although practice there provide were guidance no grave for goods de- njihove kulturne pripadnosti. terminingor other finds their in cultural the graves, attribution. the characteristics nog rituala daju smjernice za utvrđivanje Premda dobiveni radiokarbonski datum Although obtained radiocarbon dates indicate - - belong to the period at the end of the Vinkovci ukazuje na mogućnost pripadnosti triju na Culture,a possibility considering that the threethat somedocumented dates suggest graves đenih grobova u vrijeme pretkraj vinkovač 107 st.ke pr. kulture, Kr.,107 imajući u vidu da neki datumi the burial practice of the graves in Osijek is ukazuju na njezino moguće trajanje do u 21.- its possible duration in the 21nd century BC, nog rituala, pogrebniprakticiranog ritual u kod okviru osječkih vinko je- practice of the Vinkovci Culture. Based on the ukopa uvelike različit od ustaljenoga grob fundamentally different from the usual burial-

kulture,vačke kulture. odnosno Na osnovikulturnog poznatih kompleksa podataka So- known data, it can be concluded that the bear- može se zaključiti kako nositelji vinkovačke ers of the Vinkovci Culture, i.e. the Somogyvar–108 - SkeletalVinkovci gravescultural are complex, rare in practiced this culture, an incin and mogyvar – Vinkovci prakticiraju108 Kosturni paljevinski grobovi u eration burial with the remains laid in urns. ukop pokojnika, pri čemu su ostaci pokoj the mentioned skeletal burials at one (Belegiš– nika polagani u žare. they were recorded only at two sites, wherein groboviokviru kulture s jednog su (Belegiš rijetki, zabilježeni– Gradac) nisu na tekni- the second site (Kaposujlak) do not represent kadadva nalazišta, objavljeni, pri dok čemu oni spomenuti s drugog nalazištakosturni Gradac) were never published, while those at - 109 Therefore, it typical grave burials, but probably a burial of pokopu(Kaposujlak) ubijenog ne predstavljaju neprijatelja, odnosnokarakteristič ritu- agraves killed at enemy Osijek or to ritual the Vinkovci burial. Culture on the alnomne grobne ukopu. ukope,109 Stoga već jeje vjerojatnoteško, na temelju riječ o is difficult to attribute the Early Bronze Age - On the other hand, the date for skeletal grave 2 nodobne grobove iz Osijeka pripisati vinko- basis of the known data. do danas poznatih podataka, ranobronča radiocarbon date from a charcoal sample from S druge strane, datum za kosturni grob 2 iz from Osijek fully corresponds with a calibrated vačkoj kulturi. Osijeka u potpunosti se poklapa s kalibrira- nim radiokarbonskim datumom dobivenim semi-dugout dwelling M at the site Orehova za uzorak ugljena iz poluzemunice M na vas, which contained characteristic material of- the Kisapostag Culture, and roughly110 Finds with thosefrom - forOrehova a grain vas, sample as those found from at the Rogoza bottom (Slivnica) of a fire lokalitetu Orehova vas, koja je sadržavala place in the same pit dwelling. karakterističan materijal Kisapostag kultu re, a okvirno i s onim za uzorak pšeničnog 107and the older layers at the site Pod Kotom–jug, 107 108 zrna, pronađenog na dnu vatrišta u istoj Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 674. 108 109 Zoffmann 2002, 59. Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 674. Kalafatić 2006, 23. 109 Zoffmann 2002, 59. 110 Grahek 2014, 254–255, Fig. 14.1.5.–14.1.7. Kalafatić 2006, 23.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: zemunici.110 Nalazi s Orehove vasi, kao i oni belong to the older phase of the Kisapostag Cul- iz Rogoze (Slivnica) te starijih slojeva na- ture in Slovenia.111 At the same time, according lazišta Pod Kotom – jug, pripadaju starijoj fazi Kisapostag kulture u Sloveniji.111 Isto- into the picture of funeral customs of the older vremeno se grobovi iz Osijeka, prema prak- phaseto the burialof this practice, culture gravesin Transdanubia. from Osijek112 fit Dur well- ticiranom ritualu, dobro uklapaju u sliku -

112 Tijekom zaštit- ing the rescue excavations in southern Trans pogrebnih običaja starije faze ove kulture u- danubia in the last 15 years, several cemeteries mađarskoj Transdanubiji. with skeletal graves of the Kisapostag Culture višenih istraživanja groblja s kosturnim u južnom dijeluukopima Transdanu Kisapo- published.were excavated, In addition of which to one unfortunately skeletal grave, only the bije posljednjih je 15-ak godina istraženo- the one at the site Ordacsehi–Csereföld was no samo ono s lokaliteta Ordacsehi – Cse- incineration burials. It is situated at the bor- stag kulture, od kojih je, na žalost, objavlje dercemetery of the Dunaujvarosdistribution area contained of the Kisapostag exclusively

paljevinskereföld. Groblje ukope, je Dunaujvaros a i nalazi se sadržavalo,na rubnom 113 - osim jednoga kosturnog groba, isključivo Cultureals of the and Kisapostag contains Culturefinds of fromthe Nagyrev Transdanu and- Vatya cultures as well. Known skeletal buri- području113 Poznati rasprostranjenosti kosturni ukopi Kisapostag Kisapo- kulturestag kulture te sadrži s prostora i materijal Transdanubije kultura Nagyrev po- poljebia show in Osijek. a number Some of similarities similarities can with be the noticed bur i Vatya. ial practice of the Early Bronze Age at Zeleno

kazuju niz sličnosti s pogrebnim ritualom in the organization of the cemetery, comparing ranoga brončanog doba na Zelenom polju thegraves burial from in Osijeka curved with line the is noticeable.northern group Anoth of- groboveu Osijeku. sa Neke sjevernom sličnosti skupinom mogu se grobova nazrijeti s graves at the site Ordacsehi–Csereföld, where- lokalitetau organizaciji Ordacsehi groblja, – Csereföld,uspoređujući gdje osječke je pri- mjetno ukopavanje pokojnika u zaobljenoj er similarity is the orientation of the cemeter ies in the northwest–southeast direction. Oval u smjeru sjeverozapad – jugoistok. Rake documentedgrave pits slightly in Transdanubia. larger than theSimilarities length of canthe liniji. Sličnost se očituje i u položaju groblja- alsocrouched be noticed bodies, in as the those position at Osijek, of the were bodies. also - ku,ovalnog evidentirane tlocrta nešto su i naveće prostoru od dužine Transda zgrče- nog pokojnika, kakve su zabilježene u Osije- leftNamely, side, inand all on three the gravesbasis of at the Zeleno available polje, data the bodies were laid in a crouched position on their nubije. Sličnosti se mogu primijetiti i u po- in skeletal burials of the Kisapostag Culture in ložaju pokojnika. Naime, u sva tri groba sa it can be concluded that this position was usual- Zelenog polja pokojnici su položeni u zgrče nom položaju na lijevom boku, a na osnovi Transdanubia. The extremely constricted po ukopadostupnih Kisapostag podataka kulture može seu Transdanubiji.zaključiti kako insition grave of the404 bodyat the in site grave Ordacsehi–Csereföld. 4 at Osijek has an je ovaj položaj bio uobičajen i kod kosturnih Differencesanalogy in the are position noticeable of the in individual the position buried of - kojnikaIzrazito uzgrčeni grobu položaj404 s lokaliteta pokojnika Ordacsehi iz groba 4 u Osijeku ima analogiju s položajem po- the arms. In the graves at Osijek the arms were - placed over the lower abdomen or on the knees, – Csereföld. Različitosti su primjetne u po nowhile grave in the goods excavated in the gravesburials from at Zeleno the Balaton polje, trbuha,ložaju ruku ili se pokojnika.nalaze na koljenima, U osječkim dok su su gro u area they are usually by the head. There were- bovima ruke položene preko donjeg dijela tag Culture in Transdanubia. All the graves at 110 Grahek 2014, 254–255, sl. 14.1.5.–14.1.7. similar to many skeletal graves of the Kisapos 111 111 112 112 Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 671. Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 671. 113 Szathmari 1983. 113 Szathmari 1983. Honti 1996, 49; Kiss, Kulcsar 2007, 111. Honti 1996, 49; Kiss, Kulcsar 2007, 111.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ:

Slika / Fig. 9. Ulomak posude Kisapostag kulture nađen u srednjobrončanodobnom objektu / Fragment of a vessel of the Kisapostag Culture found in the Middle Bronze Age structure (snimila i izradila / drafted and photographed by M. Krmpotić).

- - istraženim grobovima s područja Balatona Osijek were oriented in the south/southeast– najčešćeni u kosturnim u visini grobovima glave. U grobovima Kisapostag sa kul Ze- north/northwest direction, while such regu lenog polja nema grobnih priloga, kao često oriented,larity was but not inobserved the opposite in the Balatondirection area. from At orijentirani jug / jugoistok – sjever / sjeve- thosethe site in Bonyhad,Osijek. The all lack the gravesof grave were goods equally and rozapad,ture u Transdanubiji. dok u regiji okoSvi suBalatona osječki nisugrobovi uo- -

pak svi su grobovi jednako orijentirani, ali u gravesricher equipment are dated toin angraves older at phase Osijek of can the be Kisa ex- čene takve pravilnosti. Na lokalitetu Bonyad plained by chronological reasons, since these - skeletal graves in Transdanubia. suprotnom smjeru od osječkih. Nedostatak postag Culture, when there were also no rich - On the basis of the presented observations, it priloga i bogatije opreme pokojnika u osječ- kim grobovima može se objasniti kronološ ni u stariju fazu Kisapostag kulture, u kojoj Age graves at the site Osijek–Ciglana and Zele- kim razlozima budući da su grobovi datira nocan polje be concluded belong to thethat bearers the three of the Early Kisapostag Bronze na prostoru Transdanubije. nisu zabilježeni bogati kosturni grobovi niti and the elements of the burial practice. During - formerCulture, research as indicated conducted by the radiocarbonat this site, traces dates sturnaNa osnovi groba iznesenih s nalazišta zapažanja Osijek – možeCiglana se i - Zelenozaključiti polje kako pripadaju tri ranobrončanodobna nositeljima Kisapo ko- stag kulture, na što ukazuju radiokarbonski fragmentof an Early of Bronze a vessel Age of settlementthe Kisapostag were Culture not re datum i elementi pogrebnog rituala. Tije- corded. However, during excavations in 2015, a

fragmentswas found (Fig.of ceramic 9) in the vessels fill of ofa younger, the older Middle phase kom dosadašnjih istraživanja provedenih Bronze Age structure, together with numerous na ovom lokalitetu nisu zabilježeni ostaci- - naselja ranoga brončanog doba. Međutim, turalof the group. Belegiš Analogies Culture for and the encrusted mentioned pottery frag- u istraživanjima provedenim 2015. godi mentwhich can is attributed be found at to the the sites Dalj–Bijelo of the Kisapostag Brdo cul ne pronađen je ulomak keramičke posude - Kisapostag kulture (sl. 9) u zapuni mlađeg, 114 The starijesrednjobrončanodobnog faze Belegiš kulture objekta, i inkrustiranom zajedno Culture in Hungarian Transdanubia, for exam- keramikom,s brojnim ulomcimakakva se keramičkihpripisuje daljsko- posuda ple at the settlement Balatongyörök. bjelobrdskoj kulturnoj grupi. Analogije za Culturefound fragment at the site possibly Osijek–Ciglana indicates and the Zeleno exist - ence of a nearby settlement of the Kisapostag

114 Transdanubiji,spomenuti ulomak primjerice, mogu se na pronaći naselju na Bala na- polje at an unknown location. lazištima Kisapostag kulture u mađarskoj Torma 1972, 19, 23, T. 4: 2, T. 6: 13.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: 114 -

tongyörök.Kisapostag kulture Pronađeni na lokalitetu ulomak Osijek vjerojat – Ci- Comparative finds for the Early Bronze Age glanano ukazuje i Zeleno na poljepostojanje na još obližnjeg neubiciranoj naselja lo- skeletal graves at Osijek are known, for now,- kaciji. mostlytribution from area the of part the ofKisapostag Transdanubia Culture, around so Lake Balaton, i.e. only from one part of the dis of the burial practices of its bearers. Some re- kosturne grobove iz Osijeka poznati su za gionalthey do differences not provide in burial a representative practice of this picture cul- sadaUsporedni ponajviše nalazi iz dijela za ranobrončanodobne Transdanubije oko - the fact that at the same cemeteries both incin- ja rasprostranjenosti Kisapostag kulture, te ture can be assumed, particularly considering Balatona, tj. sa samo jednog dijela područ eration and skeletal graves are represented, - - tation, and other elements of burial practice in ne pružaju reprezentativnu sliku pogrebnih within different variations of position, orien običaja njezinih nositelja. Može se pretpo case of the skeletal graves. At the same time, kulture,staviti postojanjeposebno s određenihobzirom na regionalnihto kako su could also suggest possible chronological dif- narazličitosti istim grobljima u pogrebnom zastupljeni ritualu i paljevinski u okviru ferences.some finds, like graves from the site Bonyhad, - nih ukopa na istome groblju prisutne i razli- i kosturni grobovi, pri čemu su kod kostur elemenata rituala. Istovremeno, neki nalazi, čite varijacije položaja, orijentacije i drugih-

poput grobova s lokaliteta Bonyad, upozo ravaju i na moguće kronološke razlike.

Antropološka analiza Na ljudskome je kosturnom materijalu iz Anthropological analysis - human skeletal remains from the four graves. Anthropological analysis was carried out on - - četiri groba napravljena antropološka ana - As the analysed sample is small and the buri vremenskimliza. Budući da razdobljima je pregledani i kulturama, uzorak brojča vrlo no malen, a i grobovi pripadaju različitim als are associated with different chronologi cal periods and cultures, it is difficult to reach slici i zdravstvenom stanju populacije kojoj health status of the population the deceased je teško načiniti zaključke o demografskoj conclusions about the demographic profile and

belonged to. However, some basic data on the su pripadali pokojnici. Unatoč tomu, ipak In grave 1, the remains belong to an adult fe- je moguće donijeti neke okvirne podatke o analysed skeletal remains can be gained. U grobu 1 prisutni su ostaci odrasle osobe istraživanom kosturnom materijalu. - male older than 50 years of age. In graves 2 and bovima 2 i 4 ostaci pripadaju muškarcima - 4, the remains are of males aged between 35 uženskoga dobi od spola,35 do starije50 godina, od 50 dok godina. su u Ugrobu gro and 50, while in grave 3, they belong to a ju 3 ostaci djeteta u dobi od 10 do 15 godina. venile aged between 10 and 15. Pathological - traits.changes were observed in all individuals, in addition to both males displaying nonmetric osobine.Kod svih su osoba uočene patološke pro The female in grave 1 had osteopenia, a condi- mjene, a kod oba muškarca i nemetričke osteopenije, odnosno stanja smanjene gu- Kod osobe u grobu 1 uočena je prisutnost itstion presence characterised in an byindividual low bone older density. than As 50 low is bone density is associated with advanced age,

114stoće koštane mase. Budući da se smanjenje gustoće koštane mase pojavljuje u starijoj expected. Torma 1972, 19, 23, T. 4: 2, T. 6: 13.

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: - ment of the child from grave 3 is most com- životnoj dobi, njezina je prisutnost u osobe Ectocranial porosity observed on a skull frag starije od 50 godina očekivana. inmonly other related conditions to deficiency like trauma, diseases neoplasms, such and as Ektokranijalna poroznost, koja je uočena na anaemia, rickets, and scurvy, but it can appear ulomku lubanje djeteta iz groba 3, najčešće tuberculosis. In archaeological populations, children are part of the population most af- se pojaviti povezuje i kod s deficitarnim drugih bolesti, bolestima, poput tra kao- uma,što su neoplazmi anemija, rahitisi tuberkuloze. i skorbut, U arheološ no može- kim populacijama djeca su skupina unutar fected by diseases and inadequate diet, which explainsPeriostitis this in case. the form of slight striation ob- served on the tibiae of the male from grave 4 zajednice koja je najpodložnija bolestima i stanjima prouzročenim neprimjerenom - prehranom, što objašnjava i ovaj slučaj. can be described as a nonspecific infection,- calisedsince no response other lesions of the were tissue present to an on infection this in Periostitis u obliku blage strijacije, uočene dividual. In this case, periostitis is likely a lo na goljeničnim kostima muškarca iz groba 4, može se okarakterizirati kao nespecifična caused by a fracture, cut, or impact. As the tibia- vjerojatnoinfekcija budući nastao da kao kod lokalizirani osobe nisu odgovor uočene is situated near the skin it is more exposed to tkivadruge na lezije. infekciju U ovom nastalu je slučajuzbog loma, periostitis reza ili trauma, thus being the most commonly affect ed bone in the body.

udarca. Budući da se goljenična kost nalazi- form,Both malesand the exhibit individual degenerative from grave changes 4 in se in- jelu.blizu površine kosti pa je tako podložnija verethe spine: form. the Considering individual that from advanced grave 2 inage slight and traumi, ujedno je i najzahvaćenija kost u ti

physical activity cause these changes, given Kod oba muškarca uočene su degenerativne the relatively young age of both men, it can be promjene na kralježnici: kod osobe iz groba- assumed the changes are the result of physical 2 one su blaže, dok su kod osobe iz groba 4 activity.The presence of abscess and ante mortem vjerojatnojačeg intenziteta. se kod Kakoobojice su muškaraca,za promjene zbog od tooth loss in both males attests to a diet rich govorni starija dob, ali i fizička aktivnost, - - nosti.njihove relativno mlađe dobi, može govoriti in carbohydrates, and inadequate oral hygiene. da su promjene nastale uslijed fizičke aktiv Dietary information is confirmed by the pre Prisutnost apscesa i gubitka više zubi tije- liminary results of stable isotope analysis.

govore u prilog prehrani bogatoj ugljiko- hidratimakom života, i neprimjerenoj prisutnih kod oralnoj oba muškarca, higijeni. - narnim rezultatima analize stabilnih izoto- pa.Podaci o prehrani potvrđeni su i prelimi

5. CONCLUSION

5.Evidentan ZAKLJUČAK je problem kulturnog opredjelji- There is an evident problem of cultural attri- vanja kosturnih grobova koji, osim kostiju the skeletons of the buried individuals, do not bution of the skeletal graves which, except for samog pokojnika, ne sadrže nikakve druge arheološke nalaze, pa takvi grobovi često contain any other archaeological finds, so such

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M. KRMPOTIĆ, L. ČATAJ, P. RAJIĆ ŠIKANJIĆ, Z. PREMUŽIĆ: - graves often remain unpublished. Although diti kako je radiokarbonsko datiranje pot- it cannot be stated that radiocarbon dating is ostanu neobjavljeni. Premda se ne može tvr- determining the age of these graves. Based on radiokarbonskepuno pouzdano, analize,jedina je grobovi mogućnost s lokalite odre- absolutely reliable, it is the only possibility of tađivanja Osijek starosti – Ciglana ovakvih i Zeleno grobova. polje Na pripisani osnovi - su razdoblju kasnoga bakrenog, odnosno radiocarbon analysis, the graves are attributed- to the Late Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age pe pokojnika tijekom bakrenog doba i triju po- riods. Between the burial of the individual dur ranoga brončanog doba. Između ukapanja- ing the Eneolithic, and those in the Early Bronze ji vremenska distanca od vjerojatno nešto theAge, burial there isplace a time does span not of probablysurprise. moreRadiocar than- kojnika u ranome brončanom dobu posto- bon400 datesyears. and Therefore, noticed theelements lack of of continuity burial prac at- postojanje kontinuiteta pogrebnog mjesta. tice enabled the attribution of the Eneolithic više od 400 godina. Stoga ne iznenađuje ne Age graves to the Kisapostag Culture. The lack Radiokarbonski datumi i zapaženi elementi grave to the Vučedol Culture, and the Bronze pogrebnog rituala omogućili su pripisivanje- indicates a grave burial outside the settlement, bakrenodobnoga groba vučedolskoj kulturi, of other finds of the Vučedol Culture at the site- ana brončanodobnih lokalitetu ukazuje kulturi na ukop Kisapostag. groba izvan Ne tice of the bearers of this culture inside settle- dostatak drugih nalaza vučedolske kulture which differs from the traditional burial prac pokopavanja pripadnika ove kulture unutar naselja, što odudara od uobičajenog načina- ments. The finds of three skeletal graves of the bova Kisapostag kulture, koji su prvi rano- Kisapostag Culture are important, since they naselja. Važan je nalaz triju kosturnih gro- are the first Early Bronze Age skeletal graves canfound be inattributed northern to Croatia, this culture. and, except The graves for the of neobjavljenihbrončanodobni grobova kosturni iz groboviLuga, i jedinizabilježe koji unpublished burials at Lug, the only ones that seni namogu području pripisati sjeverne ovoj kulturi.Hrvatske, Pokapanje a izuzev Ciglana and Zeleno polje indicate that the set- - the Vučedol and Kisapostag cultures at the site

pokojnika vučedolske kulture i kulture Ki tlements of these cultures are probably located ukazuje kako su u blizini vjerojatno smje- The obtained data on stable isotopes indicates sapostag na položaju Ciglana i Zeleno polje somewhere in the vicinity. štena i naselja ovih kultura. a similar diet based on C3 plants during both Dobiveni podaci o stabilnim izotopima uka- - zuju na istovrsnu prehranu pokojnika tije- kom obaju razdoblja, baziranu na C3 biljka- individualperiods. Results buried of during the anthropological the Late Eneolithic. analy sis show a relatively long lifespan of the female - hranjenema. Rezultati tijekom antropološke kasnoga bakrenoganalize upućuju doba. Skeletal remains from the Early Bronze Age na relativno dugi životni vijek pokojnice sa Changesare represented on the byremains the child of theburied juvenile in grave indi 3- predstavljaju kosti djeteta sahranjenog u and two males aged 35-50 in graves 1 and 4.- kosturnomKosturne ostatke grobu iz 3 ranogai ostaci brončanog dvojice muška doba- generative changes of the spine observed on raca u dobi 35 do 50 godina u grobovima 1 vidual indicate inadequate diet, whereas de-

neprimjerenu prehranu, dok su na kostima both males are likely related to physical activ i 4. Promjene na kostima djeteta upućuju na- ity. The presence of abscess and ante mortem tooth loss confirms a diet rich in carbohydrates obojice muškarca primijećene degenerativ- and a low level of dental hygiene. ne promjene kralježnice, vjerojatno zbog ugljikohidratimafizičke aktivnosti, ai prisutnostneprimjerenoj apscesa oralnoj i gu higijeni.bitak više zubi svjedoče o prehrani bogatoj

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