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Garlic Derivatives (PTS and PTS-O) Differently Affect the Ecology of Swine Faecal Microbiota Raquel Ruiz, M.P

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Garlic Derivatives (PTS and PTS-O) Differently Affect the Ecology of Swine Faecal Microbiota Raquel Ruiz, M.P Garlic derivatives (PTS and PTS-O) differently affect the ecology of swine faecal microbiota Raquel Ruiz, M.P. García, A. Lara, L.A. Rubio To cite this version: Raquel Ruiz, M.P. García, A. Lara, L.A. Rubio. Garlic derivatives (PTS and PTS-O) differently affect the ecology of swine faecal microbiota. Veterinary Microbiology, Elsevier, 2009, 144(1-2), pp.110. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.025. hal-00494654 HAL Id: hal-00494654 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00494654 Submitted on 24 Jun 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Accepted Manuscript Title: Garlic derivatives (PTS and PTS-O) differently affect the ecology of swine faecal microbiota in vitro Authors: Raquel Ruiz, M.P. Garc´ıa, A. Lara, L.A. Rubio PII: S0378-1135(09)00617-8 DOI: doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.025 Reference: VETMIC 4723 To appear in: VETMIC Received date: 16-9-2009 Revised date: 14-12-2009 Accepted date: 18-12-2009 Please cite this article as: Ruiz, R., Garc´ıa, M.P.,Lara, A., Rubio, L.A., Garlic derivatives (PTS and PTS-O) differently affect the ecology of swine faecal microbiota in vitro, Veterinary Microbiology (2008), doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.025 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. *Manuscript 1 2 Garlic derivatives (PTS and PTS-O) differently affect the 3 ecology of swine faecal microbiota in vitro 4 5 Raquel Ruiza, M. P. Garcíab#, A. Larab, L. A. Rubioa* 6 aDpto. de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (IFNA, EEZ, CSIC), Profesor 7 Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain. 8 bDpto. I+D/Area Biotecnología, DMC Research Center SL, Camino de Jayena s/n, 18620, 9 Alhendín, Granada, Spain. 10 11 12 13 *Corresponding author: Tel. +34 1 958572757; fax +34 1 958572753 14 E-mail address: [email protected] 15 16 # Deceased (11 December 2009) 17 18 Accepted Manuscript 19 20 21 22 23 Page 1 of 28 24 ABSTRACT 25 A number of in vitro experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of two different industrial 26 products, namely PROALLIUM-S-DMC and PROALLIUM-SO-DMC (DMC Research Center, 27 Granada, Spain), obtained from garlic (Allium sativum) on the faecal microbiota of pigs. The 28 effects of three different concentrations (50, 200 and 400 ppm) of the active compounds (PTS 29 and PTS-O, respectively) from both industrial products on the gastrointestinal microbiota of pigs 30 were tested. Growth medium without any additive (0 ppm) was used as control. Predominant 31 bacterial groups (total aerobes, total anaerobes, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, coliforms, 32 enterobacteria, bacteroides and clostridia) were studied. Results showed that both PTS and PTS- 33 O have significant (P<0.01) antimicrobial activity against every group studied, although 34 enterobacteria and coliforms were the most affected populations (P<0.01). Time kill curves for 35 Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium, two common pathogens of pigs, showed that 36 both compounds had a bactericidal effect against these strains. For the bacterial groups here 37 studied, the antimicrobial effect of PTS-O was significantly (P<0.001) stronger than that of PTS. 38 Trials in vivo are in course to study the potential use of these products as alternatives to 39 antibiotics in pig feeds. 40 41 42 Keywords: Antimicrobial; Garlic; Microbiota; Pig. 43 Abbreviations: AcceptedAGP, antibiotic growth-promoter Manuscripts; CFU, colony forming units; 44 PTS, propyl propane thiosulfinate; PTS-O, propyl propane thiosulfonate. 45 46 47 Page 2 of 28 48 1.- Introduction 49 Both therapeutic and growth-promoter antibiotics (AGP) have been regularly used in order to 50 improve animal performance and to prevent gastrointestinal disorders. A number of different 51 mechanisms have been proposed on the mode of action of AGP: (1) inhibition of sub-clinical 52 infections, (2) reduction of growth-depressing microbial metabolites, (3) reduction of microbial 53 use of nutrients and (4) enhanced uptake and use of nutrients through the thinner intestinal wall 54 associated with antibiotic-fed animals (Visek, 1978; Anderson et al., 1999, Dibner & Richards, 55 2005). However, evidence shows that antibiotic resistance genes can be transmitted from animal 56 to human microbiota (Greko, 2001), and the detection of pathogenic bacteria resistant to a 57 number of antimicrobial agents (Aarestrup, 2003) have resulted in the full ban of these additives 58 in animal nutrition in the European Union from January 2006 onwards (Anderson et al., 1999; 59 Dibner & Richards, 2005). This new situation has promoted the investigation on alternative new 60 feed additives with the benefits of AGP but without their observed drawbacks. 61 Some plant extracts have been proposed as potential alternative candidates to the use of 62 AGP. Among those, garlic (Allium sativum) has been traditionally used for its antimicrobial, 63 antifungal and antioxidant properties, which have been known for centuries. Recently, some 64 stable well characterized active compounds have been industrially obtained from garlic so that 65 they can be used for different purposes. Due to their antimicrobial activity, these garlic derived 66 compounds might represent a useful alternative to AGP. 67 Accordingly,Accepted the work here described was desManuscriptigned to evaluate in vitro the effects of two 68 of these garlic-derived compounds (PTS and PTS-O) on predominant faecal microbial 69 populations of swine, and to determine the concentrations active against some of the most 70 relevant populations of swine intestinal microbiota. Additionally, activity against Escherichia 71 coli and Salmonella Typhimurium, two common pathogens of pigs, was also tested. The final 72 aim was to explore the potential effectiveness of these compounds before testing in vivo. Page 3 of 28 73 2.- Materials and methods 74 2.1.- Additives 75 PROALLIUM-S-DMC and PROALLIUM-SO-DMC were the commercial preparations used in 76 this study. Both products were provided by DMC Research Center SL, Granada, Spain. 77 Concentrations of active compounds (PTS and PTS-O) in the products were 10.7% and 11.3% 78 for PROALLIUM-S-DMC and PROALLIUM-SO-DMC respectively, as determined by HPLC 79 according to the procedure described by Iberl et al. (1990). 80 PTS and PTS-O are organosulfurate compounds obtained by decomposition of initial 81 compounds present in garlic bulbs as alliin and allicin (Figures 1c and 1d). PTS is the acronym 82 for propyl propane thiosulfinate, and PTS-O for propyl propane thiosulfonate. Both PTS and 83 PTS-O were incorporated in an inert commercial alimentary support (cyclodextrin) to produce 84 PROALLIUM-S-DMC and PROALLIUM-SO-DMC, respectively. The activity of these 85 products was first tested in pure cultures in vitro. Three different final concentrations of 86 PROALLIUM-S-DMC (0.47, 1.88 and 3.76 mg/ml) and PROALLIUM-SO-DMC (0.44, 1.77 87 and 3.54 mg/ml) corresponding to 50, 200 and 400 ppm of active ingredients (PTS and PTS-O, 88 respectively) in the growth medium were tested. Growth medium without any additive (0 ppm) 89 was used as control. 90 2.2.- In Vitro Fermentation Procedure 91 Fermentations were conducted in triplicate in 50 mL sterile polypropylene tubes. The 92 composition of Acceptedthe semi-defined medium used Manuscriptfor fermentations is presented in Table 1 93 (Smiricky-Tjardes et al., 2003). All components except the vitamins solutions were mixed before 94 autoclave sterilization of the medium. Filter-sterilized vitamin solutions were added immediately 95 before dispensing the medium. Aliquots (26 mL) of the medium were aseptically transferred into 96 fermentation tubes (which contained the appropriate amounts of additive) under a stream of N2. Page 4 of 28 97 Tubes with no additive were used as controls. Tubes were placed in a 37ºC incubator 30 min 98 before inoculation. 99 Faeces from 3 pigs of approx. 20 kg live weight, receiving a cereal-based diet 100 [composition (g/kg): barley meal, 695.00, defatted soy, 113.80, fish meal, 35.00, maize starch, 101 109.04, vit. + min. mix, 30.10, β-glucanase, 1.00, supplemented amino acids, 5.86, cellulose, 102 7.39, vegetable oil, 2.81], which met the nutritional requirements of piglets at this age, and free 103 of any antimicrobial agent, were collected immediately after deposition in plastic bags, which 104 were sealed after expressing excess air and maintained at -80ºC until inoculum was prepared. 105 Equal amounts of faeces from the three animals were thawed at room temperature and 106 immediately diluted 1:10 in 150 mM NaHCO3 buffer adjusted to pH 7.4 (1g of faeces in 9 ml of 107 buffer), and mixed in a stomacher for 2 min. Blended, diluted faeces were filtered through 108 miracloth (Calbiochem, 475855) and sealed in serum bottles under a N2 stream. 109 Appropriate sample (n= 3) and control (n= 3) tubes were aseptically inoculated with 110 diluted faeces.
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