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Hymenolepis Nana from Rattus Rattus of Rohilkhand with a Note on Their Hazards to Humans D.K

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Hymenolepis Nana from Rattus Rattus of Rohilkhand with a Note on Their Hazards to Humans D.K Proc.Zool.Soc.India. 16 (1) : 55 - 61 : (2017) ISSN 0972 - 6683 : INDEXED AND ABSTRACTED 11 HYMENOLEPIS NANA FROM RATTUS RATTUS OF ROHILKHAND WITH A NOTE ON THEIR HAZARDS TO HUMANS D.K. GUPTA1, NEELIMA GUPTA*2, SUDHIR KUMAR1 1Department of Zoology, Bareilly College, Bareilly 243005. India 2Centre of Excellence Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly 243006. India Received - 21.01.2017 Accepted - 30.03.2017 ABSTRACT Rattus rattus (n=65) were autopsied and their intestine examined for the presence of parasites. The intestine of 4 rats revealed whitish cestodes frequently attached to the intestinal wall and were identified as Hymenolepis nana (the dwarf tapeworm (length 22 to 43 mm; width 0.95-1.48 mm). Scolex anterior, small, globular, (diameter 0.31 mm), cup-like, tetrad (four suckers) and retractile rostellum (row of 20–30 hooks). Proglottid contains a single set of reproductive organs, genital pores unilateral. Testes three, ovary sub median, lobed (0.19-0.42 mm by 0.21-0.39 mm). Gravid proglottids (length 0.22–0.34 mm, width 0.81–0.94 mm) filled with numerous eggs. Vitellaria compact and small. Eggs slightly oval (average 53.71 X 42.29 micrometers). Key words : Wild rat, cestode, Hymenolepis, dwarf tapeworm, rodent INTRODUCTION Hymenolepis nana (Cestoda: Taeniidae) is commonly known as the dwarf tapeworm and in the human body, it is the most frequently found cestode parasite. Infections are more common among children. It is most widespread in warm climates and around unsanitary areas where eggs can be passed through aecal matter from an infected host to an uninfected person. Hymenolepis nana can be found wherever humans and rodents live. They have been found in almost all types of terrestrial biomes. (Roberts and Janovy Jr., 2000). It lodges itself in the intestines and absorbs nutrients from the intestinal lumen (Cameron, 1956). Gupta et al. (1981) reported the effect of mode of infection on the development and chemotherapeutic response of H. nana in rats. In another report, the parasite occurred at an incidence of 9.9% in urban slum dwellers of India being highest amongst intestinal infections (Mirdha and Samantray, 2002). Goswami et al. (2011) recorded Hymenolepis diminuta from albino wistar rats and wild brown rats. Gupta et al. (2013) observed the serum chemistry in pregnant and non-pregnant rats, infected with cestode parasite and the condition factor and organosomatic (hepato and splenosomatic) indices of Rattus rattus parasitized by cestodes were also reported (Gupta et al., 2016). Kumar et al. (2016) recorded changes in haemoglobin in wild rats, infected with Hymenolepis diminuta. The present investigations were undertaken to characterize the morphological features and taxometry of the cestode parasite based on the morphology of the scolex, segments and egg structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS COLLECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF HOSTS R. rattus (150 – 320 g) were trapped alive in rat traps from storehouses and godowns of different areas of Bareilly, U.P. India and nearby places. Trapped rats were immediately transported to the laboratory, maintained in rat cages and fed on food grains, bread crumbs and water ad libitum. To avoid the effect of stress, rats were dissected and examined preferably within 24 hours from capture. They were anaesthetized humanely using chloroform anesthesia and weight, length and sexes were recorded before dissecting the animal. (55) GUPTA ET AL. FAECAL EXAMINATION The faecal samples were routinely examined macroscopically for the presence of cestode segments and microscopically by direct smear method for the presence of eggs. ISOLATION AND PROCESSING OF CESTODES Cestodes were found attached to the wall of the lumen with their suckers; therefore they were detached carefully with the help of a soft brush so that the scolex was not damaged. They were relaxed in normal saline. Often worms released eggs which was advantageous for cestode study as an egg lled uterus can hide the important reproductive structures which are essential for identication. The cestodes were washed with distilled water several times and xed in 10% formalin or Carnoy's uid. Correctly xed and attened worms were stored in 70% alcohol in labeled glass vials. The parasites were stained with routine techniques (Gupta et al., 2016) in Borax carmine and eosin, dehydrated, cleared and mounted in canada balsam. Photographs were taken under Olympus BX-53 microscope and the parasites measured with Cellsens software imaging system. RESULTS Hymenolepis nana (synonyms Dwarf tapeworm, Rodentolepis (Hymenolepis) microstoma, Rodentolepsiasis, Vampirolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, Mathevotaenia, Rat tapeworm) TAXOMETRY Phylum - Platyhelminthes Class – Cestoda Subclass – Eucestoda Order - Cyclophyllidea Family - Hymenolepididae Genus – Hymenolepis, Rodentolepis Species: nana PARASITE PROFILE Host Rattus rattus Locality Bareilly (U.P.) Prevalence 4/65 Mean intensity 1-3 parasites/host POST MORTEM EXAMINATION The faecal samples examined revealed the presence of cestode eggs bearing hooks. Such rats were further autopsied to investigate the presence of adult cestodes. The intestine of 4 out of 65 autopsied rats revealed whitish cestodes frequently attached to the intestinal wall. DESCRIPTION ADULT (Fig. 1) The worms were delicate, whitish and opaque when alive and the body is composed of proglottids (Fig. 1A). The adults of the dwarf tapeworm are 22 to 43 mm in length and 0.95-1.48 mm in width. Scolex is small, 0.31 mm in diameter, almost globular (rounded), cup-like, situated at the anterior end of body, tetrad having four suckers and retractile rostellum with a row of 20–30 hooks Fig. 1B,C). Scolex was followed by a narrow slender neck with segments wider than long (Fig. 1D). The genital pores are unilateral, situated on the side of the segment. Each segment contains a single proglottid, with a single set of reproductive organs. Each proglottid has both male and female reproductive organs, thus Hymenolepis nana is hermaphroditic (Fig. 1E). Each mature segment contains three testes, oval to elongated in shape. In the posterior mature proglottids, cirrus was also observed. Ovary sub median, (56) PROC. ZOOL. SOC. INDIA towards the aporal side, and lobed measuring 0.19-0.42 mm by 0.21-0.39 mm. Vagina thin walled and tubular, occasionally hardly visible. Gravid (mature, full of eggs) proglottids are 0.22–0.34 mm long and 0.81–0.94 mm wide. The gravid proglottid is lled with numerous eggs, and the uterus is not visible (Fig. 1F). Vitellaria compact and small. Proglottids were never present in the faeces and therefore presumably disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract. EGGS (Fig. 2) (measurements in µm) The eggs of H. nana are slightly oval at about 47.22-56.63 (average 53.71) X 37.67-46.97 (average 42.29) micrometers (Fig. 2A). The eggs of H. nana did not have a striated appearance which is unlike other taeniid eggs ( Lapage, 1951; Roberts and Janovy Jr., 2000; Ghaffar, 2001). Eggs were freely observed in the infected faecal samples, they are embryonated when laid containing a well developed 6-hooked onchosphere [30.13 x 26.33] which was 11.99 (longitudinal axis) x 8.11 (transverse axis) away from the membrane (Fig. 2B,C). The hooks ranged from 8.50-15.2 in length. The oncosphere is covered with a thin, hyaline, outer membrane and an inner, thick membrane with polar thickenings, "knobs" or poles that bear four laments and spread out between the two membranes lying between the inner and outer membranes and this was similar to those reported by Ghaffar (2001). A few eggs were observed in the rupturing stage releasing the oncosphere (Fig. 2D). The heavy embryophores that give taeniid eggs their characteristic striated appearance are lacking in this and the other families of tapeworms infecting humans. The rostellum remains invaginated in the apex of the organ. Rostellar hooklets are shaped like tuning forks. REMARKS Many species of the genus Hymenolepis, Weinland, 1858 are known from rodents of different countries (Southwell,1930; Hughes, 1940; Lapage,1956; Yamaguti, 1959; Smyth,1962) The present specimens were identied as Hymenolepis nana because they possessed characters similar to this parasite, such as rostellum with a row of 20 hooks, neck small, mature and gravid, segments similar to H. nana. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis was based on nding eggs in the faecal samples. LIFE CYCLE The life cycle of the parasite was investigated earlier by Shorb (1933), Hunninen (1935), Kumazawa and Suzuki (1983) and Henderson and Hanna (1987), the latter authors provided valuable protocols for the maintenance of life cycle. Adult development from cysticercoids Rats 5-6 weeks old are suitable hosts. The cestodes establish themselves initially in the anterior small intestine but subsequently migrate to the lower ileum, where they remain for the duration of infection (Henderson and Hanna, 1987). Adult development from eggs In a direct egg infection, eggs hatch in the duodenum and oncospheres immediately penetrate the villi in which they develop into fully formed cysticercoids within 93-96 hours. The highest concentration of cysticercoides occurs in the region 100-200 mm from the pyloric sphincter. At about 102 hours, cysticercoids break out of the villi, envaginate and become attached in the posterior third of the gut. The pre- patent period varies somewhat between hosts, being 11-16 days in the rat (Shorb, 1933) and 14-25 days in mice (Hunninen, 1935). In rats, maximum eggs production occurs between 14 and 16 days. The life span is short, 12-24 days in rats and 2-56 days in mice. Species Used as Host Fleas, Siphonaptera Flour beetles, Tenebrionidae Caprophagus insects, Insecta Rodents, Rodentia (57) GUPTA ET AL. Humans, Homo sapiens DISCUSSION H. nana was rst identied as a human parasite by Von Siebold in 1852. In 1906, Stiles (cf Scott and Camb, 1923) identied an identical parasite with a rodent host and named it Hymenolepis fraterna.
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