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Phylogeny of the Tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae)

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Phylogeny of the Tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae) PHYLOGENY OF THE TRIBE ELACHIPTERINI (DIPTERA: CHLOROPIDAE) Julia Mlynarek Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University, Montreal August 2009 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science © Julia Mlynarek, 2009 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-61634-5 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-61634-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n’y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Table of Contents List of Figures.................................................................................................................... iv List of Appendices ............................................................................................................ vii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................ viii Abstract................................................................................................................................x Résumé............................................................................................................................... xi 1. General Introduction and Literature Review .............................................................1 1.1. Diversity of Diptera and Chloropidae.....................................................................1 1.2. Defining Characteristics of the Chloropidae...........................................................2 1.3. Biology of the Chloropidae.....................................................................................3 1.4. Systematics and Phylogeny of the Chloropidae......................................................5 1.4.1. Subfamily Siphonellopsinae ..........................................................................6 1.4.2. Chloropinae-Oscinellinae Clade…………………………………………....6 1.4.3. Subfamily Chloropinae. .................................................................................7 1.4.4. Subfamily Oscinellinae..................................................................................7 1.5. Tribe Elachipterini Lioy 1865...............................................................................10 1.6. Objectives .............................................................................................................12 2. Materials and Methods ...............................................................................................13 2.1. Source of Specimens ............................................................................................13 2.2. Exemplar Species..................................................................................................14 2.3. Specimen Preparation ...........................................................................................15 2.4. Characters and Terminology.................................................................................15 2.5. Phylogenetic Analysis...........................................................................................16 ii 2.6. Nomenclatural Changes and New Taxa................................................................16 3. Results and Discussion.................................................................................................17 3.1. Monophyly and Limits of Elachipterini................................................................17 3.2. Relationships within Elachipterini........................................................................18 3.2.1. Overall patterns of relationships ..................................................................18 3.2.2. Anatrichus Clade..........................................................................................18 3.2.3. Elachiptera Clade ........................................................................................21 3.3. Revised Classification of the Elachipterini...........................................................23 3.3.1. Tribe Elachipterini .......................................................................................23 3.3.2. Key to the world genera of Elachipterini.....................................................24 3.3.3. Allomedeia gen. nov. ...................................................................................26 3.3.4. Alombus Becker, 1914 .................................................................................30 3.3.5. Anatrichus Loew, 1860................................................................................32 3.3.6. Ceratobarys Coquillett, 1898 ......................................................................35 3.3.7. Disciphus Becker, 1911 ...............................................................................39 3.3.8. Elachiptera Macquart, 1835 ........................................................................41 3.3.9. Goniaspis Duda, 1930..................................................................................46 3.3.10. Melanochaeta Bezzi, 1906.........................................................................48 3.3.11. Sepsidoscinis Hendel, 1914 .......................................................................52 4. General Discussion and Conclusion ...........................................................................55 5. References.....................................................................................................................58 iii List of Figures Figure 1 A-B. Strict consensus tree of 288 most parsimonious trees showing relationships of Elachipterini. Bremer support values are below the branches, bootstrap values are in bold above the branches. Species are shown in their generic assignments prior to this study; new generic limits are indicated by gray bars.........................................................................................................................70 Figure 2. One of 288 most parsimonious trees showing generic relationships of the Tribe Elachipterini. Black bars – homoplasious character states; asterisks – uniquely derived character states..........................................................................................72 Figure 3. One of 288 most parsimonious trees showing relationships of the Anatrichus clade (Disciphus). Black bars – homoplasious character states; asterisks – uniquely derived character states...........................................................................73 Figure 4. One of 288 most parsimonious trees showing relationships of the Anatrichus clade (Allomedeia). Black bars – homoplasious character states; asterisks – uniquely derived characters states .........................................................................73 Figure 5. One of 288 most parsimonious trees showing relationships of the Anatrichus clade (Alombus). Black bars – homoplasious character states; asterisks – uniquely derived character states..........................................................................................74 Figure 6. One of 288 most parsimonious trees showing relationships of the Anatrichus clade (Anatrichus and Sepsidoscinis). Black bars – homoplasious character states; asterisks – uniquely derived character states. ........................................................74 Figure 7. One of 288 most parsimonious trees showing relationships of the Elachiptera clade (Goniaspis). Black bars – homoplasious character states. ...........................75 iv Figure 8. One of 288 most parsimonious trees showing relationships of the Elachiptera clade (Ceratobarys). Black bars – homoplasious character states.........................75 Figure 9. One of 288 most parsimonious trees showing relationships of the Elachiptera clade (Melanochaeta). Black bars – homoplasious character states......................76 Figure 10. One
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