Aas 12-226 Optimal Target Selection
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1986 DA and 1986 EB: IRON OBJECTS in NEAR-Eakm ORBITS; J.C
LPSC XVIII 349 1986 DA AND 1986 EB: IRON OBJECTS IN NEAR-EAKm ORBITS; J.C. Gra- die, Planetary Geosciences Division, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Bonolalu, HI 96822 and E.F. Tede sco, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109. The estimated 1,500 asteroids, with diameters larger than a few hun- dred meters, which cross or closely approach the Earth' s orbit are divided into three orbital classes: the Aten asteroids with semi-maj or axes less than 1 AU and which cross the Earth's orbit near aphelia, the Apollo asteroids with semi-major axes greater than or equal to 1 AU and with per- ihelia greater than 1.17 AU, and the Amor asteroids with perihelia between 1.17 and 1.3 AU (1). These asteroids which have orbits stable against col- 8 lision with or ejection by a planet on the order of lo7 to 10 years must be derived from either extinct cometary naclei (2) or the asteroid belt (C f. 1). These near-Earth asteroids are important for several diverse reasons: they represent a group of obj ect s from which at least some of the meteor- ites arc derived, they may harbor extinct cometary nuclei thought to con- tain some of the most primitive and, perhaps, pristine material in the solar system, occasionally collide with the Earth, and are among the most accessible objects in the solar system. Study of the physical properties of the Earth-approaching asteroids is constrained by the generally long time between close approaches and poorly known orbits. -
A Self Reconfigurable Undulating Grasper for Asteroid Mining
A SELF RECONFIGURABLE UNDULATING GRASPER FOR ASTEROID MINING Suzanna Lucarotti1, Chakravarthini M Saaj1, Elie Allouis2 and Paolo Bianco3 1Surrey Space Centre, Guildford UK 2Airbus DS, Stevenage UK 3Airbus, Portsmouth UK ABSTRACT are estimated as over 1km diameter and 4133 as 300- 1000m diameter. While surface features remain mostly unknown, mass and orbit parameters are available. The Recent missions to asteroids have shown that many have closest NEAs can be reached with less ∆V than the rubble surfaces, which current extra-terrestrial mining Moon. techniques are unsuited for. This paper discusses mod- elling work for autonomous mining on small solar system There have been so far been five missions to the sur- bodies, such as Asteroids. A novel concept of a modular face of SSSBs - NEAR-Shoemaker to Eros, where they robot system capable of the helical caging and grasping unexpectedly landed [9], Hayabusa 1 to Itokawa [10], of surface rocks is presented. The kinematics and co- Rosetta to the Comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko [11], ordinate systems of the Self RecoNfigurable Undulating Hayabusa 2 to Ryugu [12], and OSIRIS-Rex to Bennu Grasper (SNUG) are derived with a new mathematical [13]. Hayabusa 2 and OSIRUS-Rex are both currently formulation. This approach exploits rotational symmetry live missions. Detailed close-range surface images have and homogeneity to form a cage to safely grasp a target of been obtained from Itokawa, 67P and Ryugu, higher alti- uncertain properties. A simple model for grasping is eval- tude images from low orbit or prior to landing have been uated to assess the grasping capabilities of such a robot. -
Chapter 1, Version A
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION AND SCHOOL REFORM IN POSTCOLONIAL INDIA Mousumi Mukherjee MA, MPhil, Calcutta University; MA Loyola University Chicago; EdM University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Education Policy and Leadership Melbourne Graduate School of Education University of Melbourne [5 June 2015] Keywords Inclusive Education, Equity, Democratic School Reform, Girls’ Education, Missionary Education, Postcolonial theory, Globalization, Development Inclusive Education and School Reform in Postcolonial India i Abstract Over the past two decades, a converging discourse has emerged around the world concerning the importance of socially inclusive education. In India, the idea of inclusive education is not new, and is consistent with the key principles underpinning the Indian constitution. It has been promoted by a number of educational thinkers of modern India such as Vivekananda, Aurobindo, Gandhi, Ambedkar, Azad and Tagore. However, the idea of inclusive education has been unevenly and inadequately implemented in Indian schools, which have remained largely socially segregated. There are of course major exceptions, with some schools valiantly seeking to realize social inclusion. One such school is in Kolkata, which has been nationally and globally celebrated as an example of best practice. The main aim of this thesis is to examine the initiative of inclusive educational reform that this school represents. It analyses the school’s understanding of inclusive education; provides an account of how the school promoted its achievements, not only within its own community but also around the world; and critically assesses the extent to which the initiatives are sustainable in the long term. -
NASA Chat: Asteroid 1998 QE2 to Sail Past Earth Expert Dr. Bill Cooke May 30, 2013 ______
NASA Chat: Asteroid 1998 QE2 to Sail Past Earth Expert Dr. Bill Cooke May 30, 2013 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Moderator_Brooke: Welcome everyone! We're just about to start the chat, so please go ahead and send in your questions. Thanks for being here -- now let's talk asteroids! RSEW: Hello Bill_Cooke: We're here! Do you have a question? Moderator_Brooke: All right, here we go...Bill, over to you. tyler_hussey : I was wondering if people in New Hampshire will be able to view this asteroid pass by, and if so, what is the length it will be visible, what direction, and how close to the horizon? Bill_Cooke; Hi Tyler. You need a telescope to see the QE2 asteroid, and of course, it needs to be dark. It's visible there in N.H. with a small telescope about 10:30 p.m. local time. It will be in the constellation Hydra and be about eleventh magnitude. tyler_hussey: I was wondering if people in New Hampshire will be able to view this asteroid pass by, and if so, what is the length it will be visible, what direction, and how close to the horizon? Bill_Cooke: Unless you are Asia or Europe, you will not be able to see the asteroid at close approach. However, you can see it tonight around 10:30 pm local time with a small telescope. It will be in the constellation of Hydra. Moderator_Brooke: You can also find more information about QE2 at this link: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130530.html guest100: where did this asteroid come from Bill_Cooke: The asteroid 1998 QE2 is an amor asteroid which means it approaches Earth from the outside. -
1. Some of the Definitions of the Different Types of Objects in the Solar
1. Some of the definitions of the different types of objects in has the greatest orbital inclination (orbit at the the solar system overlap. Which one of the greatest angle to that of Earth)? following pairs does not overlap? That is, if an A) Mercury object can be described by one of the labels, it B) Mars cannot be described by the other. C) Jupiter A) dwarf planet and asteroid D) Pluto B) dwarf planet and Kuiper belt object C) satellite and Kuiper belt object D) meteoroid and planet 10. Of the following objects in the solar system, which one has the greatest orbital eccentricity and therefore the most elliptical orbit? 2. Which one of the following is a small solar system body? A) Mercury A) Rhea, a moon of Saturn B) Mars B) Pluto C) Earth C) Ceres (an asteroid) D) Pluto D) Mathilde (an asteroid) 11. What is the largest moon of the dwarf planet Pluto 3. Which of the following objects was discovered in the called? twentieth century? A) Chiron A) Pluto B) Callisto B) Uranus C) Charon C) Neptune D) Triton D) Ceres 12. If you were standing on Pluto, how often would you see 4. Pluto was discovered in the satellite Charon rise above the horizon each A) 1930. day? B) 1846. A) once each 6-hour day as Pluto rotates on its axis C) 1609. B) twice each 6-hour day because Charon is in a retrograde D) 1781. orbit C) once every 2 days because Charon orbits in the same direction Pluto rotates but more slowly 5. -
Argops) Solution to the 2017 Astrodynamics Specialist Conference Student Competition
AAS 17-621 THE ASTRODYNAMICS RESEARCH GROUP OF PENN STATE (ARGOPS) SOLUTION TO THE 2017 ASTRODYNAMICS SPECIALIST CONFERENCE STUDENT COMPETITION Jason A. Reiter,* Davide Conte,1 Andrew M. Goodyear,* Ghanghoon Paik,* Guanwei. He,* Peter C. Scarcella,* Mollik Nayyar,* Matthew J. Shaw* We present the methods and results of the Astrodynamics Research Group of Penn State (ARGoPS) team in the 2017 Astrodynamics Specialist Conference Student Competition. A mission (named Minerva) was designed to investigate Asteroid (469219) 2016 HO3 in order to determine its mass and volume and to map and characterize its surface. This data would prove useful in determining the necessity and usefulness of future missions to the asteroid. The mission was designed such that a balance between cost and maximizing objectives was found. INTRODUCTION Asteroid (469219) 2016 HO3 was discovered recently and has yet to be explored. It lies in a quasi-orbit about the Earth such that it will follow the Earth around the Sun for at least the next several hundred years providing many opportunities for relatively low-cost missions to the body. Not much is known about 2016 HO3 except a general size range, but its close proximity to Earth makes a scientific mission more feasible than other near-Earth objects. A Request For Proposal (RFP) was provided to university teams searching for cost-efficient mission design solutions to assist in the characterization of the asteroid and the assessment of its potential for future, more in-depth missions and possible resource utilization. The RFP provides constraints on launch mass, bus size as well as other mission architecture decisions, and sets goals for scientific mapping and characterization. -
“Target Selection for a HAIV Flight Demo Mission,” IAA-PDC13-04
Planetary Defense Conference 2013 IAA-PDC13-04-08 Target Selection for a Hypervelocity Asteroid Intercept Vehicle Flight Validation Mission Sam Wagnera,1,∗, Bong Wieb,2, Brent W. Barbeec,3 aIowa State University, 2271 Howe Hall, Room 2348, Ames, IA 50011-2271, USA bIowa State University, 2271 Howe Hall, Room 2325, Ames, IA 50011-2271, USA cNASA/GSFC, Code 595, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA, 301.286.1837 Abstract Asteroids and comets have collided with the Earth in the past and will do so again in the future. Throughout Earth’s history these collisions have played a significant role in shaping Earth’s biological and geological histories. The planetary defense community has been examining a variety of options for mitigating the impact threat of asteroids and comets that approach or cross Earth’s orbit, known as near-Earth objects (NEOs). This paper discusses the preliminary study results of selecting small (100-m class) NEO targets and mission design trade-offs for flight validating some key planetary defense technologies. In particular, this paper focuses on a planetary defense demo mission for validating the effectiveness of a Hypervelocity Asteroid Intercept Vehicle (HAIV) concept, currently being investigated by the Asteroid Deflection Research Center (ADRC) for a NIAC (NASA Advanced Innovative Concepts) Phase 2 project. Introduction Geological evidence shows that asteroids and comets have collided with the Earth in the past and will do so in the future. Such collisions have played an important role in shaping the Earth’s biological and geological histories. Many researchers in the planetary defense community have examined a variety of options for mitigating the impact threat of Earth approaching or crossing asteroids and comets, known as near-Earth objects (NEOs). -
Small in Size Only
editorial Small in size only Planets and their systems have long held the spotlight, but researchers, space agencies and even the private sector and the public have turned their attention to small bodies. stronomy in 2019 started with a collaboration), a spacecraft that will lurk at System, compositionally, structurally bang: the flyby of the farthest body a Lagrange point until a special target — a and dynamically. Aever visited by a human artefact. The pristine comet, or maybe an interstellar Beyond science, the community is also close approach of the New Horizons probe object — will pass by. The probe will then motivated by planetary defence, for which to the recently named Arrokoth, a contact be ready to approach it and perform close we need to characterize near-Earth asteroids binary Kuiper belt object, allowed scientists observations. Other agencies are also active: in order to understand what can be done to to look for the first time at a pristine body, JAXA has laid down a full small-bodies avert a catastrophic impact on our planet. probably undisturbed for the past 4 billion programme (see the Comment by Masaki Both NASA and ESA are stepping up their years or so. Fujimoto and Elizabeth Tasker) and China efforts, which translates into the approval We are living in a golden age for small announced plans to launch in 2022 an of new missions. Two spacecraft that had bodies, as various space exploration events ambitious mission involving flybys of an been previously rejected got approved this of 2019 clearly show. A major theme of the asteroid and a comet, with sample return year. -
The Minor Planet Bulletin
THE MINOR PLANET BULLETIN OF THE MINOR PLANETS SECTION OF THE BULLETIN ASSOCIATION OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY OBSERVERS VOLUME 35, NUMBER 3, A.D. 2008 JULY-SEPTEMBER 95. ASTEROID LIGHTCURVE ANALYSIS AT SCT/ST-9E, or 0.35m SCT/STL-1001E. Depending on the THE PALMER DIVIDE OBSERVATORY: binning used, the scale for the images ranged from 1.2-2.5 DECEMBER 2007 – MARCH 2008 arcseconds/pixel. Exposure times were 90–240 s. Most observations were made with no filter. On occasion, e.g., when a Brian D. Warner nearly full moon was present, an R filter was used to decrease the Palmer Divide Observatory/Space Science Institute sky background noise. Guiding was used in almost all cases. 17995 Bakers Farm Rd., Colorado Springs, CO 80908 [email protected] All images were measured using MPO Canopus, which employs differential aperture photometry to determine the values used for (Received: 6 March) analysis. Period analysis was also done using MPO Canopus, which incorporates the Fourier analysis algorithm developed by Harris (1989). Lightcurves for 17 asteroids were obtained at the Palmer Divide Observatory from December 2007 to early The results are summarized in the table below, as are individual March 2008: 793 Arizona, 1092 Lilium, 2093 plots. The data and curves are presented without comment except Genichesk, 3086 Kalbaugh, 4859 Fraknoi, 5806 when warranted. Column 3 gives the full range of dates of Archieroy, 6296 Cleveland, 6310 Jankonke, 6384 observations; column 4 gives the number of data points used in the Kervin, (7283) 1989 TX15, 7560 Spudis, (7579) 1990 analysis. Column 5 gives the range of phase angles. -
Strategic Investments in Instrumentation and Facilities for Extraterrestrial Sample Curation and Analysis
PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION Strategic Investments in Instrumentation and Facilities for Extraterrestrial Sample Curation and Analysis ADVANCE COPY NOT FOR PUBLIC RELEASE BEFORE Thursday, December 20, 2018 at 11:00 a.m. ___________________________________________________________________________________ PLEASE CITE AS A REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE Committee on Extraterrestrial Sample Analysis Facilities Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences A Consensus Study Report of PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This activity was supported by Grant/Contract No. XXXX with XXXXX. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-XXXXX-X International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-XXXXX-X Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25312 Additional copies of this publication are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2018 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Strategic Investments in Instrumentation and Facilities for Extraterrestrial Sample Curation and Analysis. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25312. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. -
Trajectory Optimization for First Human Asteroid Exploration Mission
Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology Original Research Paper Trajectory Optimization for First Human Asteroid Exploration Mission 1Atiksha Sharma and 2Santosh Kosambe 1Independent Researcher, Nagpur, India 2Independent Researcher, Pune, India Article history Abstract: After the successful completion of robotic expeditions on Mars, Received: 06-03-2020 an ultimate goal was set for space fairing nations and agencies around the Revised: 21-04-2020 world to send astronauts to Mars by 2030. Unfortunately, a mission to Mars Accepted: 27-07-2020 would last upwards for years meanwhile several asteroids fly close to the Earth. A manned trip to an asteroid would be a valuable stepping stone Corresponding Author: Atiksha Sharma towards a manned mission to Mars, as the mission time can be reduced to a Independent Researcher, few months round-trip. In addition to gaining experience with manned Nagpur, India travel through deep space, a mission to an asteroid would provide Email: [email protected] experience overcoming a unique challenge of rendezvousing with a foreign object in microgravity. Since most of the known asteroids that are close enough to Earth to be viable targets are less than 300 m in diameter, chances are the selected asteroid will not have a significant gravitational field. Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) have orbits that bring them into close proximity with Earth’s orbit making them both a unique hazard to life on Earth and a unique opportunity for science and exploration. A specific case study was therefore undertaken to shortlist such NEAs that are accessible for round-trip human missions using heavy lift launch architecture. -
Outline of the Operation of MINERVA-II2 (Rover 2) Deployment
Outline of the operation of MINERVA-II2 (Rover 2) deployment Sep. 24 (Tue) 2019 Prof. Kazuya Yoshida Tohoku University (University Consortium for MINERVA-Ⅱ2 Development) Micro-Rovers and Landers Onboard Hayabusa-2 Deployed in Sep. 2018 This time ©JAXA Deployed in Oct. 2018 MASCOT By DLR/CNES By JAXA By Univ. consortium 2 Status of Rovers 2 and Purpose of the deployment (update) ⚫In the onboard function tests, the communication system between Hayabusa 2 and Rover 2 can be established. However, the Rover 2 data processor cannot be booted normally. This situation is still the same since it was reported in November 2018. ⚫To obtain scientifically interesting/meaningful results from the rover 2 deployment, the Hayabusa 2 team, the University of Colorado in US, Kyushu Institute of Technology, and Tohoku University have discussed possible options. ⚫Instead of operating the rover 2 on the surface for the mobility and imaging missions, the idea was developed to release the rover at a higher altitude and put it into an orbit to go around Ryugu. If the orbital motion of rover 2 is observed by the optical cameras from Hayabusa 2, we will make a better understanding of the gravity field of Ryugu. 3 Goal of the Updated Rover 2 Operation ⚫ Acquire the scientific data that contributes to improving the accuracy of Ryugu's gravity model. ⚫ Accumulate the engineering experience for orbital maneuvering technology by orbiting a small artifact such as a CubeSat around an asteroid. Operation Plan ⚫ Separate Rover 2 at an altitude of about 1km from the surface of Ryugu. ⚫ Inject Rover 2 into an equatorial orbit toward the direction of the Ryugu’s rotation.