Article The Beginning of the Christian Era Revisited: New Findings Liberato De Caro 1 , Fernando La Greca 2 and Emilio Matricciani 3,* 1 Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IC-CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy;
[email protected] 2 Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; fl
[email protected] 3 Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy * Correspondence:
[email protected] Abstract: We have re-examined and discussed all chronological, historical and astronomical elements which can be referred to the year of Herod the Great’s death, which occurred—according to Josephus— after a lunar eclipse and before Passover. Since the XIX century, most scholars still assume the eclipse occurred on 13 March 4 BC, so that Dionysius Exiguus was wrong in calculating the beginning of the Christian era—by four years at least—because Herod the Great must have been alive when Jesus was born. We have solved the apparent incompatibility of the events narrated by Josephus, occurring between the eclipse of 13 March 4BC and a too-near Passover (12 April 4 BC), by determining another date after studying all eclipses visible from Jerusalem in near years. This analysis—supported by a novel simulation of naked–eye visibility of partial lunar eclipses—has shown that the most eligible eclipse associable to Herod’s death occurred in the night of 8–9 November 2 AD. Besides this astronomical finding, our conclusion is also supported by significant correlation between segmented sleep and eclipse intervals; by its compatibility with the long sequence of events narrated by Josephus and with the rabbinic tradition about Herod’s death.