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Around the Sea of Galilee (5) the Mystery of Bethsaida
136 The Testimony, April 2003 to shake at the presence of the Lord. Ezekiel that I am the LORD” (v. 23). May this time soon concludes by saying: “Thus will I magnify My- come when the earth will be filled with the self, and sanctify Myself; and I will be known in knowledge of the glory of the Lord and when all the eyes of many nations, and they shall know nations go to worship the King in Jerusalem. Around the Sea of Galilee 5. The mystery of Bethsaida Tony Benson FTER CAPERNAUM, Bethsaida is men- according to Josephus it was built by the tetrarch tioned more times in the Gospels than Philip, son of Herod the Great, and brother of A any other of the towns which lined the Herod Antipas the tetrarch of Galilee. Philip ruled Sea of Galilee. Yet there are difficulties involved. territories known as Iturea and Trachonitis (Lk. From secular history it is known that in New 3:1). Testament times there was a city called Bethsaida Luke’s account of the feeding of the five thou- Julias on the north side of the Sea of Galilee, but sand begins: “And he [Jesus] took them [the apos- is this the Bethsaida of the Gospels? Some of the tles], and went aside privately into a desert place references to Bethsaida seem to refer to a town belonging to the city called Bethsaida” (9:10). on the west side of the lake. A tel called et-Tell 1 The twelve disciples had just come back from is currently being excavated over a mile north of their preaching mission and Jesus wanted to the Sea of Galilee, and is claimed to be the site of be able to have a quiet talk with them. -
Hasmonean” Family Tree
THE “HASMONEAN” FAMILY TREE Hasmoneus │ Simeon │ John │ Mattathias ┌──────────────┬─────────────────────┼─────────────────┬─────────┐ John Simon Judas Maccabee Eleazar Jonathan Murdered: Murdered: KIA: KIA: Murdered: 160/159 BC 134 BC 160 BC 162 BC 143 BC ┌────────┬────┴────┐ Judas John Hyrcanus Murdered: Murdered: Died: 134 BC 135 BC 104 BC ├──────────────────────┬─────────────┐ Aristobulus ═ Salome Alexander Antigonus Alexander ═══════ Salome Alexander Declared Himself “King”: Murdered: Declared “King”: Declared “Regent”: 104 BC 103 BC 103 BC 76 BC Died: Died: 103 BC 76 BC ┌──────┴──────┐ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Declared High Priest: 76 BC 1 THE “HASMONEAN” DYNASTY OF SIMON THE HIGH PRIEST 142 BC Simon, the last of the sons of Mattathias, was declared High Priest & “Ethnarch” (ruler of one’s own ethnic group) of the Jews by Demetrius II, King of the Seleucid Empire. 138 BC After Demetrius II was captured by the Parthians, his brother, Antiochus VII, affirmed Simon’s High Priesthood & requested assistance in dealing with Trypho, a usurper of the Seleucid throne. “King Antiochus to Simon the high priest and ethnarch and to the nation of the Jews, greetings. “Whereas certain scoundrels have gained control of the kingdom of our ancestors, and I intend to lay claim to the kingdom so that I may restore it as it formerly was, and have recruited a host of mercenary troops and have equipped warships, and intend to make a landing in the country so that I may proceed against those who have destroyed our country and those who have devastated many cities in my kingdom, now therefore I confirm to you all the tax remissions that the kings before me have granted you, and a release from all the other payments from which they have released you. -
MESHA STELE. Discovered at Dhiban in 1868 by a Protestant Missionary
MESHA STELE. Discovered at Dhiban in 1868 by a Protestant missionary traveling in Transjordan, the 35-line Mesha Inscription (hereafter MI, sometimes called the Moabite Stone) remains the longest-known royal inscription from the Iron Age discovered in the area of greater Palestine. As such, it has been examined repeatedly by scholars and is available in a number of modern translations (ANET, DOTT). Formally, the MI is like other royal inscriptions of a dedicatory nature from the period. Mesha, king of Moab, recounts the favor of Moab's chief deity, Chemosh (Kemosh), in delivering Moab from the control of its neighbor, Israel. While the MI contains considerable historical detail, formal parallels suggest the Moabite king was selective in arranging the sequence of events to serve his main purpose of honoring Chemosh. This purpose is indicated by lines 3-4 of the MI, where Mesha says that he erected the stele at the "high place" in Qarh\oh, which had been built to venerate Chemosh. The date of the MI can be set with a 20-30-year variance. It must have been written either just before the Israelite king Ahab's death (ca. 853/852 B.C.) or a decade or so after his demise. The reference to Ahab is indicated by the reference in line 8 to Omri's "son," or perhaps "sons" (unfortunately, without some additional information, it is impossible to tell morphologically whether the word [bnh] is singular or plural). Ahab apparently died not long after the battle of Qarqar, in the spring of 853, when a coalition of states in S Syria/Palestine, of which Ahab was a leader, faced the encroaching Assyrians under Shalmaneser III. -
Family Lesson 52
Family Lesson 52 Principle: We must repent of sin. God was Luke 3:2b pleased with Jesus. Jesus came to save. 2b At this time a message from God came to Bible Character(s): Jesus and John the John son of Zechariah, who was living in the Baptist wilderness. Scripture Reference: Luke 3:1-18, Matthew 3:1-17 Matthew 3:4 4 John’s clothes were woven from coarse 1. Worship - Gather your family and play the camel hair, and he wore a leather belt around worship video found on the curriculum resource his waist. For food he ate locusts and wild page. Have fun, sing loudly, and follow along with honey. the motions! 2. Skit Video - Watch the skit video with your John is very different from the religious leaders family to hear a special message about what you mentioned in Luke 3. He has been living in the will be learning this weekend. wilderness, where God prepares him to share 3. Bible Lesson - Read through the lesson with his message with the people and prepare them your family. The bold font is meant to be read for Jesus. John is more like the people he aloud along with the Scripture references. preached to, more ordinary, than the religious leaders. John is not the most powerful man of Bible Lesson that time. Annas and Caiaphas have more power than John, but God chooses to use John as his Last week, we studied about Jesus when he was messenger. a young boy. Today, we are going to read about John the Baptist. -
Boundaries and Inheritance As Legal Metaphors in the Hebrew Bible and Hellenistic Jewish Literature
Some of the Other Works of the Torah: Boundaries and Inheritance as Legal Metaphors in the Hebrew Bible and Hellenistic Jewish Literature Author: Daniel Jon Vos Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108730 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2020 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. SOME OF THE OTHER WORKS OF THE TORAH: BOUNDARIES AND INHERITANCE AS LEGAL METAPHORS IN THE HEBREW BIBLE AND HELLENISTIC JEWISH LITERATURE Daniel Jon Vos A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the department of Theology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Boston College Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences Graduate School March 2020 © Copyright 2020 Daniel Jon Vos SOME OF THE OTHER WORKS OF THE TORAH: BOUNDARIES AND INHERITANCE AS LEGAL METAPHORS IN THE HEBREW BIBLE AND HELLENISTIC JEWISH LITERATURE Daniel Jon Vos Advisor: David S. Vanderhooft, Ph.D. In this dissertation, I explore the metaphorical value of law in the Hebrew Bible and Hellenistic Jewish literature. While the study of biblical law and Hellenistic Jewish halakah is well established, less attention has been paid to the intentional use of legal diction to create legal metaphors—metaphors that draw upon legal language for the sake of generating new ethical and theological insights. My argument is based upon Roger White’s theory of metaphor which states that a metaphor juxtaposes two otherwise unrelated vocabularies in order to produce new meaning. Thus, I draw upon comparative study of ancient Near Eastern law as a means of understanding the register of biblical Hebrew legal diction concerning land tenure and inheritance. -
Julia Wilker University of Pennsylvania
ELECTRUM * Vol. 25 (2018): 127–145 doi: 10.4467/20800909EL.18.007.8927 www.ejournals.eu/electrum BETWEEN EMPIRES AND PEERS: HASMONEAN FOREIGN POLICY UNDER ALEXANDER JANNAEUS Julia Wilker University of Pennsylvania Abstract: During the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (103–76 BCE), Judea underwent a number of signifi cant changes. This article explores one of them: the fundamental shift in foreign policy strategy. This shift becomes most apparent in the king’s decision to not renew the alliance with Rome, which had been a hallmark of Hasmonean foreign policy since the days of Judas Mac- cabaeus. However, a close analysis of Alexander Jannaeus’ policy regarding other foreign powers demonstrates that the end of the Judean-Roman alliance did not happen in a vacuum. It is shown that under Alexander Jannaeus, the Hasmonean state adopted a different strategy towards imperial powers by focusing on deescalation and ignorance rather than alliances. In contrast, interactions with other rising states in the vicinity, such as the Nabateans and Itureans, increased. This new orientation in foreign policy refl ected changes in Hasmonean identity and self-defi nition; Judea did not need imperial support to maintain its independence anymore but strived to increase its status as a regional power. Key words: Hasmoneans, Alexander Jannaeus, Jewish-Roman relations, foreign relations. The reign of Alexander Jannaeus (103–76 BCE) constituted a seminal period in the his- tory of Hellenistic Judea; his rule signifi es both the acme and a turning point of the Has- monean state. The length of his tenure as king – second only to that of his father, John Hyrcanus (135–105/104 BCE) – stands in signifi cant contrast to that of his predecessor, Aristobulus I, who died after having ruled for less than a year. -
Judaean Rulers and Notable Personnages
Chronology of Syria and Palestine, 40 BCE – 70 CE Governors of Governors of Governors of Iturea, Trachonitis, Judaea Galilee/Perea Paneas & Batanaea Judaean High Lysanias (Tetrarch) LEGEND Priests (including Chalcis and Abila) Ananelus 37-36 BCE 40–36 BCE Aristobulus III 36 BCE High priests of Jerusalem Cleopatra VII Philopater Ananelus 36-30 BCE (Pharaoh of Egypt) 36–30 Rulers of Nabatea Roman prefects Roman 30 BCE Emperors Governors of The status of this territory Herodian monarchs between Cleopatras’ death and Jesus ben Fabus 30–23 BCE Roman Syria Zenodorus’ administration is Marcus Terentius Varro 25–23 uncertain. Roman legates Herod the Great (King) (part of the kingdom of Zenodorus (Tetrarch) 40/39–4 BCE Judaea) 23–20 BCE Roman proconsuls 20 BCE Obodas III Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 39–9 BCE 23–13 Other rulers Zenodorus’ territories were incorporated into Herod’s Simon ben Boethus 23–5 BCE kingdom in 20 BCE. Trachonitis, Auranitis and Batanaea were Marcus Titius given to Herod earlier, in 23 BCE. 13–9 Governors of 10 BCE Jamnia, Ashdod & Gaius Sentius Saturninus 9–7/6 Phasaelis Augustus Publius Quinctilius Varus 27 BCE – 14 CE 7/6–4 Formerly part of Herod’s kingdom Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus** 4–1 BCE Matthias ben Theophilus 5–4 BCE Joazar ben Boethus 4 BCE Herod Archelaus (Ethnarch) 1 CE Eleazar ben Boethus 4–3 BCE Gaius Julius Caesar Vipsanianus Jesus ben Sie 3 BC– ? 4 BCE – 6 CE 1 BCE – 4 CE Joazar ben Boethus ?–6 CE Salome I (Toparch) 4 BCE – 10 CE Lucius Volusius Saturninus 4–5 Coponius 6–9 Publius Sulpicius Quirinius -
Or Biblical Balak?1
TEL AVIV Vol. 46, 2019, 3–11 Restoring Line 31 in the Mesha Stele: The ‘House of David’ or Biblical Balak?1 Israel Finkelstein1, Nadav Na’aman1 and Thomas Römer2 1Tel Aviv University, 2Collège de France, University of Lausanne After studying new photographs of the Mesha Stele and the squeeze of the stele prepared before the stone was broken, we dismiss Lemaire’s proposal House of David’) on Line 31. It is now clear that there are‘) בת]ד[וד to read three consonants in the name of the monarch mentioned there, and that the first is a beth. We cautiously propose that the name on Line 31 be read as Balak, the king of Moab referred to in the Balaam story in Numbers 22–24. Keywords Mesha Stele, Mesha, Moab, Beth David, Balak, Horonaim, Horon The bottom part of the Mesha Stele, which includes Line 31, is broken (Fig. 1). About צאן seven letters are missing from the beginning of the line, followed by the words sheep/small cattle of the land”). Next there is a vertical stroke that marks“) הארץ And“) וחורנן ישב בה the transition to a new sentence, which opens with the words Hawronēn dwelt therein”). Evidently a name is expected to follow. Then there is a legible beth, followed by a partially eroded, partially broken section with space for two letters, followed by a waw and an unclear letter. The rest of the line, with space for three letters, is missing. Scholars have offered a variety of possibilities in an effort to complete and decipher :Clermont-Ganneau (1875: 173; 1887 .ישב בה the eroded and missing part of Line 31 after and suggested that “il faut très probablement y chercher un ou deux ב]..[וד read here (107 noms propres dʼhomme” (1887: 107). -
Paul, Josephus, and the Judean Nationalistic and Imperialistic Policy of Forced Circumcision1
Paul, Josephus, and the Judean Nationalistic and Imperialistic Policy of Forced Circumcision1 Honora HOWELL CHAPMAN California State University, Fresno [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the background for the Judean nationalistic and imperialistic policy of forced cir- cumcision as it developed through the Hasmonean period, and then how this policy should be taken into account when examining the issue of circumcision in the works of Paul, especially the Letter to the Galatians, and also in Josephus’ writings. Both of these first-century Jews rejected forced circum- cision of Gentiles when creating and maintaining their own communities, and I argue that it is essen- tial to view their respective choices as a direct response to the remembered history of the Judean policy of forced circumcision. Previous scholarship on this issue has focused mainly on the question of con- version and has not made a direct connection between Paul, Josephus, and the Judean policy of forced circumcision. Key words: Paul. Josephus. Judean Policy of Forced Circumcision Pablo, Josefo y la política nacionalista de la circuncisión forzosa en el reino de Judea RESUMEN Este trabajo analiza los presupuestos de la política nacionalista e imperialista de la circuncisión forzo- sa en el reino de Judea, tal como fue desarrollada en el tiempo de los Asmoneos, y propone tomar en consideración esa política al estudiar el asunto de la circuncisión en los escritos de Pablo (especial- mente en la Carta a los Gálatas) y en los de Josefo. Estos dos judíos del siglo I rechazaron la circun- cisión forzada de los gentiles al crear sus propias comunidades, y así considero esencial comprender su actitud como reacción ante el recuerdo de aquella política de Judea. -
The Times of Israel Newly Deciphered Moabite Inscription May Be First Use
The Times of Israel https://www.timesofisrael.com/newly-deciphered-moabite-inscription-may-be-first-use-of- written-word-hebrews/ Newly deciphered Moabite inscription may be first use of written word ‘Hebrews’ Cylindrical altar from 3,000 years ago found in Jordan also offers first evidence of early Moabite script — and could repaint picture of geopolitics in the ancient Levantine world By AMANDA BORSCHEL-DAN 28 August 2019, 7:24 pm7 Inscribed late 9th or early 8th century BCE altar that was discovered in a Moabite sanctuary at the Khirbat Ataruz site in central Jordan in 2010. (Courtesy of Adam Bean) • Inscribed late 9th or early 8th century BCE altar from a Moabite sanctuary as found in situ at the Khirbat Ataruz site in central Jordan in 2010. (Courtesy) • Moabite sanctuary and stepped structure at the Khirbat Ataruz site in central Jordan. (Courtesy) • Aerial view of the Khirbat Ataruz site in central Jordan. (APAAME) • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 The earliest written use of the word “Hebrews” may have been found upon an inscribed Moabite altar discovered during ongoing excavations at the biblical site of Atarot (Khirbat Ataruz) in Jordan. The two newly deciphered late 9th century or very early 8th century BCE Moabite inscriptions incised into the cylindrical stone altar serve as tangible historical anchors for a battle of epic proportions. According to researcher Adam Bean’s Levant article on the find, “An inscribed altar from the Khirbat Ataruz Moabite sanctuary,” the inscriptions offer new insight into the bloody aftermath of the conquest of Atarot that is described in the famed Mesha Stele and in the Bible. -
The Valediction of Moses
Forschungen zum Alten Testament Edited by Konrad Schmid (Zürich) · Mark S. Smith (Princeton) Hermann Spieckermann (Göttingen) · Andrew Teeter (Harvard) 145 Idan Dershowitz The Valediction of Moses A Proto-Biblical Book Mohr Siebeck Idan Dershowitz: born 1982; undergraduate and graduate training at the Hebrew University, following several years of yeshiva study; 2017 elected to the Harvard Society of Fellows; currently Chair of Hebrew Bible and Its Exegesis at the University of Potsdam. orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-8504 Open access sponsored by the Julis-Rabinowitz Program on Jewish and Israeli Law at the Harvard Law School. ISBN 978-3-16-160644-1 / eISBN 978-3-16-160645-8 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-160645-8 ISSN 0940-4155 / eISSN 2568-8359 (Forschungen zum Alten Testament) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. www.mohrsiebeck.com This work is licensed under the license “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Inter- national” (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). A complete Version of the license text can be found at: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Any use not covered by the above license is prohibited and illegal without the permission of the publisher. The book was printed on non-aging paper by Gulde Druck in Tübingen, and bound by Buch- binderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. Acknowledgments This work would not have been possible without the generosity of my friends, family, and colleagues. The Harvard Society of Fellows provided the ideal environment for this ven- ture.Atatimeinwhichacademiaisbecomingincreasinglyriskaverse,theSociety remains devoted to supporting its fellows’ passion projects. -
Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel Archaeology and Biblical Studies Tammi Schneider, Editor
Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel Archaeology and Biblical Studies Tammi Schneider, Editor Number 11 Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age by Christopher A. Rollston Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age Copyright © 2010 by the Society of Biblical Literature All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit- ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, Society of Biblical Literature, 825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rollston, Chris A. Writing and literacy in the world of ancient Israel : epigraphic evidence from the Iron Age / by Christopher A. Rollston. p. cm. — (Archaeology and biblical studies ; no. 11) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-58983-107-0 (paper binding : alk. paper) 1. Inscriptions, Semitic. 2. Semitic languages, Northwest. 3. Bible. O.T.—Criticism, interpretation, etc. 4. Middle Eastern literature—Relation to the Old Testament. 5. Pales- tine—Languages. I. Title. PJ3085.R65 2010 492—dc22 2010033450 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, recycled paper conforming to ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) and ISO 9706:1994 standards for paper permanence.