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Relationship Patterns Among Men and Women from Stepfather Families

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Relationship Patterns Among Men and Women from Stepfather Families University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-1994 Relationship Patterns Among Men and Women from Stepfather Families Susan Montgomery Brinn University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Brinn, Susan Montgomery, "Relationship Patterns Among Men and Women from Stepfather Families. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1994. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3388 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Susan Montgomery Brinn entitled "Relationship Patterns Among Men and Women from Stepfather Families." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Psychology. Warren H. Jones, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: John Lounsbury, Robert G. Walker, F. Stanley Lusby Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Susan Montgomery Brinn entitled "Relationship Patterns Among Men and Women from Stepfather Families." I have examined the final copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy , with a maj or in Psychology . We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance : Accepted for the council : Associate Vice Chancellor and Dean of The Graduate School l RELATIONSHIP PATTERNS AMONG MEN AND WOMEN FROM STEPFATHER FAMILIES A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville susan Montgomery Brinn May , 1994 Copyright c Susan Montgomery Brinn , 1994 All rights reserved ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my father , Robert Pershing Montgomery . iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Warren Jones for his continual support and encouragement as well as scholarly advice . I would also like to thank the other committee members , Dr . Robert Wahler, Dr. John Lounsbury, and Professor Stan Lusby , for their careful reading and recommendations. I would like to thank Ronald Pitner and Jeff Adams for their help on many fronts , including gathering and organizing the data , and Kris Kelly for her help on statistics , and Alicia Baird for recruiting and testing subj ects . I would like to thank the Bedwells for many kindnesses along the way . Finally, I thank my children , Andy , Ian, and Sara , for their support , tolerance, and diversion throughout my graduate career. iv ABSTRACT This research examined differences in relationship patterns between men and women in stepfamilies and men and women in biological families . Previous studies have generally reported more distant relationships with parents for respondents in stepfamilies . Findings on relationships outside the home have been contradictory : some research observed no effect on peer relationships for subj ects from stepfamilies , still others reported more difficulty in relationships and greater risk for delinquency among this population . In order to measure relationship differences , three psychometric scales and the social network list were administered to 215 college students (63 stepchildren and 152 biological children) . Results indicated that stepsons experienced more loneliness and less peer attachment than respondents from biological families, but stepdaughters reported being less lonely and closer to peers than respondents from biological families . Women, in general , were less lonely than men . Participants from stepfamilies endorsed less family satisfaction and less parent attachment than participants from biological families . On the social network, stepchildren listed more people on their social network than children from biological families did : in v particular, stepchildren included more extended family than subjects from biological families . In conclusion , stepchildren are more distant from their families than are biological children , and stepdaughters appear to compensate with relationships outside the home more effectively than stepsons do . vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION . • . .• . • . • • • • • . 1 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . • . • . • 7 Demographics of Divorce and Remarriage . 7 Stereotypes of Stepfamilies and Their Significance 16 Methodological Issues in Research on Families of Divorce and Remarriage • • . • 25 Findings of Psychological Research on stepparenting • . • • . • 39 The Impact of Family Conflict . 40 Post-Divorce Adjustment • • 53 Parents ' Adj ustment 54 Children 's Adj ustment 67 Research Trends in the Study of the Stepfamily . • . • . 98 Boundaries in the Stepfamily . 102 Stages in Stepfamily Development . 115 Remarital Satisfaction . 121 Choosing to remarry . 121 Marital satisfaction among vii remarriage families 129 Well-being in remarriage 136 Review of the Literature on Stepfamily Functioning . 139 Stepfamily expectations 140 Early adjustment in the stepfamily 144 Stepfamily functioning 148 Stepfamily alliances and coalitions . • . 166 Stepfamily conflict . 169 Adj ustment of stepmothers and stepfathers 170 Children 's impact on remarriage families . • . 179 Children 's adjustment to stepfamily living--behavioral aspects • • 184 Children in remarriage--self-image and emotional adjustment 199 Children 's adj ustment to remarriage--cognitive abilities . • . • . 207 Children 's long-term adjustment to remarriage . 210 stepfamily complexity : relationships with stepsiblings and viii stepgrandparents • 215 Stepfamily complexity : relationships with the noncustodial parent 219 Conclusion • . 225 3. METHODS 226 Participants . 226 Procedure 226 Measures 226 Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale . • . 227 Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment 229 The Family Satisfaction Scale 230 Social Network List 231 Biographical Questions 232 4. RESULTS 234 Primary Analyses 235 Psychological Variables 235 Structural variables 239 Secondary Analyses • • • 241 Biographic Analyses • . 241 Correlational Analyses . • . • 243 Psychological Characteristics 243 Loneliness 243 Family Satisfaction . 247 ix Parent and Peer Attachment 248 Structural Characteristics • 249 Size of social network 249 Immediate/extended family . • 250 Analyses of Stepfather Families 250 Level o� family conflict 250 Age when entering stepfamily 253 Visitation with the noncustodial parent . 253 Serial families 256 5. DISCUSSION . 259 Relationship Variations 259 Stepfamily Issues 269 Level of Conflict • 269 Age at Remarriage and Serial Marriages 270 Visitation with the Biological Father . 270 Limitations of the Present Study . 271 Conclusion . 273 REFERENCES 275 VITA . 310 X LIST OF TABLES 1. Comparisons of family and gender groups on the psychometric measures • • • . • • • 236 2. Comparisons of family structure and gender groups on psychological dimensions of the social network 237 3. Comparisons of family and gender groups on structural characteristics of the social network • 240 4. Comparisons of family and gender groups on biographic variables • • . • • • • 242 5. Correlations between relationship variables and psychological social network variables . • . 244 6. Correlations between relationship variables and structural social network variables . 246 7. Comparisons of relatives on the Social Network List . 251 8. Comparisons on individual conflict items by family type and gender • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • 254 9. Comparisons of age at time of parent 's remarriage on the psychometric measures • . • • . • • • . 255 10. Correlations between frequency of visitation with noncustodial parent and relationship measures 257 11. Comparisons of stepchildren whose parents have married twice or more • • . • • . • • • • . • 258 xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Until recent decades , the relationship between fathers and their children has been relatively neglected by psychologists , and the role of father surrogates and stepfathers has hardly been studied at all. This paper will address the association between the presence of stepfathers for children and adolescents and their experience of relationships both within and outside the family . Relationships have been shown by research to be integral to psychological adjustment and satisfaction with one 's life. Without them, people experience comparatively greater emotional and physical stress. Our first experience in relationships usually occurs within our family of origin. We learn trust and develop expectations about how others will interact with us based on the reactions of our immediate family in the early months and years of life. To some extent , our later interactions and expectations about relationships emerge from these experiences . If our family life has been consistent and generally rewarding then our following relationships should 1 be similar. Further , we should be equipped to adapt to the more
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