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CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE in RURAL and REMOTE AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES – a Preliminary Investigation

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CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE in RURAL and REMOTE AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES – a Preliminary Investigation CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN RURAL AND REMOTE AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES – A preliminary investigation. Compiled by Lyla Coorey February 2001 Caution: There is material in this report that may be offensive for cultural reasons, and because there is reference to sexual matters, to some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. No harm or offence is intended to these people. i ‘The silence of the victims has brought so much fear and pain into their lives. The silence of families has caused a breakdown in our cultural and moral values, and the silence of the abuser has meant little hope of them getting the sort of help they need.’ - Maryanne Sam (1992) ‘Through Black Eyes: A Handbook of Family Violence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities.’ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is a compilation of the views of many people who have given their ideas, insights, and time freely and patiently. I sincerely appreciate the enthusiasm, honesty and willingness in which they have partaken in this very sensitive project. Their commitment to having the subject of child sexual abuse placed on the national agenda, so that some constructive changes can begin to take place, has been strong and highly inspirational. In particular I wish to thank my three mentors: Pam Greer, Melva Kennedy and Les Bursill. Their contribution and continuous support has been overwhelming and encouraging. A special thanks also to Boni Robertson. She has provided sound advice and enormous support to this study. The generosity of Pam, Melva, Boni and Les and of those who have willingly participated in this study, is an indication of their determination and demonstrated strong spirit of cooperation between indigenous and non-indigenous people. I am also grateful to Melissa Harbison who has assisted with the collection and documentation of material pertaining to the section on Social Environment and to Peter Williamson for his computer assistance. iii FOREWORD This report was compiled in response to concerns raised by indigenous people, about the prevalence of child sexual abuse, in Australia. While recognition was given to the issue of child sexual abuse in rural and remote indigenous communities in this report, there was also a general belief that child sexual abuse is not confined to these areas only. Throughout Australia, there is a growing expression of concern by both indigenous and non-indigenous advocates, about the increasing prevalence of child sexual assault, and about the manifestation that occurs for the family and the children who survive such an experience. The report is a preliminary attempt to document the pertinent issues for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children experiencing this sort of abuse; to get an idea of the scope of the problem in country and remote areas; and to pave the way for more research into the subject for which ethical approval (both cultural and professional) from the appropriate bodies would be required. There are no recommendations made in this report as these would need canvassing through a more thorough analysis of the problem Australia–wide and would need to include input from victims of abuse themselves. To date, there is a dearth of knowledge on this subject. Although largely anecdotal, this report offers rare insights into the lives of our indigenous children and their families, and argues that there are a number of factors that contribute to making this group of Australians, extremely vulnerable to all kinds of abuse. It is further apparent that these factors impact on the welfare of all Australian children, regardless of their cultural or social background, and need to be considered and included in any discussion or debate on the subject. The insights expressed in the report are largely the viewpoints of Elders, and of other indigenous and non-indigenous people working in the fields of child protection, family violence and related areas. Acknowledgement is given in the report, to some of the important and valuable work that is already being done by both indigenous and non-indigenous providers, to intervene in, and prevent further abuse. However, there are areas where a number of the services have been reported to be insufficiently meeting their obligations in this regard. Whether this is a matter of there being too great a demand for too few resources, or whether it is a matter where service providers require further training, is a issue that warrants far greater investigation and analysis. Several informants strongly suggest that, when the system and the community fail to protect children and fail to deliver effectively, children are placed at greater risk of being abused and of being subjected to longer periods of abuse. iv The report outlines a number of barriers, structural and communal, that need to be addressed, in order to improve access to appropriate services. It is hoped that this information can contribute to the significant changes required across the variety of systems and services – such as child protection, legal, social, educational and health. It is also anticipated that it can contribute to the continued development of joint initiatives, partnerships and collaboration, between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. This report is dedicated to all indigenous children of Australia and their families, and to those adults who have survived horrendous abuse at the hands of individuals and systems that have failed to alleviate their suffering. They have been deprived of the most basic human right of children – ‘childhood’. I wish to thank Pam Greer, Melva Kennedy and Les Bursill who have provided expert guidance, inspiration, commitment and ongoing support to this study. I also would like to thank Boni Robertson who also, has generously given assistance in is study. I would also like to extend my gratitude to all those who have contributed their views expertise and willingness to speak out about a subject that is highly sensitive, in all communities in all countries, but especially here in Australia, where silence has only served to prolong the suffering of far too many. It is hoped that the readers of this report will be respectful of them and sympathetic to the extent they have gone to, to place this largely neglected issue on the public agenda. Lastly, I wish to thank Lyla Coorey for compiling this report, and to Melissa Harbison and Peter Williamson for their background support on the project. The (Hon) Sen. Bill Heffernan Parliament House Canberra Australia v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iii FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................... iv 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 2 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 5 Areas Requiring Further Investigation ............................................................................ 5 3 THE NATURE OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE .............................................................. 6 Profile of the Offender..................................................................................................... 7 Prevalence...................................................................................................................... 10 Rural and Remote Prevalence........................................................................................ 11 Impact of Child Sexual Abuse....................................................................................... 13 Disclosure ...................................................................................................................... 15 Disclosure by Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Assault ............................................... 20 Responding to Disclosures ............................................................................................ 20 4 REPORTING CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE..................................................................... 22 5 FACTORS WHICH INCREASE CHILDREN’S VULNERABILITY TO SEXUAL ABUSE IN RURAL AND REMOTE AREAS ................................................................ 26 Neglect and Lack of Supervision................................................................................... 26 The Higher Consumption of Alcohol and Substance Abuse......................................... 30 Impact of the Size of Communities ............................................................................... 32 No Escape and a Lack of Transport............................................................................... 33 Isolation, Community Attitudes and Inaction................................................................ 33 Fear of Exposure and Inaction....................................................................................... 34 Protection of the Offender ............................................................................................. 35 Lack of Services ............................................................................................................ 37 Lack of Choice of Services and Service Providers........................................................ 39 Lack of Trained Child Sexual Assault Workers and Culturally Inappropriate Services42 High Visibility of Services ...........................................................................................
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