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Ancient Greece Geography- Sea ANCIENT GREECE GEOGRAPHY- SEA No one place in Greece was further than 50 miles from the sea. No navigable rivers, so use sea Greece itself was poor in resources Vital for trade with other nations, and transportation between islands. Jobs- provided source of income for Grecians. Ex. Fishers, Traders, and Pirates! GEOGRAPHY- THE LAND 3/4ths of Greece is covered in mountains. Peninsula and many islands Influenced Food: The land lacked the ability to support cattle or flocks of sheep, so they had a limited amount of meat. Main diet- fish, olives, wheat, barley, vegetables, bread, beans GEOGRAPHY- THE CLIMATE Moderate temperatures and rain only in winter Outdoor life for men Marketplace, gymnasium, theater, civil/religious celebrations CITY- STATES Because Greece is made up of many islands, and has many tall mountains, the Greeks began to build city-states instead of one country. A city-state (Polis) is a city with its own laws, rulers, and money. City-states were cities that acted like countries Examples: Athens, Sparta GOVERNMENT- CITIZENSHIP Citizenship: To be a citizen you must be: Free (not a slave) Adult Male Born in the city-state CITIZENSHIP CONT’D Slavery Virtually all job titles were slaves No money or clocks to pay and measure time worked Cheaper to force labor than to pay- when money was invented The less free people, the less input in democracy- leaving decisions up to rich men GOVERNMENT- DEMOCRACY DEMOCRACY A form of government in which all citizens took part Important matters of the Polis were debated between all citizens Vote taken to decide outcome or law GOVERNMENT- DEMOCRACY Benefits: Direct democracy = Polis was ruled by assembly of all citizens Citizens had right and duty to govern Citizens had equal rights under law Citizens were responsible for justice Any citizen could bring charges against another person/citizen If a citizen saw a crime committed against a slave, the citizen could bring a charge even though slave could not. GOVERNMENT- DEMOCRACY Limitations: Only 1/5 of people were citizens! Women, slaves and foreigners were not citizens and had very few rights 1/3 of the population of Athens was slaves The rich owned approx. 50 slaves each Women Need to go to market? Go with men or wear a veil Women can not inherit land and all are educated at home. SPARTA SPARTA- SOCIAL CLASSES 1st- Only men born in Sparta were citizens. Women were not allowed to become citizens, however, women were allowed to own land and businesses, which gave them more freedom than other Greek city-states. 2nd- people who came from other city-states or other countries. They could own businesses but not become citizens. 3rd- Helots (people from Spartan conquered territories- slaves) SPARTA- WARRIORS Training to become a good soldiers was important. Learning to read and write took the backseat Young boys were taken from their parents and trained to be soldiers – at the age of seven. They had little clothing and often no shoes At the age of 20 they went through a series of tests- if passed then allowed into military. SPARTAN WOMEN Girls were also encouraged to be fit and strong, however they did not fight Allowed to marry but lived separately from husbands- they lived in military barracks Had more freedom than in other city states- partially because they tended to live alone. Mothers were held in high regard ATHENS The people of Athens wanted to rule themselves and not have a king or queen Athens became the world’s first democracy around 508 B.C. Pericles was the leader of creating democracy in Athens He had many buildings constructed- Pericles had the Parthenon and the Acropolis built Was an advocate of art and education ATHENS Acropolis- literally means ‘upper city’- city center built on elevated land ATHENS Parthenon- temple dedicated to the goddess Athena ATHENS Education was very important in Athens. Boys went to school to learn to read and write, homeschooled for a few years and then sent to school until their teen years- reading was very important Boys also were influenced to learn various sports while at school Girls were not allowed to go to school or learn to play sports- only learned what was taught at home Greek wars phalanx feared by all, formation of soldiers with spears, shields- men stood side by side, shields overlapping. All forward progress due to the men behind the front line pushing men forward with their shields THE PERSIAN WARS- BACKGROUND INFO Ionians- lived along Turkey- were conquered by Persians, asked the Greeks for help Greeks helped but Ionians were still defeated Mad that the Greeks, mainly the Athenians, helped, Persians wanted to take over territory in Greece- starting with Athens FIRST PERSIAN WAR Darius, the King of Persia, gathered a massive army and headed to Athens by sea Landed on Marathon- roughly 25 miles from Athens Battle of Marathon: Greece was able to handle the mighty Persian army by killing 6,000 while losing just under 200 of their own Athenians ran back the 25 miles to their city in case of another attack from the Persians- origin of marathon SECOND PERSIAN WAR Ten years later, King Xerxes, son of Darius, wants his attempt at Greece- Army of 200,000 and 1,000 ships Battle of Thermopylae: King Leonidas lead 300 Spartans Met at mountain pass at Thermopylae Spartans held off the Persians until they had them surrounded Spartans fought to the death, Persians marched onward The second Persian war Battle of Salamis Persians went on to Athens after defeating Sparta Athens was found deserted, civilians are hidden and their army is out at sea Persian ships (1,000) attack the Athenian navy Athenian ships are fast and easy to maneuver- they ram the Persian ships causing them to sink Xerxes and his men retreat after the defeat THE PERSIAN WARS A New Kind of Army Emerges Pheidippides Brings Thermopylae and Salamis News • 2-3 Sentence Summary • 2-3 Sentence Summary • Drawing of some kind • Drawing of some kind • 2-3 Sentence • Create a question not Summary • Create a question not answered in the text answered in the text • Drawing of some kind Battle at Marathon • Create a question Consequences of the Persian Wars • 2-3 Sentence Summary not answered in the • 2-3 Sentence Summary text • Drawing of some kind • Drawing of some kind • Create a question not • Create a question not answered in the text answered in the text Leading up to Peloponnesian War Athens and Sparta form Delian League as a peace agreement; both city states hurting from fighting in the Persian War Athens recovers quickly making Sparta jealous Sparta creates Peloponnesian League without/against Athens ARCHIDAMIAN WAR – Sparta attacks Attica Athens raids Peloponnese Athens dominant on sea, Sparta dominant on land Athens holed up in their city walls- disease spreads, cause of many deaths The Peloponnesian wars cont’d SECOND ATTACK OF PELOPONNESE (Sparta) BY ATHENS – Syracuse, Sicily, failed, destruction of entire force Athens aids Sicily in attacking Syracuse, end of peace treaty obviously Sparta retaliates DECELEAN WAR A.K.A. IONIAN WAR – Sparta supported by Persia, cut off Athens’ navy, defeat of navy brought end of war. Athens surrendered. With fleet depleted, Athens begins to starve and can no longer afford to battle Various city states want Athens burned to the ground and its people enslaved, instead Sparta just made the city tear down its walls The Peloponnesian wars Result of the Peloponnesian wars: Athens affected greatly Power reduced – strongest city-state prior to wars. Sparta becomes leader. Economic costs Widespread poverty Completely devastated and never recovered pre-war prosperity Athens and Sparta Go to War Peloponnesian War Sparta Gains Victory 2-3 Sentence Summary 2-3 Sentence Summary Drawing Drawing Question NOT answered in the text Question NOT answered in the text OLYMPICS OLYMPICS ORIGINS 776 BCE Every four years until 393 ACE Supposedly founded by Heracles (Hercules) Closely related to religion- honoring the gods First was one game- 192 meter foot race Held on Mount Olympia- to honor King of gods- Zeus Winners considered to be heroes- now considered famous, given an olive branch, sometimes also given money Olive branch- various meanings- peace, wisdom, strength, healing OLYMPIC EVENTS Initially one event- 200 meter race (length of stadium) 14th games- second event added- 400 meter race (lap around stadium) Other events added: More races Wrestling Chariot racing Boxing- super dangerous- ended when one is dead or gives up- winner wins Pentathlon- long jump, discus, javelin, race, wrestling Olympics Today: 2012 summer Olympics: 10,500 competitors 204 nations 32 sports ALEXANDER THE GREAT- Early life Born: July 20, 356 BCE Grew up in Athens- What was important to them? What did he learn? Son to King Philip II- who hired him the best teacher possible- Aristotle (we will talk more about him later) In return, the King restored Aristotle’s hometown and set many citizens free His father was murdered at his sisters wedding, Alexander was only 19 and determined to become King Alexander had the support of his army and his mother- who had Philip’s daughter With Cleopatra killed, to keep Alexander the rightful new King conquests He took the throne and was in charge now of all of Greece- which of course made him want to conquer more territory Alexanders conquests He went East: Asia Minor (Turkey) Syria (defeating the Persian army) Alexander captures cities of Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis Ashes of Persepolis signal total destruction of Persian Empire Egypt Alexander marches into Egypt, crowned pharaoh in 332 B.C. - Built city of Alexandria (capital) Prepared to then take over India Alexander fights his way across the deserts of Central Asia to India Alexander conquers Indus Valley area in 326 B.C.
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