ANCIENT GREECE GEOGRAPHY- SEA
No one place in Greece was further than 50 miles from the sea. No navigable rivers, so use sea Greece itself was poor in resources Vital for trade with other nations, and transportation between islands. Jobs- provided source of income for Grecians. Ex. Fishers, Traders, and Pirates! GEOGRAPHY- THE LAND
3/4ths of Greece is covered in mountains. Peninsula and many islands Influenced Food: The land lacked the ability to support cattle or flocks of sheep, so they had a limited amount of meat. Main diet- fish, olives, wheat, barley, vegetables, bread, beans GEOGRAPHY- THE CLIMATE
Moderate temperatures and rain only in winter Outdoor life for men Marketplace, gymnasium, theater, civil/religious celebrations CITY- STATES
Because Greece is made up of many islands, and has many tall mountains, the Greeks began to build city-states instead of one country. A city-state (Polis) is a city with its own laws, rulers, and money. City-states were cities that acted like countries Examples: Athens, Sparta GOVERNMENT- CITIZENSHIP
Citizenship: To be a citizen you must be: Free (not a slave) Adult Male Born in the city-state CITIZENSHIP CONT’D
Slavery Virtually all job titles were slaves No money or clocks to pay and measure time worked Cheaper to force labor than to pay- when money was invented The less free people, the less input in democracy- leaving decisions up to rich men GOVERNMENT- DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRACY A form of government in which all citizens took part Important matters of the Polis were debated between all citizens Vote taken to decide outcome or law GOVERNMENT- DEMOCRACY
Benefits: Direct democracy = Polis was ruled by assembly of all citizens Citizens had right and duty to govern Citizens had equal rights under law Citizens were responsible for justice Any citizen could bring charges against another person/citizen If a citizen saw a crime committed against a slave, the citizen could bring a charge even though slave could not. GOVERNMENT- DEMOCRACY
Limitations: Only 1/5 of people were citizens! Women, slaves and foreigners were not citizens and had very few rights 1/3 of the population of Athens was slaves The rich owned approx. 50 slaves each Women Need to go to market? Go with men or wear a veil Women can not inherit land and all are educated at home. SPARTA SPARTA- SOCIAL CLASSES
1st- Only men born in Sparta were citizens. Women were not allowed to become citizens, however, women were allowed to own land and businesses, which gave them more freedom than other Greek city-states. 2nd- people who came from other city-states or other countries. They could own businesses but not become citizens.
3rd- Helots (people from Spartan conquered territories- slaves) SPARTA- WARRIORS
Training to become a good soldiers was important. Learning to read and write took the backseat Young boys were taken from their parents and trained to be soldiers – at the age of seven. They had little clothing and often no shoes At the age of 20 they went through a series of tests- if passed then allowed into military. SPARTAN WOMEN
Girls were also encouraged to be fit and strong, however they did not fight Allowed to marry but lived separately from husbands- they lived in military barracks Had more freedom than in other city states- partially because they tended to live alone. Mothers were held in high regard ATHENS
The people of Athens wanted to rule themselves and not have a king or queen
Athens became the world’s first democracy around 508 B.C.
Pericles was the leader of creating democracy in Athens
He had many buildings constructed- Pericles had the Parthenon and the Acropolis built
Was an advocate of art and education ATHENS
Acropolis- literally means ‘upper city’- city center built on elevated land ATHENS
Parthenon- temple dedicated to the goddess Athena ATHENS
Education was very important in Athens. Boys went to school to learn to read and write, homeschooled for a few years and then sent to school until their teen years- reading was very important Boys also were influenced to learn various sports while at school Girls were not allowed to go to school or learn to play sports- only learned what was taught at home Greek wars phalanx
feared by all, formation of soldiers with spears, shields- men stood side by side, shields overlapping. All forward progress due to the men behind the front line pushing men forward with their shields THE PERSIAN WARS- BACKGROUND INFO
Ionians- lived along Turkey- were conquered by Persians, asked the Greeks for help Greeks helped but Ionians were still defeated Mad that the Greeks, mainly the Athenians, helped, Persians wanted to take over territory in Greece- starting with Athens FIRST PERSIAN WAR
Darius, the King of Persia, gathered a massive army and headed to Athens by sea Landed on Marathon- roughly 25 miles from Athens Battle of Marathon: Greece was able to handle the mighty Persian army by killing 6,000 while losing just under 200 of their own Athenians ran back the 25 miles to their city in case of another attack from the Persians- origin of marathon SECOND PERSIAN WAR
Ten years later, King Xerxes, son of Darius, wants his attempt at Greece- Army of 200,000 and 1,000 ships Battle of Thermopylae: King Leonidas lead 300 Spartans Met at mountain pass at Thermopylae Spartans held off the Persians until they had them surrounded Spartans fought to the death, Persians marched onward The second Persian war
Battle of Salamis Persians went on to Athens after defeating Sparta Athens was found deserted, civilians are hidden and their army is out at sea Persian ships (1,000) attack the Athenian navy Athenian ships are fast and easy to maneuver- they ram the Persian ships causing them to sink Xerxes and his men retreat after the defeat THE PERSIAN WARS
A New Kind of Army Emerges Pheidippides Brings Thermopylae and Salamis News • 2-3 Sentence Summary • 2-3 Sentence Summary • Drawing of some kind • Drawing of some kind • 2-3 Sentence • Create a question not Summary • Create a question not answered in the text answered in the text • Drawing of some kind
Battle at Marathon • Create a question Consequences of the Persian Wars • 2-3 Sentence Summary not answered in the • 2-3 Sentence Summary text • Drawing of some kind • Drawing of some kind • Create a question not • Create a question not answered in the text answered in the text Leading up to Peloponnesian War
Athens and Sparta form Delian League as a peace agreement; both city states hurting from fighting in the Persian War Athens recovers quickly making Sparta jealous Sparta creates Peloponnesian League without/against Athens ARCHIDAMIAN WAR – Sparta attacks Attica Athens raids Peloponnese Athens dominant on sea, Sparta dominant on land Athens holed up in their city walls- disease spreads, cause of many deaths The Peloponnesian wars cont’d
SECOND ATTACK OF PELOPONNESE (Sparta) BY ATHENS – Syracuse, Sicily, failed, destruction of entire force Athens aids Sicily in attacking Syracuse, end of peace treaty obviously Sparta retaliates DECELEAN WAR A.K.A. IONIAN WAR – Sparta supported by Persia, cut off Athens’ navy, defeat of navy brought end of war. Athens surrendered. With fleet depleted, Athens begins to starve and can no longer afford to battle Various city states want Athens burned to the ground and its people enslaved, instead Sparta just made the city tear down its walls The Peloponnesian wars
Result of the Peloponnesian wars: Athens affected greatly Power reduced – strongest city-state prior to wars. Sparta becomes leader. Economic costs Widespread poverty Completely devastated and never recovered pre-war prosperity Athens and Sparta Go to War
Peloponnesian War Sparta Gains Victory
2-3 Sentence Summary 2-3 Sentence Summary Drawing Drawing Question NOT answered in the text Question NOT answered in the text OLYMPICS OLYMPICS ORIGINS
776 BCE
Every four years until 393 ACE
Supposedly founded by Heracles (Hercules)
Closely related to religion- honoring the gods
First was one game- 192 meter foot race
Held on Mount Olympia- to honor King of gods- Zeus
Winners considered to be heroes- now considered famous, given an olive branch, sometimes also given money
Olive branch- various meanings- peace, wisdom, strength, healing OLYMPIC EVENTS
Initially one event- 200 meter race (length of stadium) 14th games- second event added- 400 meter race (lap around stadium) Other events added:
More races
Wrestling
Chariot racing
Boxing- super dangerous- ended when one is dead or gives up- winner wins
Pentathlon- long jump, discus, javelin, race, wrestling Olympics Today:
2012 summer Olympics:
10,500 competitors
204 nations
32 sports ALEXANDER THE GREAT- Early life
Born: July 20, 356 BCE Grew up in Athens- What was important to them? What did he learn? Son to King Philip II- who hired him the best teacher possible- Aristotle (we will talk more about him later) In return, the King restored Aristotle’s hometown and set many citizens free His father was murdered at his sisters wedding, Alexander was only 19 and determined to become King Alexander had the support of his army and his mother- who had Philip’s daughter With Cleopatra killed, to keep Alexander the rightful new King conquests
He took the throne and was in charge now of all of Greece- which of course made him want to conquer more territory Alexanders conquests
He went East:
Asia Minor (Turkey)
Syria (defeating the Persian army)
Alexander captures cities of Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis
Ashes of Persepolis signal total destruction of Persian Empire
Egypt
Alexander marches into Egypt, crowned pharaoh in 332 B.C. - Built city of Alexandria (capital)
Prepared to then take over India
Alexander fights his way across the deserts of Central Asia to India
Alexander conquers Indus Valley area in 326 B.C. Reluctantly returns to Babylon Later life- death
His army started to revolt, wanting to return to their homes and families
He agreed and they headed home
Alexander only made it back to Babylon where he died suddenly
Malaria
He was 32
Legacy:
Melds Greek and Persian cultures
Empire becomes three kingdoms:
Macedonia, Greek city-states;
Egypt;
old Persia, also known as Seleucid kingdom ECONOMY IN ANCIENT GREECE AGRICULTURE
The soil was not very fertile along the coastline. The ancient Greeks used systems of irrigation to help solve that problem. People in the countryside worked in agriculture and were very poor. Many farms were very small. People grew: olives, grapes, figs, wheat, wine Protein comprised mainly of fish and other seafood In some of the larger Greek city-states, meat could be purchased in cook shops. Meat was rarely eaten TERRACE FARMING
What are the benefits to this type of farming? CRAFTS
Pottery, leather, textiles
What would they have used leather to make? ANCIENT GREEK TRADE ROUTES TRADE
Long Distance:
Rich sailed across Mediterranean Sea
Imported food, wood, copper
Silver coins used as currency
Local Commerce:
Small shops- produce
Workshops- material goods GREAT GREEKS LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY, MATHEMATICS PYTHAGORAS
570 BCE- 495 BCE
Born in Samos
Formed religious secret society
Pythagoreans
Dressed very common- no shoes Pythagoreans used music, philosophy, and Strict diet, did not eat beans math Lead pure life Music- noise that makes sense Math- rules for how the world works Dedicated to studying Pythagorean Theorem Included men and women • Sumerians 2,000 years prior already used it Making sense out of chaos of • He proved it to always be true the world • Even, odd, perfect numbers HOMER
Born between 12th-8th centuries BCE His early life is very mysterious- many cities claim to be his birthplace Some think his writings was really done by a group of people Supposedly blind- based off a character in The Odyssey These stories had orally been passed down from generations but had been written down and cleaned up by Homer He was born after the Greek alphabet was created HOMER- THE ILIAD
About the Trojan War- not a recounting but a story about it
King Agamemnon (Mycenae) vs King Achilles (best fighter ever)
Won a battle and were divvying up their earnings, Achilles got a lovely lady along with gold, etc.
Agamemnon thought, “hey, she cute- I want her!” so he took her
Achilles pouted and refused to fight the next battle
Achilles best friend decided he was going to dress up like Achilles and lead everyone in battle
Not a smart move considering he could not fight as well as Achilles which resulted in his death
Prince Hector, Trojan, fought Achilles and was killed- obviously
Prince Hector’s dad wants his sons body back THE ODYSSEY
King Odysseus fights in Trojan war- ten year battle and is now trying to get home
Odysseus does not respect the gods, so they make it difficult for him to return home- sending him on many adventures
Lotus eaters- People of this island only eat plants- give them plants to forget they want to return home
Cyclopes- One eyed monster
Aeolus- Wind god who agreed to help the men get home- gives them bag of air to help direct them. They are within sight of Ithaca when a man on board opens bag to see what is inside, they are blown back to Aeolus
Scylla and Charybdis- Scylla a six headed monster with 12 tentacles grabbed men from the ship and allowed them to pass. Charybdis was a whirlpool that almost drowned them
Calypso- At this point he is alone on a plank of wood, only one left alive. She fell in love with Odysseus and kept him on the island for seven years. Athena finally pleaded with Zeus to let him return home THE ODYSSEY CONTINUED
He finally returned home but was disguised, and discovered many men had taken over his kingdom and were trying to marry his wife, Penelope- after all it had been 20 years and he was most likely dead
She set up a contest- any man who could shoot an arrow through 12 axe heads is who she would marry
Odysseus was the only one who could make the shot, killed all of the other men and took off his disguise, was with his wife again SOCRATES
469 BCE- 399 BCE His family was not well off so he did not have much of a formal education Was alive during Peloponnesian War which required his military service SOCRATES-PHILOSOPHY
Focused on ethics and how people should behave Happiness comes from leading moral life, not material possessions Pursue justice and goodness, not wealth and power- radical at this time Meetings would consist of discussions about ethics and political issues He would never give answers, but more questions or possible answers- never definitive- Socratic method SOCRATIC METHOD:
Never give answers but discuss possible answers or give more questions
More questions and more possibilities leads to better understanding DEATH:
Thirty Tyrants put into power after war- one was a previous student.
Thirty Tyrants thrown out by Athenian democracy, Socrates spoke against democracy- labeled a traitor
Convicted to death by poison THINK, PAIR, SHARE
Yesterday we learned about three Ancient Greek figures- Pythagoras, Homer, and Socrates. THINK- On your own about who you feel is the most significant of the three men and why PAIR- Talk with someone next to you about who you picked, listen to who they picked SHARE- Share with the class on who the two of you picked- if you picked the same person, different reasons, different people, etc.
PLATO
427 BCE- 347 BCE
Brought up by wealthy family in Athens, went to school
Would have served during Peloponnesian war
Grew up and became interested in academics and philosophy- became a student of Socrates
After Socrates was killed, Plato left Athens and traveled around the Mediterranean for 12 years
Traveled to places such as Italy, Egypt, and other areas in North Africa- subjects include math, science and of course philosophy
Plato began writing in a style called ‘dialogue’ in which various characters would discuss topics and bring up new points, arguments, and ideas- similar to Socratic method PLATO
Many of Plato’s writings include Socrates- which is how we know of what he spoke about- one includes Socrates defending himself at trial The Republic- Most well known, also includes Socrates How justice relates to happiness Discusses government and how a philosopher-king would be most ideal Kings and philosophers must become one in the same At 40 returns to Athens and opens the Academy Subjects taught include: math, philosophy, biology, astronomy Famous student? Aristotle Died later in life in Athens, not much is known- probably around 80 and in his sleep ARISTOTLE
384 BCE- 322 BCE Son to the doctor of the King of Macedonia Arts and education important to his upbringing He of course went to school, at 17 attended the Academy where he was student to Plato and stayed for 20 years until he became a teacher there The Academy was much different than school today Students would discuss various topics and debate or attempt to answer difficult questions He traveled, got married, wrote various works- The Natural History of Animals, The Parts of Animals In his travels he would notate what he observed, became very interested in animals, dissected them even He was the first to begin trying to group animals and determine the functions of various organs during his dissections ARISTOTLE
343 BCE began tutoring Alexander the Great Opens Peripatetic School in Athens Logics, physics, public speaking, politics, philosophy
Some of Aristotle’s ideas- Believed Earth was round but stationary The ‘mean’- best way for people to live was to avoid extremes- today we call that what? ARCHITECTURE, ARTS, & THEATER ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE: COLUMNS
. Doric: Simple, thick, no decoration, tapered- wider on bottom than on the top . Ionic: Thinner, had a base at the bottom, scroll decoration at the top . Corinthian: Most decorative: scrolls, leaves, acanthus plant, popular later in the Greek timeline ARCHITECTURE: TEMPLES
. Erechtheum: Greek hero Erechthonius, female figures- Caryatids. Great King and ruler of Athens from the Iliad- supposedly buried near by . Parthenon: Dedicated to Athena . Hephaestus: Dedicated to Hephaestos, metal working god . Temple of Zeus Cyrene: Dedicated to Zeus, larger than Parthenon, to show wealth of Cyrene. ARCHITECTURE: OTHER BUILDINGS
Greeks built other buildings including: . Theaters- built into the sides of mountains, great acoustics, could hold up to 10,000 people . Court Houses . Sports Stadiums . Gymnasiums . Council Buildings ART: ARCHAIC PERIOD
. Sculptures of men and women that were still looking- arms at their sides ART: CLASSICAL PERIOD
More relaxed and sometimes action sculptures most famous: Zeus at Olympia, Athena at Parthenos, and Discobolus ART: HELLENISTIC PERIOD
. Hellenistic- After Alexander the Great took over much of the east, Hellenistic arose, a combination of the cultures. . New subjects including common people, women, children. EX- Venus de Milo, Winged Victory at Samothrace, the Dying Gaul THEATER
As shown before, in a circle against a mountain, tiered seating, open roof, round shaped allowed for actors voices to carry TYPES OF PLAYS: Tragedy: serious with a moral lesson, tended to be stories of a mythical hero who would have a tragic death because of pride Comedy: funny, light hearted, about everyday life, would sometimes make fun of Greek celebrities and politicians THEATER
MUSIC: Lyre (stringed instrument) and Aulos (flute like). Chorus would sing during play. ACTORS, COSTUMES, MASKS: All actors were men, would play female roles also. Masks would depict various emotions of characters. Costumes were exaggerated, similar to masks so audience members in the back could see as well.