DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Tributyrin and Coated Sodium

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Tributyrin and Coated Sodium Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Tributyrin and Coated Sodium Butyrate on ISSN 1516-635X Oct - Dec 2018 / v.20 / n.4 / 707-716 Intestinal Morphology, Disaccharidase Activity and Intramuscular Fat of Lipopolysaccharide- http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0787 Challenged Broilers Author(s) ABSTRACT Xiong JI,II https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8624-9621 The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of tributyrin Qiu HI,II https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7610-7275 (TB) and coated sodium butyrate (CSB) on intestinal morphology, I,II Bi Y https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3238-2379 disaccharidase activity and intramuscular fat of broilers challenged Zhou HLIII https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2904-677X Guo SI,II https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4852-5124 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of 160 1-day-old healthy Cobb Ding BI,II https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6935-0269 broilers were randomly allocated into four groups: (1) control; (2) LPS, in which broilers were fed a basal diet and intraperitoneally injected I Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic with 500 μg/kg LPS on days 38, 40 and 42; (3) TB, in which LPS- University, Wuhan 430023, China. II Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and challenged broilers were fed basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, TB; and (4) CSB, in which LPS-challenged broilers were fed basal diet Wuhan 430023, China. III Department of Bioengineering, Xiangyang supplemented with 877 mg/kg CSB. Addition of TB and CSB inhibited Vocational and Technical College, Xiangyang (p<0.05) the decrease in villus height in the duodenum and ileum of LPS- 441050, China. challenged broilers, respectively. Both TB and CSB increased (p<0.05) activity of maltase in the small intestine, and TB increased (p<0.05) activity of isomaltase in the ileum. Additionally, dietary addition of TB and CSB decreased (p<0.05) the content of intramuscular fat. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of TB was more effective than CSB in improving intestinal morphology and disaccharidase activity of LPS-challenged broilers, and they both reduced intramuscular fat in the breast and legs. Mail Address INTRODUCTION Corresponding author e-mail address Binying Ding Broilers are raised under modern farming conditions characterized Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for as large scale and high intensity stocking, and suffer from considerable Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, 68 stress, with sensitivity to different types of stressor (Yalcin et al., 2001). Xuefu south road, Changqing Garden, Dongxihu district Wuhan Polytechnic Previous studies have indicated that immunological stress adversely University, Wuhan 430023, China. affects production performance and physiological function in the Phone: +86-27-83956175 Email: [email protected] intestine (Kang et al., 2014; Li et al., 2015). Thus, some feed additive is required to reduce stress from high-intensity stocking, and to increase production performance in broilers. Butyric acid is reported to act as Keywords energy sources for animals (Mahdavi & Torki, 2009; Li et al., 2015), Broilers, coated sodium butyrate, intestine, increase anti-oxidative capacity (Li et al., 2015), and reduce expression lipopolysaccharide, tributyrin. of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Zhang et al., 2011). Hu and Guo (2007) reported that dietary supplementation with 500 mg/kg sodium butyrate enhanced growth performance and stimulated growth of duodenal mucosa in broilers. Other studies have shown that dietary butyrate supplementation improves growth performance, enhances immune function (Jang et al., 2017; Bedford & Gong, 2017), reduces production of pro-inflammatory cytokine such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 (Li et al., 2015), modulates intestinal microbiota (Yang et al., 2018) and promotes intestinal development (Mazzoni et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2011). Nonetheless, butyrate is hardly used in animal production due Submitted: 29/March/2018 to the fact that it is volatile and strong smelling, and quickly absorbed Approved: 23/May/2018 in the upper part of the digestive tract. 707 Xiong J, Qiu H, Bi Y, Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Tributyrin and Zhou HL, Guo S, Ding B Coated Sodium Butyrate on Intestinal Morphology, Disaccharidase Activity and Intramuscular Fat of Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Broilers Therefore, new forms of butyrate products including for broilers at 38, 40 and 42 days of age, which aimed tributyrin (TB) and microencapsulated butyrate have to unify nutrient intake for chickens with all treatments. been developed to facilitate its application in animal The amount of feed intake was determined according feed. TB is degraded by intestinal lipase to release to Cobb broiler management guide (Beijing Poultry butyrate, which affects intestinal morphology and is Breeding, 2014). Diets were formulated according to then absorbed by the small intestine (Li et al., 2015). the nutrient requirements (National Research Council, Coated sodium butyrate (CSB) can pass through the 1994) for broiler chickens. Diet composition in the stomach and influence the hind gastrointestinal tract basal diet is shown in Table 1. Body weight and feed by sustained release of butyrate (Van Immerseel et intake of broilers were recorded weekly. al., 2004). TB and CSB may be differentiated by their Table 1 – Ingredients and nutritional composition of the butyrate release rate in the gastrointestinal tract, which basal diet. may lead to different effects on intestinal function. Period Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a membrane glycolipid Item Week 1 to 3 Week 4-6 typically found in Gram-negative bacteria that can Ingredients (%) cause intestinal damage, immune response and Corn 53.81 61.25 physiological changes, and is usually used as a tool SBM, 44 34.90 26.75 to achieve disease conditions in animals. We used a Wheat middling 5.00 5.00 model of LPS-challenged broilers to hypothesize that Soybean oil 2.00 2.60 DL-methionine 0.24 0.25 dietary TB and CSB supplementation would affect L-Lysine - 0.22 intestinal morphology and disaccharidase activities, Salt 0.41 0.37 and change blood lipid profile, thus affecting muscle Limestone 1.60 1.63 lipid metabolism. This was because oral butyrate is Dicalcium phosphate 1.14 0.93 reported to decrease fat synthesis by downregulation PremixI 1.00 1.00 of insulin receptor β, phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase Total 100 100 II and atypical protein kinase Cζ in live broiler chicks Nutrition composition (%) Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg) 12.10 12.53 (Mátis et al., 2015). Crude protein 19.50 16.78 The objective of the present study was to investigate Methionine 0.53 0.50 the effects of dietary supplementation of TB and CSB Methionine+cystine 0.84 0.78 on intestinal morphology, disaccharidase activity, and Lysine 1.04 1.07 intramuscular fat of LPS-challenged broilers. Also, we Tryptophane 0.23 0.19 determined the changes in DNA and protein levels of Threonine 0.74 0.64 intestinal mucosa and blood lipid content in broilers. Calcium 0.91 0.87 Available phosphorus 0.40 0.34 I Formulated to provide (per kg of diet): 50 000 IU vitamin A, 13 750 IU vitamin D3, 100 MATERIALS AND METHODS of vitamin E, 10 mg vitamin K, 11 mg vitamin B1, 30 mg vitamin B2, 300 mg vitamin B3, 55 mg vitamin B5, 20 mg vitamin B6, 0.75 mg vitamin B7, 0.05 mg vitamin B12, Experimental Procedure 5000 mg choline chloride, 75 mg manganese, 50 mg zinc, 80 mg iron, 7.5 mg copper, 0.3 mg iodine, and 0.2 mg selenium. The experiment was conducted for 42 days at the IICalculated value. Animal Center of Wuhan Polytechnic University, China, and was in accordance with the guidelines established The broilers randomly received one of four dietary by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Hubei treatments with four replicates of 10 birds (5 male Province. + 5 female). Four treatment groups were as follows: A total of 160 (80 male + 80 female) 1-day-old (1) control, ingesting the basal diet and receiving healthy Cobb chicks (initial body weight 45.1±0.5 g; an intraperitoneal injection of sterile saline; (2) LPS, Wuhan Chia Tai Co. Ltd., China) were allocated into 16 ingesting the basal diet and receiving an intraperitoneal stainless-steel cages with 10 birds (5 male + 5 female) injection of LPS (L2880; Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA); (3) per cage. Each cage was 200 × 140 × 70 cm (length × TB, ingesting the basal diet supplemented with 500 width × height). The room temperature was set by air mg/kg 45% TB (Wuhan Pan-China Biotechnology Co. conditioner at 33, 31 and 25°C during the first, second Ltd., Wuhan, China), ~194.22 mg/kg butyrate, and and remaining weeks, respectively. The chickens had receiving an intraperitoneal injection of LPS; and (4) free access to feed and water during the feeding trial. CSB, ingesting the basal diet supplemented with 877 However, the feed intake was restricted to 150 g/day mg/kg 30% CSB (Hangzhou King Techina Feed Co. 708 Xiong J, Qiu H, Bi Y, Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Tributyrin and Zhou HL, Guo S, Ding B Coated Sodium Butyrate on Intestinal Morphology, Disaccharidase Activity and Intramuscular Fat of Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Broilers Ltd., Hangzhou, China), approximately equivalent to 10 longest villi with structural integrity, clear dye and 194.22 mg/kg butyrate and receiving intraperitoneal smoothness in each section were observed with a injection of LPS. The doses of TB and CSB were microscope using a computer-assisted morphometric chosen on the basis that 500 mg/kg sodium butyrate system (Optimetric; BioScan Inc., Edmonds, WA, USA). stimulated growth of duodenal mucosa in broilers (Hu The height of the villi was measured from the villus & Guo, 2007), and 1000 mg/kg CSB improved growth tip to the valley between adjacent villi, and the crypt performance of nursery pigs (Jang et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download Article
    3rd International Conference on Management Science and Management Innovation (MSMI 2016) Research on the Impact of Road Construction on Traffic Congestion Zhao Wang, Lei Chen Big Data Research Center, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—With the accelerated process of urbanization, the construction time and the average congestion index. construction of urban transportation infrastructure needs to Statistical results include 10 urban areas from a total of 64 be improved. The operating areas of the construction projects urban area samples. After removing the outliers, there are 61 become the traffic bottlenecks, which are the trouble spots of samples remaining. congestion and accident. According to study the impact of road We classify those 61 samples to 10 districts such as construction on traffic, we could evaluate traffic characteristics Wuchang District, Hongshan District, etc. From TABLE 2-1, we and service level of construction site, and propose the could see Hongshan District has the longest construction improvement measures to introduce traffic through analyzing distance and the longest construction time, but the average current problems, road conditions, changing traffic congestion index ranged fourth, lower than Jianghan District environment. Based on the actual traffic situation, this paper and Jiang‟an District. The average congestion index of proposes a model of the impact of road construction on road traffic capacity, and puts forward specific measures to improve Dongxihu District is the smallest of all, ranked the second the capacity of road traffic. distance of the road construction and the construction time is not very long. Keywords-Road construction; regression; construction time; construction distance.
    [Show full text]
  • Institutions of Democratic Governance
    1 INSTITUTIONS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE The Chinese Communist Party Asserts Greater Control Over State and Society In China’s one-party, authoritarian political system,1 the Chinese Communist Party maintains what one rights organization calls a ‘‘monopoly on political power.’’ 2 The Party plays a leading role in state and society,3 restricting Chinese citizens’ ability to exercise civil and political rights.4 Observers noted that the central role of the Party in governing the state appears to have strengthened since Xi Jinping became the Party General Secretary and President in November 2012 and March 2013, respectively,5 further ‘‘blur- ring’’ the lines between Party and government.6 In March 2017, Wang Qishan, a member of the Standing Committee of the Com- munist Party Central Committee Political Bureau (Politburo) and the Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, said that ‘‘under the Party’s leadership, there is only a division of labor between the Party and the government; there is no separa- tion between the Party and the government.’’ 7 During the Commission’s 2017 reporting year, under Xi’s leader- ship, the Party demanded absolute loyalty from its members,8 di- recting and influencing politics and society at all levels, including in the military,9 economy,10 Internet,11 civil society,12 and family life.13 Furthermore, the Party continued to exert power over the ju- diciary,14 undermining the independence of courts and the rule of law in China, despite legal reform efforts.15 In September 2016, the State Council
    [Show full text]
  • How Leisure Venues Are and Why? a Geospatial Perspective in Wuhan, Central China
    Article How Leisure Venues Are and Why? A Geospatial Perspective in Wuhan, Central China Yaolin Liu 1,2,3,†, Ying Jing 1,*,†, Enxiang Cai 1, Jiaxing Cui 4, Yang Zhang 1 and Yiyun Chen 1,2,3,* 1 School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (E.C.); [email protected] (Y.Z.) 2 Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China 3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Information Technology, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China 4 School of Urban and Environmental Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.J.); [email protected] (Y.C.); Tel.: +86-159-2737-0373 (Y.J.); +86-15171509047 (Y.C.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 9 August 2017; Accepted: 12 October 2017; Published: 17 October 2017 Abstract: Urban leisure venues proffer spatial carriers for citizens’ leisure activities and their functions rely heavily on the spatial configuration, which have largely been ignored. The increasing needs for healthy leisure life and the availability of geospatial open data provide a rising opportunity to fill this gap. To examine the spatial distribution of leisure venues and explore its underlying dominating factors, we adopt geospatial analysis techniques—point pattern analysis and cluster analysis with multi-sources geospatial data in Wuhan, Central China. Results conclude interesting spatial discrepancy based on a three-level clustered pattern of 86520 leisure venues.
    [Show full text]
  • Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischaemic Stroke During COVID‐19
    PostScript J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp-2020-324014 on 28 October 2020. Downloaded from Letter either a CT or MRI of brain before/after 2020(16.4% vs 10.7%, 43.3% vs 32.1%, intravenous tPA. All patients with AIS 10.4% vs 1.5%, respectively, p=0.008). treated with intravenous tPA had real- Mean DNT was 74.24±41.71 (range Intravenous thrombolysis for time reverse- transcription PCR analysis 13–180) min, which was longer than acute ischaemic stroke during (RT- PCR) from the throat swab specimens that of last year (46.36±21.59 min, and a chest CT scan during hospitalisation p<0.001). The ONT was also COVID‐19 pandemic in Wuhan, and follow- up period. A confirmed case of increased (199.34±68.95 min vs China: a multicentre, COVID-19 was defined as a positive result 155.12±62.46 min, p<0.001). on RT-PCR according to the WHO interim Before intravenous tPA, blood pressure retrospective cohort study guideline.4 We followed the Strengthening and blood glucose level of the two groups the Reporting of Observational Studies in were basically the same. The mean base- INTRODUCTION Epidemiology reporting guideline. lineNIHSS was 7.19±5.75 in 2020 and COVID-19 has become a global pandemic. 5.73±4.95 in 2019 (p=0.079). There was The rapid outbreak has overwhelmed no differences in the changes of NIHSS Data collected and analyzed healthcare system and exhausted medical score after thrombolysis immediately The demographic information of all resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of COVID-19 Morbidity Rate in Association with Social and Economic Factors in Wuhan, China: Implications for Urban Development
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Distribution of COVID-19 Morbidity Rate in Association with Social and Economic Factors in Wuhan, China: Implications for Urban Development Heyuan You 1,2,*, Xin Wu 1 and Xuxu Guo 1 1 School of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China; [email protected] (X.W.); [email protected] (X.G.) 2 Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +865-7186735200 Received: 14 April 2020; Accepted: 11 May 2020; Published: 14 May 2020 Abstract: Social and economic factors relate to the prevention and control of infectious diseases. The purpose of this paper was to assess the distribution of COVID-19 morbidity rate in association with social and economic factors and discuss the implications for urban development that help to control infectious diseases. This study was a cross-sectional study. In this study, social and economic factors were classified into three dimensions: built environment, economic activities, and public service status. The method applied in this study was the spatial regression analysis. In the 13 districts in Wuhan, the spatial regression analysis was applied. The results showed that: 1) increasing population density, construction land area proportion, value-added of tertiary industry per unit of land area, total retail sales of consumer goods per unit of land area, public green space density, aged population density were associated with an increased COVID-19 morbidity rate due to the positive characteristics of estimated coefficients of these variables.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Climatic Factors of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
    sustainability Article The Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Climatic Factors of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China Qiaowen Lin 1, Guoliang Ou 2,*, Renyang Wang 3, Yanan Li 4, Yi Zhao 5 and Zijun Dong 2 1 School of Economic and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; [email protected] 2 School of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; [email protected] 3 New Economic Research Institute, Ningbo University of Finance & Economics, Ningbo 315000, China; [email protected] 4 School of Management, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; [email protected] 5 School of Urban Planning & Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-755-26731157 Abstract: COVID-19 is threatening the whole world. This paper aims to explore the correlation between climatic factors and the morbidity of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, mainly by using a geographic detector and GWR model. It was found that the response of the morbidity of COVID-19 to meteorological factors in Wuhan is different at different stages. On the whole, the morbidity of COVID-19 has a strong spatial aggregation, mainly concentrated in the central area of Wuhan City. There is a positive correlation between wind speed and the spread of COVID-19, while temperature has a negative correlation. There is a positive correlation between air pressure and the number of COVID-19 cases. Rainfall is not significantly correlated with the spread of COVID-19. It is concluded Citation: Lin, Q.; Ou, G.; Wang, R.; Li, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Dong, Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Supplement
    Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 treated in Hubei (epicenter) and outside Hubei (non-epicenter): A Nationwide Analysis of China Online Supplement Figure S1. The flowchart of cohort establishment As of February 15th, 2020, a total of 68,500 laboratory-confirmed cases have been identified in China. The largest percentage (82.12%) of cases were diagnosed in Hubei province (56,249 patients). The percentage of cases with severe pneumonia in Hubei province (21.20%) was higher than that outside of Hubei province (10.45%). The mortality was also higher in Hubei province (2.84% vs. 0.56%). (Figure S3). Figure S2 shows the change of mortality rate in Hubei province, regions outside of Hubei province and the overall population who had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Figure S1. Trends of daily mortality stratified by the geographic location where patients with COVID-19 were diagnosed and managed. COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019 1 Figure S2. Severe and deaths cases in China, in Hubei and outside Hubei province as of Feb 15th, 2020 2 Table S1. Hazard ratios for patients treated in Hubei estimated by multivariate proportional hazard Cox model Variables HR LL UL P value Age (continuous) 1.036 1.021 1.05 <0.001 Any comorbidity (yes vs. no) 2.095 1.419 3.093 <0.001 Hubei location (yes vs. no) 1.594 1.054 2.412 0.027 HR: hazards ratio; LL: lower limit of the 95% confidence interval; UL: upper limit of the 95% confidence interval Table S2. Hazard ratios for Wuhan-contacts estimated by multivariate proportional hazard Cox model Variables HR LL UL P value Age (continuous) 1.039 1.025 1.053 <0.001 Any comorbidity (yes vs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Epidemiological Characteristics of Deaths with COVID-19 in the Early Stage in Wuhan, China
    The Epidemiological Characteristics of Deaths with COVID-19 in The Early Stage in Wuhan, China Jianjun Bai Wuhan University Fang Shi Wuhan University Jinhong Cao Wuhan University Haoyu Wen Wuhan University Fang Wang Wuhan University Sumaira Mubarik Wuhan University Xiaoxue Liu Wuhan University Yong Yu Hubei University of Medicine Jianbo Ding YEBIO Bioengineering Co. Chuanhua Yu ( [email protected] ) Wuhan University Research Keywords: COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019, Wuhan city, Epidemiological characteristic, Death Posted Date: October 26th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-93945/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/18 Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published on December 21st, 2020. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00183-y. Page 2/18 Abstract Objectives To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of deaths of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China and understand the changing trends of the COVID-19 epidemic and the effects of prevention and control measures in Wuhan. Methods Through the China's Infectious Disease Information System, we collected deaths’ information in Wuhan. We analyzed the patient's demographic characteristics, drew epidemiological curve, made distribution map of epidemic situation, etc. @Risk for tting distribution, SPSS for statistical analysis, and ArcGIS for mapping. Results As of February 24, 2020, a total of 1833 unique deaths were extracted. Among the deaths with COVID-19, the mild type accounted for the most, 37.2%, followed by severe type, 30.1%. The median age was 70.0 (inter quartile range: 63.0-79.0) years, most of the deaths were distributed in 50-89 age group; no deaths occurred in 0-9 age group; and the male to female ratio was 1.95.
    [Show full text]
  • Vertical Facility List
    Facility List The Walt Disney Company is committed to fostering safe, inclusive and respectful workplaces wherever Disney-branded products are manufactured. Numerous measures in support of this commitment are in place, including increased transparency. To that end, we have published this list of the roughly 7,600 facilities in over 70 countries that manufacture Disney-branded products sold, distributed or used in our own retail businesses such as The Disney Stores and Theme Parks, as well as those used in our internal operations. Our goal in releasing this information is to foster collaboration with industry peers, governments, non- governmental organizations and others interested in improving working conditions. Under our International Labor Standards (ILS) Program, facilities that manufacture products or components incorporating Disney intellectual properties must be declared to Disney and receive prior authorization to manufacture. The list below includes the names and addresses of facilities disclosed to us by vendors under the requirements of Disney’s ILS Program for our vertical business, which includes our own retail businesses and internal operations. The list does not include the facilities used only by licensees of The Walt Disney Company or its affiliates that source, manufacture and sell consumer products by and through independent entities. Disney’s vertical business comprises a wide range of product categories including apparel, toys, electronics, food, home goods, personal care, books and others. As a result, the number of facilities involved in the production of Disney-branded products may be larger than for companies that operate in only one or a limited number of product categories. In addition, because we require vendors to disclose any facility where Disney intellectual property is present as part of the manufacturing process, the list includes facilities that may extend beyond finished goods manufacturers or final assembly locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19 Treated in Hubei
    Early View Original article Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 treated in Hubei (epicenter) and outside Hubei (non- epicenter): A Nationwide Analysis of China Wen-hua Liang, Wei-jie Guan, Cai-chen Li, Yi-min Li, Heng-rui Liang, Yi Zhao, Xiao-qing Liu, Ling Sang, Ru-chong Chen, Chun-li Tang, Tao Wang, Wei Wang, Qi-hua He, Zi-sheng Chen, Sook-San Wong, Mark Zanin, Jun Liu, Xin Xu, Jun Huang, Jian-fu Li, Li-min Ou, Bo Cheng, Shan Xiong, Zhan- hong Xie, Zheng-yi Ni, Yu Hu, Lei Liu, Hong Shan, Chun-liang Lei, Yi-xiang Peng, Li Wei, Yong Liu, Ya-hua Hu, Peng Peng, Jian-ming Wang, Ji-yang Liu, Zhong Chen, Gang Li, Zhi-jian Zheng, Shao-qin Qiu, Jie Luo, Chang-jiang Ye, Shao-yong Zhu, Lin-ling Cheng, Feng Ye, Shi-yue Li, Jin-ping Zheng, Nuo-fu Zhang, Nan-shan Zhong, Jian-xing He Please cite this article as: Liang W-hua, Guan W-jie, Li C-chen, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 treated in Hubei (epicenter) and outside Hubei (non-epicenter): A Nationwide Analysis of China. Eur Respir J 2020; in press (https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00562-2020). This manuscript has recently been accepted for publication in the European Respiratory Journal. It is published here in its accepted form prior to copyediting and typesetting by our production team. After these production processes are complete and the authors have approved the resulting proofs, the article will move to the latest issue of the ERJ online.
    [Show full text]
  • Disaggregation Method of Carbon Emission: a Case Study in Wuhan, China
    sustainability Article Disaggregation Method of Carbon Emission: A Case Study in Wuhan, China Minghai Luo 1, Sixian Qin 1,*, Haoxue Chang 2 and Anqi Zhang 2 1 Wuhan Geomatics Institute, Wuhan 430022, China; [email protected] 2 Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] (H.C.); [email protected] (A.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: 86-027-85777350 Received: 1 March 2019; Accepted: 4 April 2019; Published: 8 April 2019 Abstract: Urban areas contribute significant carbon emissions. Evaluating and analysing the spatial distribution of carbon emissions are the foundations of low-carbon city development and carbon emissions reduction. In this study, carbon emission inventory was first constructed and carbon emissions in Wuhan were estimated on the basis of energy consumption. Second, the spatial distribution models of carbon emissions in different sectors were developed on the basis of the census of the Wuhan geographical conditions data and other thematic data. Third, the carbon emission distribution in Wuhan was analyzed at the central urban, functional, new urban, built-up, and metropolitan development area scale. Results show that the industry sector emits most of the carbon emissions in Wuhan, followed by the residential population. Carbon emissions in the metropolitan development area can stand for the true carbon emissions in Wuhan. Thus, a geographically weighted (GW) model was adopted to analyze the correlation coefficients between economical-social factors (gross domestic product, population density, road density, industrial land and residential land) and carbon emissions in the metropolitan development area. Comparisons with other studies show that the disaggregation method we proposed in this work, especially the adoption of geographical condition census data, can reflect the spatial distribution of carbon emissions of different sectors at the city scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Listing of Global Companies with Ongoing Government Activity
    Business Name Line of Business Ticker W A WILDE COMPANY DIRECT MAIL ADVERTISING SERVICES, NSK W B PHARMACY COUNCIL PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS W BARBOSA LTDA ME MEDICINALS AND BOTANICALS, NSK W M BAMFORD & CO LIMITED PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS W WOODWARD PAKISTAN PVT LIMITED PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS W. F. YOUNG, INCORPORATED PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS W. FELDHOFF & COMP. ARZNEIMITTEL GMBH, GOTHA PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS W. SPITZNER, ARZNEIMITTELFABRIK, GESELLSCHAFT MIT BESCHRANKTER HAFTUNG PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS W. W. GRAINGER, INC. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT, NSK GWW W.J.RENDELL LTD PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS W.T.CO. LTD. PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS WACKER BIOTECH GMBH PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS WADA CALCIUM PHARM CO.,LTD. PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS WAFRAPHARMA LABORATORIES PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS WAGENER & CO. GMBH PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS WAGNER-PHARMA GYOGYSZER FEJLESZTO GYARTO ES FORGALMAZO KORLATOLT FELELOSSEGU TARSASAG PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS WAHANA PANCHA NUGRAHA, PT PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS WAHL INSTRUMENTS, INC. PROCESS CONTROL INSTRUMENTS WAI YUEN TONG MEDICINE COMPANY LIMITED PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS WAINS OF TUNBRIDGE WELLS (DISTRIBUTORS) LTD PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS WAKAMOTO PHARMACEUTICAL CO.,LTD. PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS 4512 WAKANYAKU KENKYUSHO, K.K. PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY SERVICES, NSK WAKUNAGA PHARMACEUTICAL CO.,LTD. PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS WALA-HEILMITTEL GMBH MEDICINALS AND BOTANICALS, NSK WALA-HEILMITTEL GMBH MEDICINALS
    [Show full text]