Migration Profile Country perspective

UR no im t e a d n i S a t a t e s o f A m e r i c a EXTENDED VERSION N o . 9 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 N o . 4 J u l y 2 07

Austria

In the framework of MMWD – Making Migration Work for Development, the WP7 activities foresee the launch of a Transnational Platform for Policy Dialogue and Cooperation as an effort to support governments to address the consequence of Demographic trends on SEE territories. In particular, this platform will involve policy makers and decision makers at the national and sub-national level to promote the adoption of more effective services and regulations of the migration flows across the SEE area. In order to support and stimulate the dialogue within the Platform ad hoc migration profiles (MPs) will be developed for each partner country and will integrate the information and knowledge already provided by Demographic projections and Policy scenarios. The current MP focuses on the case of and it’s centred around five topics: resident foreign population by gender, age cohorts and citizenship; population 1. Resident foreign population by flows (internal migration, emigration, immigration); gender, age cohorts and citizenship immigrants presence in the national labour market; foreign population by level of educational attainment; On 1 January 2012 more than 970,000 foreign nationals remittances/transfers of money to country of origin. (persons who are not citizens) lived in Austria. These topics have been selected among the MMWD This is equivalent to 11.5% of the overall population of panel of indicators relevant to describe demographic the country (8,443 million). Some 64% of resident and migration trends as well as to map their socio- foreign nationals had been living for more than 5 years economic implications. in Austria by this date. Considering the country of birth to define the origin of Background Information on Austria an individual, on 1 January 2012 there were some 1,349 million individuals resident in Austria who had Capital: been born outside the country; this is equivalent to 16.0% of the population. More than six tenths of those Official language: German born outside Austria held a foreign passport while 39% had been naturalised (i.e. had acquired Austrian Area: 83,870 Km2 citizenship). Those persons who were born abroad but have Population (2013): 8,451,860 acquired Austrian citizenship are also taken into account. This means that the combined group of Population density (2012): 102.2 inhabitants/Km2 persons with foreign and those born abroad but with Austrian citizenship are thus here together Natural change in population (2012): -0.1‰ designated as the population of “foreign origin”. According to the population statistics derived from Foreign citizens on total population (2012): 11.5% residential registration records, there were 1,493 million persons of foreign origin living in Austria on 1 January Employment rate (2012): 75.6% 2012. This represents 17.7% of the population of Austria as a whole. Unemployment rate (2012): 4.3% On the basis of international definitions, the population “with migrant background” is made up of all persons Religions (2001 census): Roman Catholic 73.6%, whose parents were born abroad, irrespective of Protestant 4.7%, Muslim 4.2%. nationality. On average, there were some 1,569 million people living in Austria in 2011 with a migrant background (equivalent to 18.9% of the population).

Country Perspective Austria

Of these, 1,153 million are of the “first immigrant generation” in that they themselves were also born abroad but have since moved to Austria. The remaining 415,400 individuals are the children, born in Austria, of parents born abroad. These are known as the “second immigrant generation”. According to current forecasts, immigration will represent the predominant factor when it comes to future population development trends in Austria. If immigration and birth rates remain at the level they are today, the population of Austria would grow by 7.5% to just over 9 million in the next 20 years. This would mean that the population would increase by 11.6% to ca. 9.36 million by 2050 (main forecast scenario). However, if there is no migration surplus, predictions are that the population would fall by 2.2% to 8.21 million by 2031 and continue to fall to 7.48 million by 2050.

The average age of Austrian citizens born in Austria was 42.2 years on 1 January 2012; persons of foreign origin were slightly younger, with an average age of 40.5 years. However, the average age of foreign nationals was markedly lower (35.3 years) than that of naturalised immigrants (50.1 years). While persons of foreign origin constituted 17.7% of the total population on 1 January 2012, they also constituted some 23.7% of the population aged 20 to under 40 years. The percentage of persons of foreign origin in the age group 40 to under 65 years was similar to that for the average of the population as a whole. In the other age groups (under 20 years: 13.7% and over 65 years: 12.8%), there were below average proportions of persons of foreign origin. Age structures within the population of foreign origin were relatively heterogeneous. Persons from other Nearly 42% of the 1,493 million inhabitants with foreign EU member states tended to be older than the nationality and/or who were born outside Austria population as a whole, while immigrants from third originated from another EU/EEA member state or from countries represented a particularly youthful . Another 44% originated from other population group. The average age of persons from European countries, mainly from the successor states the successor states to (excluding to the former Yugoslavia and fromTurkey. Just 14% of ) was 40.3 years while that of Turkish the population of foreign origin came from further immigrants was 36.2 years. The average age of the overseas; more than 50% of the non-European population of African origin was even lower (34.7 population of immigrants came from Asia. years), especially those from Ethiopia and Somalia. The country whose citizens represented the largest section of the immigrant population was (227,000 individuals). Next came the group of immigrants from , Montenegro and Kosovo (209,000 persons). In third place was the group of 186,000 persons from . In fourth place were the ca. 133,000 immigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina and in fifth place were the ca. 75,000 immigrants from (there was a marked increase in the level of immigration from this country following Romania's accession to the EU in 2007). These were followed by 70,000 persons from .

page 2 Country Perspective Austria

2. Population flows 2.2. Emigration 2.1. Internal migration In 2011, more than 130,000 individuals moved to In 2012, there were 714,697 cases of people migrating Austria while nearly 95,000 persons left the country. within Austria, up from 701,242 in 2011. The majority The net increase in the number of persons coming to of these internal migrations involved relatively short live in Austria was thus 35,000. distances, with around 54.2% of cases concerning In the case of foreign nationals, 114,000 moved here moves within a municipality. while 73,000 left Austria, giving a net migration surplus 611,199 persons moved within federal territories, of 41,000 persons of foreign origin. especially inside Vienna (152,642), In the past five years the emigration abroad increased (100,362) and (95,915). by almost 70,000, even if without a constant trend. In the same year 103,498 Austrian residents moved While less than a quarter of migrants is Austrian from a federal territory to another one inside Austria, (22.2%), the largest part of individuals who leave mainly to and from Vienna (33,780) and Austria is foreigner, mainly former Yugoslavia (12.7%), (25,644). The difference between arrivals and German (12.2%) and other EU countries citizens departure identifies a positive balance in the federal (12.5%). The relevance of returning home is clear in the territories of Vienna (+ 3,193 inhabitants), Lower emigration phenomenon in Austria. Austria (+1,313), Burgerland (+703) and Styria (+220); on the contrary, net rate of internal migration is negative in the others, especially Upper Austria (- 2,958) and (-1,225). Hoewver the negative or positive rate of internal migration is never upper than 0.2% of the resident population. Almost a quarter of internal migrants is made of foreigners, both within or between federal territories.

page 3 Country Perspective Austria

3. Immigrants presence in the Austrian labour market Persons from a migrant background less frequently have a paid occupation than Austrians. The employment rate among persons aged 15 - 64 years with a migrant background in 2011 was 65%; that of the population without a migrant background was 74%. This difference can be mainly attributed to the lower rate of female employment among immigrants (58% versus 69%), although employment is also slightly lower among male immigrants (73% versus 79%). However, the population with a migrant 2.3. Immigration background is a very heterogeneous group. The Of the roughly 130,000 who moved to Austria from employment rate among those from EU/ EEA countries other countries, 15,000 were returning Austrian (69%) and from the former Yugoslavia (66%) was citizens while another 72,000 were citizens of other considerably higher than that of persons with a Turkish EU countries who were able to use their right to migrant background (59%). The employment rate of freedom of movement to take up residence here. The persons from non-European countries was 62%. largest of these groups was made up of The participation of women in the employment market (18,000). But many immigrants also came from varied by country of origin. On the one hand, the Romania, , and . employment rates of women from EU/EEA countries In 2011, only one third (ca. 43,000) of immigrants and Switzerland (64%) and the former Yugoslavia originated from third countries. This included 14,500 (61%) were only slightly lower than that of Austrian from the former Yugoslavia, 3,900 from Turkey and women without migrant background (69%). Only a 4,100 persons from other parts of southern and minority of Turkish women (45%) and roughly half of eastern Europe; 12,300 immigrants were nationals of women from other countries (53%) had paid Asiatic countries, 3,800 came from Africa and the occupations. American continent. The employment rate of the population aged less than Of the foreign nationals who moved to Austria in 2002 55 years with a migrant background was below that of - 2006, somewhat less than half (46%) left the country the corresponding group of Austrians. Only in the age again within 5 years, while 54% of the immigrants of range 55 - 64 years was the percentage of immigrants foreign origin remained in Austria for 5 years or longer. in work (39%) similar to that of the corresponding group The period of residence of those from other EU without migrant background (42%). This applied both to countries (particularly those from the states that joined men and women. Of women in the age range 20 - 59 the EU in 2004 and 2007) or from North America and years, 22% without migrant background but 36% with Oceania was below average. Incomers of Turkish migrant background were not in work. origin formed by far the largest body among the immigrants who remained in Austria for longer periods. A good three quarters of all Turkish immigrants who arrived in 2002 - 2006 stayed in Austria for at least 5 years.

page 4 Country Perspective Austria

In 2011, 11% of those in paid occupations in Austria were of foreign nationality, including a large proportion of foreign nationals from the EU-27 countries (5%), followed by nationals of the former Yugoslavia (without Slovenia; 4%) and Turkey (1%). In 2011, 18% of those in paid employment had a migrant background; 16% belonged to the first immigrant generation and 3% to the second immigrant generation. Those in paid occupation with migrant background worked most frequently in manufacturing (17%) and commerce (16%), followed by the construction industry (12%) and hospitality and gastronomy (11%). But there were major differences between the generations. First generation immigrants worked most commonly in manufacturing (17%), commerce (14%), the construction industry (12%) and tourism (12%), while those of the second generation more frequently had jobs in commerce (24%) and less commonly in the construction industry (10%), gastronomy (7%) and the health sector (7%). The service industry, including sectors such as industrial cleaning, temping agencies and vehicle leasing, was again in 2011 the sector with the highest proportion of workers with a migrant background (40%), whereby the percentage of women (47%) here was significantly greater than that of men (29%). In the tourist industry, the sector with the second largest proportion of immigrant workers (35%), men predominated (39% vs. 32% women). Men with a migrant background were overproportionally represented in the construction industry (27%) and the transport industry (22%); this was the case for women in the manufacturing industry (23%). Sectors with low numbers of foreign workers were the finance and insurance industry (10%), public administration and defence (6%) and agriculture and forestry (2%). The overall unemployment rate in Austria in 2010 was 4.5%; 3.9% in the case of Austrians and 8.7% for foreign nationals (6.2% for EU citizens and 10.4% for non-EU nationals); while the foreign nationals are less frequently in long term unemployment than Austrian, the unemployment rate was higher in the case of foreign nationals aged 15-24 years.

page 5 Country Perspective Austria

4. Foreign population by level of 5. Remittances/transfers of money educational attainment to country of origin Persons with a migrant background living in Austria On the basis of Eurostat data, in 2011 the flows of have a significantly different educational profile in money sent by migrants in Austria to their country of comparison with those with no such background. origin, usually referred to as workers' remittances, Immigrants are thus over proportionally represented in including both extra-EU27 and intra-EU27 flows, the strata with both the highest and lowest levels of amounted to 707 million euro. education. A little more than the half part went inside the EU, with While some 29% of 25- to 64-year-olds without a intra-EU27 flows of 378 million and extra-EU27 flows of migrant background had a uni- versity entrance 329 million Euro. qualification or academic qualification in 2011, this was Another point of view is provided by World Bank, but the case for 35% of all persons with a migrant only until 2009. In this case, the amount of the outward background in the same age range. Nearly 17% of remittance flow is 3,339 million USD (around 2,405 immigrants had acquired a qualification at a university, million Euros), of wich 1,156 million USD made by university of applied sciences or academy; this was the worker’s remittance, 1,801 million USD by case for only ca. 14% of the population without migrant compensation of employer and 382 million USD by background. Only very few immigrants from the former migrant transfer. The inward remittance flow amount is Yugoslavia (excluding Slovenia) and Turkey had a 3,201 million USD (around 2,306 million Euros), of wich university degree, but there was a high proportion of 508 million USD made by worker’s remittance, 2,291 academics among persons from other EU/EEA states million USD by compensation of employer and 402 and Switzerland (25%) and from other countries million USD by migrant transfer. (35%). Immigrants are also overrepresented at the opposite end of the educational spectrum, that of poor 6. Relevant links educational qualifications. While in 2011 some 13% of • http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu Austrians aged 25 - 64 years had only a school leaving • http://www.statistik.at certificate as best qualification, this was the case for • http://www.worldbank.org more than twice as many persons with a migrant background (31%). The level of education of the second generation is already clearly becoming aligned with that of the Austrian population. Hence, the percentage of members of the second immigrant generation aged 25- 64 years who had only completed mandatory schooling was 22%; this percentage is much lower than that of their parents (32%).

page 6 Country Perspective Austria

SIMPLE MAPS (NUTS 2 level)

Vienna

In the framework of MMWD – Making Migration Work for Development, the WP7 activities foresee the launch of a Transnational Platform for Policy Dialogue and Cooperation as an effort to support governments to address the consequence of Demographic trends on SEE territories. In particular, this platform will involve policy makers and decision makers at the national and sub-national level to promote the adoption of more effective services and regulations of the migration flows across the SEE area. In order to support and stimulate the dialogue within the Platform ad hoc migration profiles (MPs) will be developed for each partner country and will integrate the information and knowledge already provided by Demographic 1. Resident foreign population by projections and Policy scenarios. gender, age cohorts and citizenship The current MP focuses on the case of the Land of Vienna and it’s centred around five topics: resident On 1st January 2013 more than 400,000 foreign foreign population by gender, age cohorts and nationals (persons who are not Austrian citizens) lived citizenship; population flows (internal migration, in the Land of Vienna. This is equivalent to 23.0% of the emigration, immigration); immigrants presence in the overall population of the region (1,741,246 people). national labour market; foreign population by level of Considering the country of birth to define the origin of educational attainment; remittances/transfers of money an individual, in 2012 there were about 484,900 to country of origin. These topics have been selected individuals resident in Vienna who had been born among the MMWD panel of indicators relevant to outside the country; this is equivalent to 27.8% of the describe demographic and migration trends as well as population. This implies that 82.7% of those born to map their socio-economic implications. outside Austria held a foreign passport while 17.3% had been naturalised (i.e. had acquired Austrian citizenship). In fact, those persons who were born Background Information on Vienna abroad but have acquired Austrian citizenship are also taken into account. This means that the combined Capital: Vienna group of persons with foreign nationality and those born abroad but with Austrian citizenship are thus here Official language: German together designated as the population of “foreign origin”. Area: 414.90 Km2 On the basis of international definitions, the population “with migrant background” is made up of all persons Population (2013): 1,741,246 whose parents were born abroad, irrespective of nationality. On average, there were more than 658 2 Population density (2012): 4,196.78 inhabitants/Km thousands persons living in Vienna in 2012 with a migrant background (equivalent to 38.4% of the Natural change in population (2012): 0.1‰ population). Of these, 484,900 belong to the “first immigrant generation” in that they themselves were also Foreign citizens on total population (2012): 23.0% born abroad but have since moved to Vienna region (27.8% of the overall population). The remaining Employment rate (2012): 71.3% 173,400 individuals are the children, born in Austria, of parents born abroad. These are known as the “second Unemployment rate (2012): 7.8% immigrant generation” (10.0% of the overall population and 26.3% of the total population “with migrant background”).

Country Perspective Austria

17.3% of the population of foreign origin % of population of Austrian and Foreign origin (2002-2013) came from further overseas (69,418 individuals); more than 60% of the non- 120,0 European population of immigrants 100,0 came from Asia, 8,070 persons came 19,6 20,4 20,8 from America (equivalent to 11.6% of the 21,6 22,4 22,8 23,7 24,8 25,8 26,9 28,1 29,9 80,0 total non-European population of the 60,0 Vienna region) and 13,228 came from Africa (that is to say 19.1%). There was 40,0 80,4 79,6 79,2 78,4 77,6 77,2 76,3 75,2 74,2 73,1 71,9 70,1 a marked increase of the number of 20,0 immigrants from non-European Countries, especially in the last few 0,0 years, however the proportion among 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 the total foreign population hasn’t changed significantly (from 12.6% in Austrian people Foreign people 2002 to 14.4% in 2013). Q: STATISTIK AUSTRIA, Statistik des Bevölkerungsstandes st If we look at the trends, showing the growth of the On 1 January 2013, the age cohort with population in Vienna region, we can notice that in the the higher percentage among Vienna citizens with last years while the percentage of migrant people has migration background is 30-34 years old (62,277 grown steadily, the rate of Austrian people has instead persons, equal to 10.3% of the total migrant decreased. Thus, we started with 1,517,123 total population) and these proportions remain quite residents in 2002 and we arrived in 2013 with similar also if we consider only people born outside 1,741,246 people: it is relevant to notice that this country. On the other side, looking at people with increase is due only to the increase in the number of migration background born in Austria the most foreign resident population. popular age cohort is 45-49 years old (23,369 persons, equal to 11.6% of the total population with migration background but born in Austria, living in Vienna region). We can notice, also, that people aged 19 years old or less have higher percentages in people born outside Austria, rather than in citizens born inside Austria (20.4% between foreign people born outside Austria and 5.2% between foreign people born inside Austria). In general, people born outside Austria constituted 66.5% of the total population with migrant background and a little more than a half are males. On the other hand, foreign people born inside Austria are equivalent to 33.5% of the total population with foreign background and females are in this case the majority (55.7% of the total foreign population born inside Austria). Age distribution are quite different between men and women, since age cohorts more frequent among females are between 25 and 55 years old, while age cohorts among males are more equally distributed. Age structure of foreign people is also quite similar to the Austrian citizens’ one, even if oldest

age cohorts are more frequent among Austrian

people. In 2013, nearly 37.2% of the 400,911 inhabitants with foreign nationality and/or who were born outside Austria originated from another EU/EEA member state or from Switzerland. Another 45.5% originated from other European countries, mainly from the successor states to the former Yugoslavia and from Turkey. Just

page 8 Country Perspective Austria

Foreign People in the land of Vienna since 2002.

Nationality/Country of birth 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Total 1.571.123 1.592.846 1.610.410 1.632.569 1.652.449 1.661.246 1.671.221 1.680.135 1.689.995 1.702.855 1.717.084 1.741.246 Austrian 1.313.586 1.322.937 1.333.603 1.342.704 1.349.655 1.352.527 1.350.576 1.346.124 1.343.898 1.342.221 1.340.521 1.340.335 Not austrian 257.537 269.909 276.807 289.865 302.794 308.719 320.645 334.011 346.097 360.634 376.563 400.911 Not austrian in % 16,4 16,9 17,2 17,8 18,3 18,6 19,2 19,9 20,5 21,2 21,9 23,0 EU states / EEA / CH 59.172 64.048 69.039 77.897 86.260 92.058 101.718 109.948 116.836 125.505 135.148 149.149 EU states pre-2004 26.857 28.720 30.790 33.519 36.609 39.231 42.760 46.006 48.652 51.969 54.532 59.213 Germany 13.657 14.915 16.118 18.047 20.225 22.351 24.866 27.314 29.398 31.714 33.432 35.969 EU accession states 2004 24.348 25.805 27.048 31.944 36.310 39.408 42.453 44.719 46.654 48.996 53.632 60.073 EU accession states 2007 6.340 7.926 9.563 10.705 11.547 11.574 14.618 17.295 19.564 22.443 24.855 27.665 EEA, EU-affil, minors, CH 1.627 1.597 1.638 1.729 1.794 1.845 1.887 1.928 1.966 2.097 2.129 2.198 Nationals of Third Countries 198.365 205.861 207.768 211.968 216.534 216.661 218.927 224.063 229.261 235.129 241.415 251.762 Europe 158.498 162.718 162.279 163.776 166.078 164.321 164.917 166.940 169.682 173.907 177.233 182.344 Form. Yugoslavia 115.580 117.816 115.628 116.499 118.121 116.578 114.732 114.761 115.101 117.065 118.217 120.886 Turkey 39.206 40.310 40.707 39.813 39.814 38.945 39.618 40.648 41.726 42.824 43.502 44.115 Other European Countries 3.712 4.592 5.944 7.464 8.143 8.798 10.567 11.531 12.855 14.018 15.514 17.343 Africa 8.282 9.268 9.553 10.756 11.072 10.869 11.231 11.398 11.862 11.988 12.464 13.228 America 5.146 5.415 5.698 5.864 6.246 6.550 6.892 7.255 7.365 7.578 7.721 8.070 North-America 3.071 3.118 3.166 3.247 3.443 3.663 3.844 4.046 3.979 4.054 4.095 4.225 Latin America 2.075 2.297 2.532 2.617 2.803 2.887 3.048 3.209 3.386 3.524 3.626 3.845 Asia 22.882 25.512 27.343 28.487 29.136 29.941 32.235 33.002 34.721 35.887 38.165 42.084 Oceania 399 408 424 410 430 469 488 518 511 530 539 550 Stateless/no info/unknown 3.158 2.540 2.471 2.675 3.572 4.511 3.164 4.950 5.120 5.239 5.293 5.486

2. Population flows

2.1. Internal migration Data on internal migration refer to a change of settlement of Austrian residents carried out within the country borders. In 2012 33,780 individuals moved from other Austrian regions to the Land of Vienna while 30,587 individuals left the region to go in other Lands, for a net population increase equal to 3,193 units (1.8‰ of total regional population). Such increase was an improvement with respect to the already positive score recorded in Internal net migration in Vienna Land (2011-2012) the previous year, 2011, when the net internal migration had been equal to 2.000 1,418. As far as internal migration is concerned, time series data where 1.500 not available, therefore that is the reason why the analysis tried to focus 1.000 on trend occurring for the last two years for which information was 500 complete. At the same time, it was not possible to distinguish between 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112131415161718192021222324 foreign citizens and Austrian citizens in the observation of internal -500 migration flows. -1.000 Source: STATISTIK AUSTRIA (2013)

page 9 Country Perspective Austria

2.2. International migration Moving to the investigation of international migration, in 2012 56,661 immigrants (3.3% of regional population) moved to the Land of Vienna from abroad. On the other hand, 37,540 International net migration in Vienna Land (2011- residents in the Land (2.2% of regional 2012) population) moved abroad. In both circumstances, the data available do not allow to provide significant consideration 5.000 in terms of gender as well as in terms of 4.000 national/foreign citizens. The international net migration revealed 3.000 thus a population increase of 19,121 2.000 units, equal to 1.1% of total population in the Land. In particular, the latter increase 1.000 was higher with respect to 2011, when arrivals from outside Austria had 0 1 23 45 678 9101112131415161718192021222324 overcame departures by 10,403 people. -1.000 Only if looking at the broad national Source: STATISTIK AUSTRIA (2013) picture, the evidence can tell something about the disaggregation of international migrants between Austrian and foreigners. Indeed, at the country level the foreign international immigrants Net-migration between federal territories where 89.2% of total immigrants in 2012 (the residual (internal and international migration) 10.8% where Austrian citizens coming back to their country), while the share of foreign international 25.000 emigrants reached 77.0%. 20.000 To complete this section, it is important to note that 15.000 concerning international migration data for the Land of 2011 Vienna, time series where in this case at disposal, in 10.000 2012 contrast with the case of internal migration flows. 5.000 Focusing on the 1996-2012 time span, it emerges how 0 in the last 15 years the number of immigrants has l ia g nd ria r r constantly exceeded that of emigrants, with a la t u us ust Styria Tyro berg difference of above 20,000 individuals around years en- rinthia A A l- Vienna Ca er Salzb rar urg p o 2004 and 2005. Since then, the absolute values of B ower V L Up immigrants have slightly decreased while those of Source: STATISTIK AUSTRIA (2013) emigrants have increased, thus reducing their spread.

Source: STATISTIK AUSTRIA (2013) International immigration and emigration 1996-2012_Vienna Land

60.000 50.000 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

International immigration Iinternational emigration

page 10 Country Perspective Austria

3. Immigrants presence in the Vienna Land Foreign citizens in Vienna Land by type of labour market economic activity (2012): As far as the presence of immigrants in the regional Nationality Year 2012 labour market of the Land of Vienna is concerned, in 2013, the economically active foreign citizens were Economic activity around 192,500. On the other hand, the non (Austrian NACE 2008) economically active immigrants were around 143,500. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY In particular, among female foreigners there was a true Austrian nationality AND FISHING 2000 balance between economically active and non active ones (49.9% against 50.1%); when taking into account INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE 85900 male foreign citizens, instead, the share of active ones turned out to be significantly higher (65.5%). SERVICES 541800 Focusing the attention on the economically active foreign individuals, it can be seen that most of them Total 629700 were individuals between 25 and 44 years old. Only within this age cohort the active foreigners were more Nationality other than AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY Austrian AND FISHING 500 than 141,200 (72,900 males and 68,300 females). In addition, it is also significant to notice that the active INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE 47200 foreign individuals above 65 years old are just about 400 (1.0‰ of total foreign population in the Land). SERVICES 139800 Shifting then to the observation of the distribution of foreign citizens according to the typology of working Total 187500 activity, the data available present some limitations, however, even in such case, some evidences for the AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY most recent year 2012 can be provided. For instance, Total AND FISHING 2400 the amount of foreigners, regardless their age, that are INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE 133100 occupied in the first sector (agriculture) is pretty low, even though the very high amount of non classified SERVICES 681700 data could shadow a more significant working presence in the sector. Moreover, most of foreign Total 817200 workers, meaning around 139,800 and especially the Source: Austrian Micro census – LFS Yearly highly represented ones within the 30-49 years old Data cohort, seem to be mainly occupied in the third sector (services), while the second sector (industry) appear less relevant in terms of foreign citizens’ presence: around 47,200 foreigners work in such field. To conclude, it should be reminded that given the presence of some unclassified data, these emerging evidences needs to be considered as only indicative.

Currently economically active foreigners by gender and age cohorts in the Land of Vienna (2013)

100%

80% 8300 9600 35400 32800 17600 400

60% female male 40% 11500 10400 38400 34600 18000 400 20%

0% 15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 years years years years years years and older

page 11 Country Perspective Austria

4. Foreign population by level of 5. Remittances/transfers of money educational attainment to country of origin In 2012 in the Land of Vienna slightly more than The investigation of the transfers of money made by 100,000 foreign residents have attained only primary immigrants living in the Land of Vienna to their countries education (ISCED 0-2). Out of them, 41,400 are of origin is quite complicated. In order to provide a employed while about 9,000 are unemployed and the complete and clear picture, the attention has been rest is inactive. When moving instead to observe those focused exclusively to the national level. On the basis of foreigners who have attained at least secondary Eurostat data, in 2011 the flows of money sent by education (ISCED 3-4), it can be noticed that the migrants in Austria to their country of origin, usually employed ones are more than 90,000. In this case, referred to as workers' remittances, including both extra- unemployed and inactive individuals are equal to EU28 and intra-EU28 flows, amounted to 707 million 10,300 and 42,400 respectively, leading to an euro. employment rate within such group of more than A little more than the half part went inside the EU, with 60.0%. To conclude this section, the number of foreign intra-EU28 flows of 378 million and extra-EU28 flows of residents who attained at least tertiary education 329 million Euro. (ISCED 5-6) is around 78,000, out of which 53,100 are Another point of view is provided by World Bank, but employed, meaning more than 65.0%. only until 2009. In this case, the amount of the outward However, the current data at disposal do not allow to remittance flow is 3,339 million USD (around 2,405 further explore the above mentioned aspects, for million Euros), of which 1,156 million USD made by instance by considering gender specificities and worker’s remittance, 1,801 million USD by clusters of age cohorts. compensation of employer and 382 million USD by migrant transfer. The inward remittance flow amount is 3,201 million USD (around 2,306 million Euros), of which 508 million USD made by worker’s remittance, 2,291 million USD by compensation of employer and 402 million USD by migrant transfer.

6. Relevant links • http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu • http://www.statistik.at • http://www.worldbank.org

page 12 Country Perspective Austria

Salzburg

In the framework of MMWD – Making Migration Work for Development, the WP7 activities foresee the launch of a Transnational Platform for Policy Dialogue and Cooperation as an effort to support governments to address the consequence of Demographic trends on SEE territories. In particular, this platform will involve policy makers and decision makers at the national and sub-national level to promote the adoption of more effective services and regulations of the migration flows across the SEE area. In order to support and stimulate the dialogue within the Platform ad hoc migration profiles (MPs) will be developed for each partner country and will integrate the information and 1. Resident foreign population by knowledge already provided by Demographic projections and Policy scenarios. gender, age cohorts and citizenship

The current MP focuses on the case of the Land of On 1 January 2012 more than 70,500 foreign national Salzburg and it’s centred around five topics: resident (persons who are not Austrian citizens) lived in foreign population by gender, age cohorts and Salzburg Land. This is equivalent to 13.3% of the citizenship; population flows (internal migration, overall population of the region (531,898 people). emigration, immigration); immigrants presence in the Considering the country of birth to define the origin of national labour market; foreign population by level of an individual, on 1 January 2012 there were about educational attainment; remittances/transfers of money 72,000 individuals resident in Salzburg who had been to country of origin. These topics have been selected born outside the country; this is equivalent to 13.6% of among the MMWD panel of indicators relevant to the population. This implies that 97.8% of those born describe demographic and migration trends as well as outside Austria held a foreign passport while only 2.2% to map their socio-economic implications. had been naturalised (i.e. had acquired Austrian citizenship). In fact, those persons who were born abroad but have acquired Austrian citizenship are also Background Information on Salzburg taken into account. This means that the combined group of persons with foreign nationality and those born Capital: Salzburg abroad but with Austrian citizenship are thus here together designated as the population of “foreign Official language: German origin”. On the basis of international definitions, the population 2 Area: 7,156 Km “with migrant background” is made up of all persons whose parents were born abroad, irrespective of Population (2012): 531,898 nationality. On average, there were more than 98

2 thousands persons living in Salzburg in 2012 with a Population density (2011): 74.0 inhabitants/ Km migrant background (equivalent to 18.7% of the population). Of these, 71,700 are of the “first immigrant Natural change in population (2012): 1.8% generation” in that they themselves were also born abroad but have since moved to Salzburg region Foreign citizens on total population (2012): 13.3% (13.6% of the overall population). The remaining 26,600 individuals are the children, born in Austria, of parents Employment rate (2012): 75.2% born abroad. These are known as the “second immigrant generation” (5.1% of the overall population Unemployment rate (2012): 2.9% and 27,1% of the total population “with migrant background”).

Country Perspective Austria

If we look at the trends, showing the growth of the Nearly 40% of the 70,557 inhabitants with foreign population in Salzburg region, we can notice that in the nationality and/or who were born outside Austria last year while the percentage of migrant people grew, originated from another EU/EEA member state or from the rate of Austrian people decreased. So, we started Switzerland (most of them are from Germany). Another with 517,050 residents in 2002 and we arrived in 2013 48.9% originated from other European countries, mainly with 531,898 people: this increase is due only to the from the successor states to the former Yugoslavia and increase in the number of foreign resident population. from Turkey. Just 10.6% of the population of foreign origin came from further overseas (7,467 individuals); more than 60% of the non-European population of immigrants came from Asia, 1,381 persons came from PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION OF America (equivalent to 18.5% of the total non-European population of Salzburg region) and 1,130 came from AUSTRIAN AND FOREIGN ORIGIN, FROM Africa (that is to say 15.1%). There was a marked 2002 TO 2012 increase of the number of immigrants from non- 500000 11,8 11,8 11,8 11,9 12,0 12,2 12,3 12,5 12,8 13,3 12,0 11,9 European Countries, especially in the last few years, even if the proportion among the total foreign population 400000 haven’t changed a lot: in Salzburg region, they were 6,427 in 2002 (equal to 10.3% of the total foreign population), then they were 6,462 in 2007 (equal to 300000 10.3% of the total foreign population) and, finally, they 88,0 88,1 88,2 88,2 88,2 88,1 88,0 87,8 87,7 87,5 87,2 86,7 were 7,467 in 2013 (16.2% more with the respect to 200000 2002).

100000 On 1st January 2013, the age cohort with the higher

percentage among Salzburg citizens with migration

0 background is 30-34 years old (8,724 persons, 200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013 equal to 8.9% of the total migrant population) and Austrian people Foreign people these proportions remain quite similar also if we consider only people born outside country. On the other side, looking at people with migration

background born in Austria the most popular age

cohort is 40-44 years old (2,708 persons, equal to 9.7% of the total population with migration background but born in Austria, living in Salzburg region). We can notice, also, that people aged 19 years old or less have higher percentages in people born outside Austria, rather than in citizens

born inside Austria (20.7% between foreign people born outside Austria and 6.7% between foreign people born inside Austria). In general, people born outside Austria constituted 71.6% of the total population with migrant background and a little more than a half are

females. On the other hand, foreign people born

inside Austria are equivalent to 28.4% of the total population with foreign background and females are equivalent to 58.2% of the total foreign population born inside Austria, a slightly higher proportion with respect to foreign people born

outside country. Age distribution are quite different

between men and women, since age cohorts more frequent among females are between 25 and 55 years old, while age cohorts among males are more equally distributed. Age structure of foreign people is also quite similar to the Austrian citizens’ one, even if oldest age cohorts are more frequent

among Austrian people.

page 14 Country Perspective Austria

Foreign People in Salzburg since 2002. Nationality/country of birth 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Totale 517.050 517.084 519.691 522.369 524.920 526.048 525.944 526.699 526.730 527.886 529.704 531.898 Austriaci 454.838 455.742 458.296 460.679 462.725 463.610 463.139 462.733 462.110 462.048 461.801 461.341 Non austriaci 62.212 61.342 61.395 61.690 62.195 62.438 62.805 63.966 64.620 65.838 67.903 70.557 Non austriaci in % 12,0 11,9 11,8 11,8 11,8 11,9 11,9 12,1 12,3 12,5 12,8 13,3 EU states / EEA / CH 15.728 15.754 16.561 17.600 18.692 19.926 21.211 22.457 23.097 24.586 26.440 28.563 EU states pre-2004 12.158 12.185 12.798 13.675 14.671 15.810 16.708 17.637 18.032 18.989 19.785 20.589 Germany 9.030 8.991 9.456 10.252 11.016 11.927 12.740 13.577 14.082 14.833 15.449 15.946 EU accession states 2004 2.113 2.113 2.219 2.428 2.523 2.620 2.808 2.991 3.063 3.314 4.079 5.073 EU accession states 2007 961 984 1.056 1.006 990 994 1.220 1.367 1.538 1.827 2.114 2.414 EEA, EU-affil, minors, CH 496 472 488 491 508 502 475 462 464 456 462 487 Nationals of Third Countries 46.484 45.588 44.834 44.090 43.503 42.512 41.594 41.509 41.523 41.252 41.463 41.994 Europe 40.057 39.322 38.606 37.752 37.097 36.050 35.648 35.482 35.195 34.827 34.676 34.527 Form. Yugoslavia 30.893 30.385 29.918 29.247 28.719 27.998 27.592 27.344 27.093 26.733 26.602 26.443 Turkey 8.831 8.485 8.016 7.454 7.169 6.766 6.632 6.605 6.555 6.548 6.491 6.413 Other European Countries 333 452 672 1.051 1.209 1.286 1.424 1.533 1.547 1.546 1.583 1.671 Africa 658 648 680 815 898 931 936 991 1.083 1.023 1.054 1.139 America 1.561 1.391 1.446 1.479 1.408 1.413 1.323 1.293 1.294 1.289 1.344 1.381 North-America 1.113 954 992 987 909 929 821 777 780 762 772 780 Latin America 448 437 454 492 499 484 502 516 514 527 572 601 Asia 2.347 2.625 2.742 2.863 3.044 3.208 3.357 3.513 3.737 3.883 4.128 4.686 Oceania 98 100 113 113 111 108 95 97 92 101 140 132 Stateless/no info/unknown 1.763 1.502 1.247 1.068 945 802 235 133 122 129 121 129

2. Population flows

2.1. Internal migration Data on internal migration refer to a change of settlement of Austrian residents carried out within the country borders. In 2012 5,811 individuals moved from other Austrian regions to the Salzburg Land while 6,560 individuals left the region to go in other Lands, for a net population decrease Internal net migration in Salzburg Land (2011-2012) equal to 749 units (1,4‰ of total regional population). Such decrease was in line with 150 the negative score recorded also in the 100 previous year, 2011, when the net internal 50 migration had been equal to -659. As far as 0 internal migration is concerned, time series 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324 data where not available, therefore that is -50 the reason why the analysis tried to focus -100 on trend occurring for the last two years for -150 which information was complete. At the -200 same time, it was not possible to distinguish -250 between foreign citizens and Austrian -300 citizens in the observation of internal -350 migration flows. Source: STATISTIK AUSTRIA (2013)

page 15 Country Perspective Austria

2.2. International migration Moving to the investigation of international migration, in 2012 8,779 immigrants (1.7% of regional population) moved to the Salzburg Land from abroad. On the other hand, 6,722 residents in the Land (1.3% of regional population) moved International net migration in Salzburg Land (2011- abroad. In both circumstances, the data 2012) available do not allow to provide significant consideration in terms of gender as well as 600 in terms of national/foreigners citizens. 500 The international net migration revealed thus a population increase of 2,057 units, 400 equal to 3.9‰ of total population in the 300 Land. In particular, the latter increase was 200 higher with respect to 2011, when arrivals 100 from outside Austria had overcame departures by 1,708 people. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112131415161718192021222324 Only if looking at the broad national -100 picture, the evidence can tell something -200 about the disaggregation of international Source: STATISTIK AUSTRIA (2013) migrants between Austrian and foreigners. Indeed, at the country level the foreign international Net-migration between federal territories immigrants where 89.2% of total immigrants in 2012 (internal and international migration) (the residual 10.8% where Austrian citizens coming back to their country), while the share of foreign 25.000 international emigrants reached 77.0%. 20.000 To complete this section, it is important to not that 15.000 concerning international migration data, time series 2011 where in this case at disposal, in contrast with the case 10.000 2012 of internal migration flows. Focusing on the 1996-2012 5.000 time span, it emerges how at the end of the ‘90s the 0 number of emigrants exceeded that of immigrants; l ia g nd ria r r however the total values remained in both cases below la t u us ust Styria Tyro berg 5,000 people. In the first decade of 2000s, instead, not en- rinthia A A l- Vienna Ca er Salzb rar urg p o only absolute values have been increasing, but B ower V L Up immigrants have started to be higher with respect to Source: STATISTIK AUSTRIA (2013) emigrants, and this trend is now continuing steadily (as shown by data for 2012).

Source: STATISTIK AUSTRIA (2013)

International immigration and emigration 1996-2012_Salzburg

Land

10.000 8.000 6.000

4.000

2.000 0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 International immigration Iinternational emigration

page 16 Country Perspective Austria

3. Immigrants presence in the Salzburg Land labour market As far as the presence of immigrants in the regional Currently economically active foreigners by gender and age cohorts in Salzburg Land (2008) labour market of the Salzburg Land is concerned, in 2008 (year of most recent data availability) the 100% economically active foreign citizens were around 80% 2,237 69 30,405. On the other hand, the non economically 3,733 7,768 active immigrants were 34,663. In particular, among 60% male foreigners there was a true balance between female 40% economically active and non active ones (50.7% male 4,543 8,877 3,079 99 against 49.3%); when taking into account female 20% foreign citizens, instead, the share of non active ones 0% turned out to be significantly higher (57.3%). 15 to 29 30 to 49 50 to 64 65 to 84 Focusing the attention on the economically active years years years years foreign individuals, it can be seen that most of them Sourcs: Register Based Labour Market Statistics 2008 (NUTS 2 level) were individuals between 30 and 49 years old. Only within this age cohort the active foreigners were more

than 16,000 (8,877 males and 7,768 females). In

addition, it is also significant to notice that the active Foreign citizens in Salzburg Land by gender, age foreign individuals above 65 years old are just 168 cohort and economic activity (2008 survey): (2.7‰ of total foreign population in the Land). Shifting then to the observation of the distribution of Economic activity (OENACE 2008) of Age in years Male Female foreign citizens according to the typology of working the local unit activity, the data available present relevant limitations, 15 to 29 SECTOR 1 – AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY and even in such case the most recent ones are for years AND FISHING 20 26 2008. However, some insights can still be provided: for SECTOR 2 20 26 instance, the amount of foreigners, regardless their SECTOR 3 1.471 237 age, that are occupied in the first sector is pretty low, NOT CLASSIFIED 2.097 2.163 even though the very high amount of non classified NOT ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE 603 601 data could shadow a more significant working UNEMPLOYED 13 366 presence in the sector. Moreover, most of foreign 30 to 49 SECTOR 1 – AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY workers, and especially the highly represented ones years AND FISHING 63 62 within the 30-49 years old cohort, seem to be mainly SECTOR 2 63 62 occupied in third sector, while the second (industrial) SECTOR 3 3.017 928 sector appears as the less relevant in terms of foreign NOT CLASSIFIED 4.043 4.325 citizens’ presence. Once again, it is worth recalling that the relevance of unclassified data does not allow to NOT ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE 1.164 1.392 attribute too much significance to the above mentioned UNEMPLOYED 44 345 evidences. 50 to 64 SECTOR 1 – AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY years AND FISHING 18 20 SECTOR 2 18 20 SECTOR 3 1.174 315

NOT CLASSIFIED 1.226 1.259

NOT ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE 391 402 UNEMPLOYED 21 11 65 to 84 SECTOR 1 – AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY years AND FISHING 11 ‐ SECTOR 2 11 ‐ SECTOR 3 8 ‐ NOT CLASSIFIED 66 44

NOT ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE 13 18 UNEMPLOYED ‐ ‐ Sourcs: Register Based Labour Market Statistics 2008 (NUTS 2 level)

page 17 Country Perspective Austria

4. Foreign population by level of 5. Remittances/transfers of money educational attainment to country of origin The current data at disposal for the Salzburg Land do The investigation of the transfers of money made by not allow to provide significant considerations as far as immigrants living in the Salzburg Land to their countries foreign population by level of educational attainment is of origin is quite complicated. In order to provide a concerned. complete and clear picture, the attention has been focused exclusively to the national level. On the basis of Eurostat data, in 2011 the flows of money sent by migrants in Austria to their country of origin, usually referred to as workers' remittances, including both extra- EU28 and intra-EU28 flows, amounted to 707 million euro. A little more than the half part went inside the EU, with intra-EU28 flows of 378 million and extra-EU28 flows of 329 million Euro. Another point of view is provided by World Bank, but only until 2009. In this case, the amount of the outward remittance flow is 3,339 million USD (around 2,405 million Euros), of which 1,156 million USD made by worker’s remittance, 1,801 million USD by compensation of employer and 382 million USD by migrant transfer. The inward remittance flow amount is 3,201 million USD (around 2,306 million Euros), of which 508 million USD made by worker’s remittance, 2,291 million USD by compensation of employer and 402 million USD by migrant transfer.

6. Relevant links • http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu • http://www.statistik.at • http://www.worldbank.org

page 18 Country Perspective Austria REGIONALIZATION AND REGIONS traffic, citizenship, environmental impact assessments). Article 12 of the Constitution lists the federal level’s legislative powers (framework laws) which each Land is In accordance with Article 2 of the Federal Constitution empowered to implement via implementing laws Act, Austria is a Federation of the following (services for the needy, young people, the public at independent Provinces (Länder): Vienna, Lower large; land reform). The overwhelming majority of Austria, Upper Austria, Salzburg, , , legislative acts are carried out at federal level. Carinthia, Styria, and . The principle of Federation is reflected in the fact that the federal Regional Level (Länder): According to Article 11 of the Länder have their own authority in legislative matters Constitution: the Länder are responsible for the (through the provincial parliaments) and administrative administration of certain federal laws. Article 12 of the matters (with the provincial government being the Constitution: adoption and enforcement of implementing highest authority) and that they are involved in federal laws for federal framework laws. Article 15 of the legislation through the Federal Council (Bundesrat). Constitution: general clauses: the Land is responsible for any area of legislation or administration which is not specifically within the purview of the federal level, e.g. Länder of Austrian Federal Republic: spatial planning, environmental protection, planning law, transport. Indirect federal administration: federal laws are implemented by the governor and the authorities subordinate to him. The governor acts as an officer of the federal government and is bound by the instructions of the federal government or minister.

Intermediate Level: Districts have no competences vested in them. They mainly serve as administrative units. The local authorities have general responsibility for issues which are exclusively or predominantly local. Moreover, local authorities carry out the duties delegated to them by the federation and the Lander (devolved powers). The local authority implements state administrative tasks. The mayor is Besides the Länder, Austria is divided in 84 Bezirke responsible for their administration to the federal (districts), 15 Statutarstädte (which operate at local authorities or the Länder Administration in the Länder is level and level), and 2357 Gemeinden (local the duty of the regional government level). Due to structural reforms in one of the Austrian (Landesregierungen). A regional government is made Länder (Styria), the numbers of districts and up of the governor (Landeshauptmann or municipalities will be changed. Landeshauptfrau), his deputies, and other government Article 15 of the Constitution establishes the principle members (Landesräte). The governor represents the of general competence for the Länder. The powers of Länder and is sworn in on the Federal Constitution by the Länder are symmetrical. The federal competences the Federal President, the other members of the are listed in Article 10 (federal legislation and federal regional government by the governor before taking administration), Article 11 (federal legislation but office. In matters concerning the province, a governor administration by the Länder) and Article 12 has no authority over the other government members. (federation passes framework laws and the Länder are On matters of importance to the province, the regional responsible for implementing legislation and government makes decisions as a collegiate body. As administration) of the Constitution. Articles 115 to 120 regards indirect federal administration, the set out the fundamental principles of the municipalities. Landeshauptmann acts as the administrative authority, bound on the one hand by instructions from the federal General division of powers: ministers, and authorised, on the other, to give Federal Level: Article 10 of the Constitution lists the instructions to the other government members. exclusive legislative powers of the federation: foreign policy, finances, trade policy, public safety, transport, labour law, etc. The federation retains the sole legislative power and administrative authority on these areas. Article 11 of the Constitution: legislation at federal level – administration at Land level (e.g. road page 19 Country Perspective Austria POLICY GOVERNANCE the maximum number of residence permits for their territory. The federal government can reduce the numbers proposed by the Länder governments. The Labour Governance federal government, however, is not allowed to increase the numbers that the Länder suggest. At the regulation level, Project MMWD Activity 7.1 The labour policy implementation phase is the sole mapped 2 ministries and a Social Partnership as responsibility of The Public Employment Service (AMS) negotiating table: the Federal Ministry of Labour Social that implements the labour market policy guidelines of Affairs and Consumer Protection, the 2) Federal the Ministry, and handles the payment of benefits for Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth and a Social unemployment (unemployment benefit etc.). The Public Partnership made up of the Chamber of Labour Austria Employment Service is therefore the key administrative (AK) , the Austrian Trade Union (ÖGB), the Chamber institution in labour market policy in Austria. Its tasks are of Commerce (WK) and the Austrian Federation of in particular: to meet the labour market policy aims of Industries (IV). The Austrian Trade Union 9 regional the FMEAL, to decide priority labour market policy sub-entities are also part of the Social Partnership. programmes for the AMS, to lay down standard The exclusive legislative powers of the Federation regulations concerning organisation, personnel, include the labour law. The Federal Ministry of Labour facilities, basic research and statistics, to supervise the and Social Affairs and Consumer Protection (the Labor board of directors/provincial directors. Market Department, the Employment Law Department Tasks of the 9 regional branches of the AMT are: and Health and Safety Department) and the Federal elaborating labour market policy aims for respective Ministry of Economy, Family have the competence of regions, co-ordinating the AMS with other institutions of Labour market policy. The Social Partnership has a the province, labour market monitoring and statistics, counselling role and as key player contributes to research and development, setting framework regulation set-up. They play a key role in opinion- conditions, supporting regional branch offices. forming and policy-shaping processes. With regard to the governance of the stage of service Since July 2011 amendment of the Act “Governing the delivery, Federal Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Employment of Foreign Nationals (AuslBG)” the Consumer Protection (Federal Social Office Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs and “Bundessozialamt”) has agencies in all 9 federal states. Consumer Protection has the competence on skilled The Competences of these 9 agencies relate to the migration employment. The annual quota plus a limit of competences of the Federal Ministry of Labour, Social the quota for the entire country (“Bundeshöchstzahl”) Affairs and Consumer Protection. These 9 agencies is set up by federal decree for the various migrants manage the funds for the means-tested income and groups. Under the law, the federal government can cooperate with the Public Employment Service (AMS) in issue temporary work permits and conclude bilateral order to keep the recipients of benefits available for the agreements with neighbour states outside the job market. The Public Employment Service (AMS) local contingents of the quota system. The federal offices (100 local organisations present in almost all the government in correspondence with the parliament Austrian municipalities) offer services both for sets up the quota in agreement with “social partners”. jobseekers and companies at local level. Local branch There is a special quota for high-skilled workers under offices offer information, counselling and support in a separate quota system. case of special needs and continuous assistance Länder are not responsible for areas of legislation (claims and benefits, guidance). The services of the concerning labour and they adopt and enforce AMS are not for the unemployed only. Persons who implementing law of the federal laws. The local have a job but want a change of occupation can also authorities have no regulatory power on issues turn to the Employment Service, which offers concerning labour. recruitment and placement services for employers as The governance programming and planning phase well. sees 6 subject at national level (Public Employment Service (AMS); Austrian Chamber of Commerce; Austrian Chamber of Labour; Austrian Trade Union Federation; BFI Austria; WIFI Austria) and 18 stakeholders at lander level (9 Länder and 9 AMS regional offices). The 9 AMS regional offices deal with: the elaboration of labour market policy objectives for the respective regions; the implementation of labour market monitoring and statistics; research and development; the setting of framework conditions. For what concerns labour migrants the Länder are allowed to make their own suggestions concerning the number of immigrants in the quota system, since the nationwide quota (“Bundeshöchstzahl”) is distributed under the nine Länder, based on their estimations about the needed workforce. Länder are allowed to fix page 20 Country Perspective Austria Welfare Governance tiered system comprising one federal organisation, nine Lander and 99 regional organisations. The social The Austrian system of social security is characterised partners’ involvement in AMS activities extends across by a mix of centralised and decentralised elements, all three levels, where representatives of Austria’s most of them (social insurance and universal benefits) Economic Chamber (Wirtschaftskammer – WKO), coming under the remit of the central government. The Chamber of Labour (Arbeiterkammer –AK), Austrian regional and sub-regional entities (Länder, local and Trade Union Federation (Österreichischer municipal governments) are responsible for part of Gewerkschaftsbund – ÖGB) and Federation of Austrian health care, housing, most of the social services, Industry (Industriellenvereinigung –) are the major childcare facilities and the means-tested minimum actors. income scheme (social assistance until 2010). Then Social security system in Austria is based on the there is Three-fold hierarchy of competences: federal principles of mandatory insurance, solidarity and state with the ministries; the directorates in the autonomy of the insurance providers. It is primarily Bundesländer and the municipalities. All these actors financed by employers’ and employees’ contributions are in contact with the social partners and with NGOs. under the pay-as-you-go system. Social insurance in the Social policy in general is in the competence of the stricter sense is composed of three schemes: pension Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Consumer insurance; health insurance; work accident insurance. A Protection. Family policy and housing is in the total of 22 social insurance institutions provide health, competence of the Ministry of Economy, Family and pension and work accident insurance cover. They are Youth. There is no specific migrants stream in social organised in an umbrella organisation called ‘Main policy in Austria. Only in education policy, there is a Association of Austrian Social Security Organisations’ certain awareness of migrants’ special situation. The (Hauptverband der österreichischen Social partnership between Trade Union Federation, Sozialversicherungsträger). Chamber of Labour and Chamber of Commerce is a The three major monetary social benefits where key player in all social policies. In the Bundesländer entitlement is independent of activity and income status directorates there are referents for education. Also in (UNIVERSAL SCHEMES FOR THE ENTIRE other social questions such as poverty and RESIDENT POPULATION) are the following: a) family unemployment, the Bundesländer have certain allowance and tax credit for children; b) childcare competences. Lander are empowered to implement allowance; c) long-term care benefits. The Family Federal framework laws related to the services for the Burdens Equalisation Fund needy, young people. (Familienlastenausgleichsfonds - FLAF) is Austria’s key Planning of social policies on the national level is in the instrument in supporting families; family allowances and competence of the Federal Ministry of Labor, Social disbursed by the tax offices. Childcare allowance Affairs and Consumer Protection. This concerns disbursement is in the hands of the health insurance pension system, unemployment services etc. In a funds. Health insurance covers all employees, their wider sense, also the other ministries, like the Ministry family members and most of the recipients of social of Economy and the Ministry of Woman and Civil benefits. Payment of contributions is in the hands of the Services (equal treatment regardless of sex, gender Lander. Alongside social health insurance schemes, pay gap, etc.) are in charge of planning social policy. Austria’s territorial (i.e. federal, Lander, local) authorities With regard to the regional level Social Departments in are major players in this field, specifically in terms of the 9 Länder are in charge of planning the needs of providing and co-financing inpatient care. social services and infrastructure in their respective region. At the national level the main actors for the implementation of social policies are the Federal Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs and Consumer Protection and the social partnership between Trade Union Federation, Chamber of Labour and Chamber of Commerce.. At the regional level the directorates in the Bundesländer there are referents for social questions such as poverty and unemployment, as Bundesländer have certain competences. With the exception of labour market-related measures, responsibility for most of the social services is in the hands of Laender, local and municipal authorities. The Austrian welfare state demands social responsibility from employers. Employees have entitlements under labour law relating to work-life balance and a number of social risks. Unemployment insurance is managed by the public employment service (AMS), which is also responsible for measures of active labour market policy. The AMS is a three- page 21 Country Perspective Austria Education Governance various levels, avoiding dead-ends and linking VET to general tertiary education through the In 2005, as part of an amendment of the Federal Berufsreifeprüfung (professional baccalaureate); Constitution, the task of the educational system was - the current teacher workforce in VET schools seems given constitutional status, guaranteeing general to be well prepared and industry experience is access to public schools. mandatory; many schools have flexible The Federal Ministry for Education, the Arts and arrangements, with teachers working part-time in Culture is the supervisory body for the whole of industry. Recent reforms have changed the primary and secondary education, which includes requirements on VET teachers but the effects are general schools as well as technical and vocational not yet apparent; schools, while the work experience part of initial - Completion rates in upper secondary education are vocational education is the responsibility of the Federal high by international standards. Ministry of Economics and Labour. Separated

institutional bodies established for the implementation All migrant children benefit from compulsory education activities are Districts School Boards (local education and general measures for disadvantaged pupils. federal authorities) and Länder School Boards, headed Targeted programmes focus on all pupils with limited by the länder governor. German (e.g. extra funding and quality German As is the case with government administration in courses). These participants are supposed to achieve general, responsibilities for legislation and and participate more at different school levels, from implementation in school education are split between kindergarten to higher education or vocational training. federal and Länder governments. The federal In all Lander but Carinthia, school councils have government has exclusive responsibility for legislation integration and intercultural education departments and and implementation applied particularly to the entire inspectors. field of upper secondary general education and upper The “three pillars” of migrant : secondary technical and vocational education, training 1. Support structures in German as a Second colleges; the Länder are responsible for issuing and Language (GSL): Students who need German implementing by-laws, particularly the organisational language support obtain “non-regular” status and structure of federal education authorities and the trigger additional earmarked funding for their school external organisation of public compulsory schools. to provide language development courses. In The provinces are also responsible with regards to addition, since autumn 2009, schools with a high kindergartens. All fundamental legislation is in the proportion of GSL students receive additional nature of a framework which has to be filled in by earmarked funding for language support; implementing by-laws promulgated by the respective 2. Mother tongue teaching: Courses in the 20 most provincial parliaments. frequent mother tongues of immigrants are offered Compulsory schools are financially maintained by by about 340 teachers across Austria, almost Länder, municipalities or municipal associations. exclusively in primary and lower secondary schools. A relevant role in education and a key economic About half of the mother tongue instruction offer is function is provided by initial vocational training with concentrated in Vienna; apprenticeship by training schemes (dual system), 3. Intercultural education as one of the 13 general characterised by practical training in business and educational principles: Intercultural education is one industry combined with a theoretical course at a part- of the topics which teachers are encouraged to take time compulsory vocational school. The dual system into account across the curriculum. The principle of also applies to financing: the economic actors finance intercultural education includes furthering the practical training part in the firm, and public funds understanding between students of different finance the vocational school. backgrounds and nurturing the values of tolerance, According to OECD, The Austrian VET system has a understanding and respect. The principle also states number of strengths: explicitly that diversity and multilingualism should be - the dual system has many commendable features, acknowledged as something positive by teachers. with well-structured apprenticeships that integrate learning in schools and workplace training; - youth unemployment rates are low and the transition from education to first employment is smooth by international standards; - social partner involvement at all levels, in VET policy design and delivery, is strong, with effective co-operation between different stakeholders; - the VET system caters for a broad range of needs, providing safety nets for those with weak school results or from disadvantaged backgrounds, but also offering five year VET college programmes providing high level technical training; - the VET system offers different progress routes at page 22 Country Perspective Austria

References

- Migration & integration. Figures, data, indicators 2012, Statistik Austria, 2012 - Migration and Remittance Factbook 2011, second edition, The World Bank, 2011 - Workers' remittances in the EU27, Eurostat News release 187/2013, 10 December 2013 - MMWD – Making Migration Work for Development

page 23 Country Perspective Austria

Notes and comments

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