DOCSLIB.ORG

Caribbean Current and Eddies As Observed by Surface Drifters

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Caribbean Current and Eddies As Observed by Surface Drifters ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research II 52 (2005) 429–463 www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 Caribbean Current and eddies as observed bysurface drifters P.L. Richardsonà Department of Physical Oceanography, MS 29, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Received 19 December 2003; accepted 29 November 2004 Abstract Recent satellite-tracked surface drifter trajectories were analyzed to describe the mean currents and eddies in the 1 Caribbean Sea. The structure of the Caribbean Current and its variabilitywere determined from high-resolution 2- degree maps of the mean velocityand eddykinetic energy.Looping drifter trajectories were used to identifydiscrete cyclones and anticyclones, and their characteristics were described and related to the structure of the mean flow. The translation rate of eddies in different areas was found to be similar to the mean velocityof the local background flow fields, suggesting that the eddies were largelyadvected bythe background flow. Ten energetic anticyclonestranslated westward at 13 cm/s in the Venezuela and Colombia Basins. These anticyclones tended to lie in two bands, centered near 151N and 171N, coinciding with two jets of the Caribbean Current. The northern weaker jet contains water primarilyfrom the North Atlantic; the southern stronger jet contains water from the tropical and South Atlantic. The anticyclones are thought to have formed in the eastern Caribbean from the anticyclonic vorticity derived from North Brazil Current rings. The ring vorticityenters the eastern Caribbean through island passages and is probablyamplified by the anticyclonic shear on the northern side of the jets. Southwest of Cuba a cyclone–anticyclone pair was observed to translate slowly( 2 cm/s) westward into the Yucatan Current. The cyclone was tracked for 10.5 months with four drifters, making it the longest tracked of the Caribbean eddies. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction (Wilson and Leaman, 2000)(Fig. 2). Other drifters were launched east of the Caribbean in other Recently, a large number of satellite-tracked, experiments including the North Brazil Current drogued, drifting buoys measured trajectories in (NBC) rings experiment (Fratantoni and Richard- the Caribbean Sea (Fig. 1). Manydrifters were son, 2004); these drifters passed through the launched in the Caribbean during 1998–2000 as Antilles Islands passages adding trajectories in part of the ‘‘Year of the Ocean-1999’’ study the Caribbean. Taken together, these trajectories provide a unique data set that reveals previously ÃTel.: +1 508 289 2546; fax: +1 508 457 2163. unknown details of the circulation and eddies in E-mail address: [email protected]. the different parts of the Caribbean. The intent of 0967-0645/$ - see front matter r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.11.001 430 Caribbean Sea Isle of Pines 21° Cuba Yucatan G Yucatan R Peninsula Basin E A P.L. Richardson / Deep-Sea Research II 52 (2005) 429–463 T E Haiti Dominican R Republic 18° Cayman Basin Jamaica P.R. A N T I L L E L S ee 2000 m LE w S a ARTICLE IN PRESS S r E d 2000 m I s R l 200 m a n Venezuela A d Honduras s ° N 15 Basin 2000 s T d 2000 m I n L a l m L s I Columbia E Nicaragua d r Basin S a w d n 12° i W 200 m Costa Columbia Rica Venezuela Panama 9°N 87°W84° 81° 78° 75° 72° 69° 66° 63° Fig. 1. Location diagram showing the major Caribbean basins, the surrounding countries and islands, and the 200 m (dashed) and 2000 m (dotted) depth contours. The relativelyshallow Jamaica Ridge extends from the Honduras shelf to Hispaniola and separates the Yucatan and Cayman Basins of the western Caribbean f rom the Venezuela and Colombia Basins of the eastern Caribbean. Starting Points 21°N P.L. Richardson / Deep-Sea Research II 52 (2005) 429–463 18°N ARTICLE IN PRESS 15°N 12°N 9°N 87°W 84°W 81°W 78°W 75°W 72°W 69°W 66°W 63°W Fig. 2. Launch or start locations of 212 drifters used in this study. One hundred and eighteen drifters were launched in the Caribbean including 40 in the western Caribbean, 24 in the southern Colombia Basin, and 54 in the eastern Caribbean. Ninety-four others were launched outside the Caribbean including 66 that entered the box from the east across 611W and 13 that entered from the north across 221N. 431 ARTICLE IN PRESS 432 P.L. Richardson / Deep-Sea Research II 52 (2005) 429–463 this paper is to analyze these data with the goal of awayfrom the coast into deeper regions and vice learning more about the characteristics of Car- versa. This has important implications for the ibbean eddies in general and specificallyabout the dispersal of pollutants and fish larvae, e.g. Third, energetic anticyclones in the eastern Caribbean eddies appear to have some preferred pathways that might have been generated byNBC rings. through the Caribbean that cause bands of higher Satellite altimetrystudies suggest that some NBC and lower (rectified) mean westward velocity rings can pass coherentlythrough the Antilles coinciding with westward jets in the Caribbean passages into the Caribbean (Goni and Johns, Current and which suggests that eddy-mean flow 2003). The motivation for the present studyis to interactions could be important. Fourth, eddy see whether the drifter data could provide evidence forcing of the circulation of deeper layers in the that Caribbean anticyclones are generated by NBC Caribbean could be significant if the energetic rings. eddies extend deeplyinto the water column like Although the mean velocityfield and velocity some NBC rings. Fifth, Caribbean eddies can be variance have been mapped recentlyfor the advected into the Yucatan Current and influence Caribbean using surface drifters (Wilson and the path of the Loop Current in the Gulf of Leaman, 2000; Fratantoni, 2001; Centurioni and Mexico and the formation of Loop Current rings Niiler, 2003), and trajectories of drifters looping in there. eddies have been shown and brieflydescribed (Centurioni and Niiler, 2003), these data have not yet been used to thoroughly describe discrete 2. Background eddies in the Caribbean. The new drifter trajec- tories provide an important new Lagrangian The Caribbean Current is the major route by picture of Caribbean eddies, but the eddies were which South Atlantic water flows into the Florida discussed onlybrieflyin the short paper by Current and Gulf Stream and is therefore an Centurioni and Niiler. Theyused a high-resolution important conduit of the upper part of the 1 ( 2 degree) mapping grid to show detailed views northward-flowing meridional overturning circu- of velocityvectors in subregions of the Caribbean, lation (MOC) (Schmitz and Richardson, 1991; but no mean velocitymap of the whole Caribbean Schmitz and McCartney, 1993). The Caribbean was included. This present paper builds on these has two nearlyequal sources of inflow water (see earlier studies byfirst using drifter trajectories to Johns et al., 2002). North of (roughly) Martinique map the circulation and eddykinetic energy(EKE) near 151N Caribbean inflow is primarilyGulf 1 of the whole Caribbean at high resolution (2 Stream water returning southwestward in the degree) and then to systematically identify and North Equatorial Current. This water passes describe several different kinds of discrete eddies in through the Leeward Islands of the Lesser order to show where theyoccur in relationship to Antilles, through the Windward Passage between the mean current field and to estimate their Cuba and Hispaniola, and through the Mona translation rates, swirl velocities, and overall sizes. Passage between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. Eddies in the Caribbean are important for South of 151N Caribbean inflow is primarilyof several reasons. First, the various source waters tropical and South Atlantic origin. South Atlantic of the Caribbean Current coming from the North water crosses the equator in the NBC and flows Atlantic, South Atlantic, and nearbyAmazon and northwestward along the continental margin of Orinoco Rivers are advected and stirred bythe South America in the form of a coastal current eddies’ swirl velocity, which can be much larger (Candela et al., 1992), in NBC rings (Johns et al., than the velocityof the mean field. Numerous 1990; Didden and Schott, 1993; Richardson et al., large and energetic eddies translating westward 1994; Fratantoni et al., 1995), plus some in Ekman through the Caribbean blend and mix the source transport in the ocean interior (Mayer and waters together. Second, eddies interact with the Weisberg, 1993). The NBC retroflects near 61N boundaries and often sweep near-shore water and feeds into the eastward-flowing North ARTICLE IN PRESS P.L. Richardson / Deep-Sea Research II 52 (2005) 429–463 433 Equatorial Countercurrent. Periodically, roughly Caribbean to the Gulf Stream are a consequence 8–9 times per year, large 400-km diameter NBC of the superposition of a realistic MOC and a rings pinch off from the retroflection and translate realistic wind-driven circulation. Without the northwestward toward the Caribbean at around MOC there were no NBC rings and much lower 15 cm/s (Johns et al., 2003; Garzoli et al., 2003; EKE. Thus, model simulations provide evidence of Goni and Johns, 2003; Fratantoni and Richard- a link between the MOC, the formation of NBC son, 2004). Most rings translate northward just rings, the variabilityof flow into the Caribbean, east of the Antilles to around 14–181N where the and the eddyfield there ( Fratantoni et al., 2000; rings stall and decay( Fratantoni and Richardson, Johns et al., 2002; Barnier et al., 2001). The eddy 2004; Goni and Johns, 2003). Some rings dis- field in the Caribbean thus could be caused by appear after theycollide with the continental rings (or their remnants) translating through the margin and islands south of 141N.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Multidecadal and NA0 Related Variability in a Numerical Model of the North Atlantic Circulation
    Multidecadal and NA0 related variability in a numerical model of the North Atlantic circulation Multidekadische und NA0 bezogene Variabilitäin einem numerischen Modell des Nordatlantiks Jennifer P. Brauch Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 478 (2004) ISSN 1618 - 3193 Jennifer P. Brauch UVic Climate Modelling Research Group PO Box 3055, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada http://climate.uvic.ca/ [email protected] Die vorliegende Arbeit ist die inhaltlich unverändert Fassung einer Dis- sertation, die 2003 im Fachbereich Physik/Elektrotechnik der Universitä Bremen vorgelegt wurde. Sie ist in elektronischer Form erhältlic unter http://elib.suub.uni-brernen.de/. Contents Zusammenfassung iii Abstract V 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 5 2.1 Main Characteristics of the Arctic and North Atlantic Ocean .... 5 2.1.1 Bathymetry ............................ 5 2.1.2 Major currents .......................... 7 2.1.3 Hydrography ........................... 8 2.1.4 Seaice ............................... 11 2.1.5 Convection ............................ 12 2.2 Variability ................................. 13 2.2.1 NA0 ................................ 13 2.2.2 Variability in the Arctic Mediterranean ............ 17 2.2.3 GSA ................................19 2.2.4 Oscillations in ocean models .................. 20 3 Model description 3.1 Ocean model ................................ 3.1.1 Equations ............................. 3.1.2 Setup ................................ 3.2 Sea Ice model ............................... 3.2.1 Equations ............................
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Declines in Warming and Vegetation Greening Trends Over Pan-Arctic Tundra
    Remote Sens. 2013, 5, 4229-4254; doi:10.3390/rs5094229 OPEN ACCESS Remote Sensing ISSN 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Article Recent Declines in Warming and Vegetation Greening Trends over Pan-Arctic Tundra Uma S. Bhatt 1,*, Donald A. Walker 2, Martha K. Raynolds 2, Peter A. Bieniek 1,3, Howard E. Epstein 4, Josefino C. Comiso 5, Jorge E. Pinzon 6, Compton J. Tucker 6 and Igor V. Polyakov 3 1 Geophysical Institute, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 903 Koyukuk Dr., Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Biology and Wildlife, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (D.A.W.); [email protected] (M.K.R.) 3 International Arctic Research Center, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, 930 Koyukuk Dr., Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, 291 McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 Cryospheric Sciences Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614.1, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 6 Biospheric Science Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614.1, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (J.E.P.); [email protected] (C.J.T.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-907-474-2662; Fax: +1-907-474-2473.
    [Show full text]
  • Wu Guanzhong's Artistic Career Yong Zhang1,*
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 572 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE 2021) Wu Guanzhong's Artistic Career Yong Zhang1,* 1 State Specialist Institute of Arts, Rezervnyy Proyezd, D.12, Moscow, 121165 Russia *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Combining with Wu Guanzhong's learning experience, this paper analyzes Chinese oil painting art characteristics in different periods, and the method of integrating traditional Chinese ink and wash painting language with the western modern design language in the aspects such as modelling, colour and composition. Wu Guanzhong successfully used western painting method to show the Oriental artistic conception, and formed unique composition views and forms. With the use of concise and simple colors and free-writing lines, the painter's personal emotions, thoughts and standpoint and deep understanding of life can be expressed. On the basis of in-depth research on the essence, connotation and thought of Chinese and Western art, Wu Guanzhong found the "junction" of the integration of Chinese and Western art. Keywords: Wu Guanzhong, Hangzhou Academy of Art, Ink and wash painting, Oil painting, Integration of Chinese and Western art. 1. INTRODUCTION Wu Guanzhong entered Hangzhou Academy of Art to study Chinese and Western paintings. In the Wu Guanzhong (1919-2010), the People's school, he received direct guidance from teachers Artist, Art Educator, and Professor of the Academy such as Li Chaoshi, Fang Ganmin, and Pan of Arts and Design of Tsinghua University, used to Tianshou. Li Chaoshi and Fang Ganmin are both be an executive director of the Chinese Artists teachers who have returned from studying in Association, a member of the Standing Committee France, but their styles of painting are different.
    [Show full text]
  • Tidal Resonance in the Gulf of Thailand
    Ocean Sci., 15, 321–331, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-321-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Tidal resonance in the Gulf of Thailand Xinmei Cui1,2, Guohong Fang1,2, and Di Wu1,2 1First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China 2Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modelling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China Correspondence: Guohong Fang (fanggh@fio.org.cn) Received: 12 August 2018 – Discussion started: 24 August 2018 Revised: 1 February 2019 – Accepted: 18 February 2019 – Published: 29 March 2019 Abstract. The Gulf of Thailand is dominated by diurnal 1323 m. If the GOT is excluded, the mean depth of the rest tides, which might be taken to indicate that the resonant fre- of the SCS (herein called the SCS body and abbreviated as quency of the gulf is close to one cycle per day. However, SCSB) is 1457 m. Tidal waves propagate into the SCS from when applied to the gulf, the classic quarter-wavelength res- the Pacific Ocean through the Luzon Strait (LS) and mainly onance theory fails to yield a diurnal resonant frequency. In propagate in the southwest direction towards the Karimata this study, we first perform a series of numerical experiments Strait, with two branches that propagate northwestward and showing that the gulf has a strong response near one cycle per enter the Gulf of Tonkin and the GOT. The energy fluxes day and that the resonance of the South China Sea main area through the Mindoro and Balabac straits are negligible (Fang has a critical impact on the resonance of the gulf.
    [Show full text]
  • China-Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States
    Order Code RL32688 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web China-Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States Updated April 4, 2006 Bruce Vaughn (Coordinator) Analyst in Southeast and South Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Wayne M. Morrison Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress China-Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States Summary Southeast Asia has been considered by some to be a region of relatively low priority in U.S. foreign and security policy. The war against terror has changed that and brought renewed U.S. attention to Southeast Asia, especially to countries afflicted by Islamic radicalism. To some, this renewed focus, driven by the war against terror, has come at the expense of attention to other key regional issues such as China’s rapidly expanding engagement with the region. Some fear that rising Chinese influence in Southeast Asia has come at the expense of U.S. ties with the region, while others view Beijing’s increasing regional influence as largely a natural consequence of China’s economic dynamism. China’s developing relationship with Southeast Asia is undergoing a significant shift. This will likely have implications for United States’ interests in the region. While the United States has been focused on Iraq and Afghanistan, China has been evolving its external engagement with its neighbors, particularly in Southeast Asia. In the 1990s, China was perceived as a threat to its Southeast Asian neighbors in part due to its conflicting territorial claims over the South China Sea and past support of communist insurgency.
    [Show full text]
  • Inception of the Modern Public Health System in China
    Virologica Sinica www.virosin.org https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-020-00269-4 www.springer.com/12250 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) PERSPECTIVE Inception of the Modern Public Health System in China and Perspectives for Effective Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases: In Commemoration of the 140th Anniversary of the Birth of the Plague Fighter Dr. Wu Lien-Teh 1,2 2 1,3,4 1,2 Qingmeng Zhang • Niaz Ahmed • George F. Gao • Fengmin Zhang Received: 30 January 2020 / Accepted: 28 June 2020 Ó Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS 2020 Infectious diseases pose a serious threat to human health insights into the effective prevention and control of and affect social, economic, and cultural development. emerging infectious diseases as well as the current world- Many infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory wide pandemic of COVID-19, facilitating the improvement syndrome (SARS, 2013), Middle East respiratory syn- and development of public health systems in China and drome (MERS, 2012 and 2013), Zika virus infection around the globe. (2007, 2013 and 2015), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, 2019), have occurred as regional or global epidemics (Reperant and Osterhaus 2017; Gao 2018;Li Etiological Investigation and Bacteriological et al. 2020). In the past 100 years, the world has gradually Identification of the Plague Epidemic established a relatively complete modern public health in the Early 20th Century system. The earliest modern public health system in China was founded by the plague fighter Dr. Wu Lien-Teh In September 1910, the plague hit the Transbaikal region of during the campaign against the plague epidemic in Russia and spread to Manzhouli, a Chinese town on the Northeast China from 1910 to 1911.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Currents Near the Greater and Lesser Antilles
    SURFACE CURRENTS NEAR THE GREATER AND LESSER ANTILLES by C.P. DUNCAN rl, S.G. SCHLADOW1'1 and W.G. WILLIAMS SUMMARY The surface flow around the Greater and Lesser Antilles is shown to differ considerably from the widely accepted current system composed of the Caribbean Current and Antilles Current. The most prominent features deduced from dynamic topography are a flow from the north into the Caribbean near Puerto Rico and a permanent eastward-flowing counter-current in the Caribbean itself between Puerto Rico and Venezuela. Noticeably absent is the Antilles Current. A satellite-tracked buoy substantiates the slow southward flow into the Caribbean and the absence of the Antilles Current. INTRODUCTION Pilot Charts for the North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea (Defense Mapping Agency, 1968) show westerly surface currents to the North and South of Puerto Rico. The Caribbean Current is presented as an uninterrupted flow which passes through the Caribbean Sea, Yucatan Straits, Gulf of Mexico, and Florida Straits to become the Gulf Stream. It is joined off the east coast of Florida by the Antilles Current which is shown as flowing westwards along the north coast of Puerto Rico and then north-westerly along the northern edge of the Bahamas (BOISVERT, 1967). These surface currents are depicted as extensions of the North Equatorial Current and the Guyana Current, and as forming part of the subtropical gyre. As might be expected in the absence of a western boundary, the flow is slow-moving, shallow and broad. This interpretation of the surface currents is also presented by WUST (1964) who employs the same set of ship’s drift observations as are used in the Pilot Charts.
    [Show full text]
  • Caribbean Current Variability and the Influence of the Amazon And
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research I 54 (2007) 1451–1473 www.elsevier.com/locate/dsri Caribbean current variability and the influence of the Amazon and Orinoco freshwater plumes L.M. Che´rubina,Ã, P.L. Richardsonb aRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, FL 33149 Miami, USA bDepartment of Physical Oceanography, MS 29, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 0254, USA Received 5 February 2006; received in revised form 16 April 2007; accepted 24 April 2007 Available online 18 May 2007 Abstract The variability of the Caribbean Current is studied in terms of the influence on its dynamics of the freshwater inflow from the Orinoco and Amazon rivers. Sea-surface salinity maps of the eastern Caribbean and SeaWiFS color images show that a freshwater plume from the Orinoco and Amazon Rivers extends seasonally northwestward across the Caribbean basin, from August to November, 3–4 months after the peak of the seasonal rains in northeastern South America. The plume is sustained by two main inflows from the North Brazil Current and its current rings. The southern inflow enters the Caribbean Sea south of Grenada Island and becomes the main branch of the Caribbean Current in the southern Caribbean. The northern inflow (141N) passes northward around the Grenadine Islands and St. Vincent. As North Brazil Current rings stall and decay east of the Lesser Antilles, between 141N and 181N, they release freshwater into the northern part of the eastern Caribbean Sea merging with inflow from the North Equatorial Current. Velocity vectors derived from surface drifters in the eastern Caribbean indicate three westward flowing jets: (1) the southern and fastest at 111N; (2) the center and second fastest at 141N; (3) the northern and slowest at 171N.
    [Show full text]
  • Collected Contributions of Invited Lecturers and Authors to the 10C/FAO/U N EP International Workshop on Marine Pollution in the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions
    .- -/ce,9e6L1 420■4 • 3/L•Ikrf: 7 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Workshop report no. 11 - Supplement/ IIBLIOTECik KACIONES HOS MEXICO Collected contributions of invited lecturers and authors to the 10C/FAO/U N EP International Workshop on Marine Pollution in the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 13-17 December 1976 Unesco . Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Workshop report no.11 Supplement Collected contributions of invited lecturers and authors to the IOC/FAO/UNEP International Workshop on Marine Pollution in the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions Port-of-Spain, Trinidad & Tobago, 13-17 December 1976. UNESCO 1977 SC-78/WS/1 Paris, January 1978 Original: English CONTENTS pails 1 INTRODUCTION INFORMATION PAPERS Preliminary review of problems of marine pollution in the Caribbean and adjacent 2-28 regions. by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. A review of river discharges in the Caribbean and adjacent regions by Jean-Marie Martin 29-46 and M. Meybeck. INVITED LECTURES Regional oceanography as it relates to present and future pollution problems -79 and living resources - Caribbean. by Donald K. Atwood. 47 Regional oceanography as it relates to present and future pollution problems 80-105 and living resources - Gulf of Mexico. by Ingvar Emilsson. Pollution research and monitoring for by Enrique Mandelli. 106-145 heavy metals. Pollution research and monitoring for hydrocarbons: present status of the studies of petroleum contamination in by Alfonso Vazquez 146-158 the Gulf of Mexico. Botello. Pollution research and monitoring for halogenated hydrocarbons and by Eugene Corcoran. 159-168 pesticides. Pollutant transfer and transport in by Gunnar Kullenberg.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Trade Policy and Food Security in the Caribbean Agricultural Trade Policy and Food Security in the Caribbean
    Structural issues, multilateral negotiations and competitiveness Agricultural trade policy and food security in the Caribbean Promoting CARICOM/CARIFORUM Food Security AgriculturalAgricultural COOPERAZIONE I N E A ITALIANA FAO Trust Fund for Food Security and Food Safety – Italian Contribution tradetrade policypolicy andand This book is largely a result of work implemented under the trade foodfood securitysecurity policy component of the project “Promoting CARICOM/CARIFORUM Food Security”. The financial contribution of the Italian Directorate for International Cooperation to the FAO Trust Fund for Food Secu- inin thethe CaribbeanCaribbean rity and Food Safety funded the project. Italy’s National Institute of Agricultural Economics (INEA) was actively involved in capacity- building activities under the trade policy component, particularly in organizing and carrying out training in the areas of trade policy analysis and negotiations and quality and safety requirements in Structural issues, multilateral international trade and marketing. The book examines various negotiations and competitiveness dimensions of trade policy and related issues of relevance to the countries in the CARICOM/CARIFORUM region and presents policy instruments to address trade and food security and rural develop- ment linkages. It will serve as a useful guide and reference docu- ment for agricultural trade policy analysts, trade negotiators, policy-makers and planners in both the public and private sectors. ISBN 978-92-5-105747-6 FAO 9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 5 7 4 7 6 TC/M/A1146E/1/06.07/1500 Agricultural trade policy and food security in the Caribbean Structural issues, multilateral negotiations and competitiveness edited by J.R. Deep Ford Crescenzo dell’Aquila and Piero Conforti TRADE AND MARKETS DIVISION FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2007 Contents Preface xiii Foreword xv Contributors xvii Acronyms and abbreviations xx Introduction 1 J.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Transport Variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current and The
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research I 51 (2004) 1397–1415 www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr Transport variabilityof the Deep Western BoundaryCurrent and the Antilles Current off Abaco Island, Bahamas Christopher S. Meinena,Ã, Silvia L. Garzolib, William E. Johnsc, MollyO. Baringer b aCooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, NOAA/AOML/PHOD, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami FL 33149, USA bAtlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami FL 33149, USA cRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami FL 33149, USA Received 30 September 2003; received in revised form 6 July2004; accepted 15 July2004 Available online 15 September 2004 Abstract Hydrography is combined with 1-year-long Inverted Echo Sounder (IES) travel-time records and bottom pressure observations to estimate the Deep Western BoundaryCurrent (DWBC) transport east of Abaco Island, the Bahamas (near 26.51N); comparison of the results to a more traditional line of current meter moorings demonstrates that the IESs and pressure gauges, combined with hydrography, can accurately monitor the DWBC transport to within the accuracyof the current meter arrayestimate at this location. Between 800 and 4800 dbar, bounded bytwo IES moorings 82 km apart, the enclosed portion of the DWBC is shown to have a mean southward transport of about 25 Sv (1 Sv ¼ 106 m3 sÀ1) and a standard deviation of 23 Sv. The DWBC transport is primarilybarotropic (where barotropic is defined as the near-bottom velocityrather than the vertical average velocity);geostrophic transports relative to an assumed level of no motion do not accuratelyreflect the actual absolute transport variability(correlation coefficient is 0.30).
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Implementation of Sargassum Early Advisory System (SEAS)
    Development and implementation of Sargassum Early Advisory System (SEAS) By Robert K. Webster Ph.D. candidate, Marine Sciences Department [email protected] Dr. Tom Linton Professor, Marine Science Department [email protected] Texas A&M University at Galveston, P.O. Box 1675, Galveston, Texas 77553 ABSTRACT hardship, since their annual budgets have little or no room for The Texas Gulf Coast consists of 367 miles of coastline, unforeseen expenditures. To assist beach management efforts, primarily sandy beaches. The slight slope of these beaches scientists at Texas A&M University at Galveston have been creates many large expanses of beach where the public can investigating the use of satellite imagery to forecast Sargas- enjoy a variety of activities such as beach combing, surfing, sum landings along the Texas coastline. This Sargassum Early swimming, and surf fishing. Communities that manage these Advisory System (SEAS) is designed to give coastal managers areas rely heavily on tourism as a primary source of income. as much warning as possible, allowing them to adjust their Texas beach tourism generates approximately $7 billion per allocation of resources for the management of Sargassum year, according to the Texas General Land Office’s (TGLO) landings. SEAS model uses satellite imagery from Landsat website (http://www.glo.texas.gov). Public use of these beaches Data Continuity Mission (LANDSAT) satellites to track the can be severely restricted by the periodic mass landings of movement of Sargassum as it approaches each sector along the free-floating plant Sargassum, commonly referred to as the Texas Gulf Coast. During 2012, a total of 38 advisories seaweed.
    [Show full text]