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LIFT Uplands Programme: Scoping Assessment Report

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LIFT Uplands Programme: Scoping Assessment Report LIFT Uplands Programme: Scoping Assessment Report Prepared by UNOPS-LIFT Consultant Team: Aaron M. Becker (Team Leader) U San Thein (Livelihoods Expert) U Cin Tham Kham (Livelihoods Expert) Ms. Channsitha Mark (Political Expert) With assistance of Mary Callahan (Political Advisor) (Revised version, edited by LIFT FMO) July 2015 This assignment is supported and guided by the Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund (LIFT), managed by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). This report does not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of UNOPS, LIFT’s donor consortia or partner governments. LIFT-Uplands Programme, Scoping Assessment Report 2 Table of Contents List of Acronyms ...............................................................................................................................6 Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................9 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.1. LIFT strategy .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.2. Rationale supporting a distinct LIFT ‘Upland Areas’ programme .......................................... 12 1.3. The assignment...................................................................................................................... 14 1.4. Gaps in knowledge and further consultations required ....................................................... 15 2. The Myanmar uplands geography ........................................................................................... 16 2.1. Broad description of the ‘Uplands’ ........................................................................................ 16 2.2. Three proposed geographic/geopolitical Upland Subzones ................................................. 17 2.3. Agro-Ecology .......................................................................................................................... 18 Northwest Subzone ....................................................................................................................... 19 North and Northeastern Subzone ................................................................................................. 21 Southeast Subzone ........................................................................................................................ 23 2.4. Population ............................................................................................................................. 25 Northwest Subzone, population ................................................................................................... 26 North and Northeast Subzone, population ................................................................................... 26 Southeast Subzone, population .................................................................................................... 26 3. The uplands political economy ................................................................................................ 28 3.1. Subzone Political Economy .................................................................................................... 28 3.1.1. Northwest Uplands political economy ............................................................................. 29 3.1.2. North-northeast Uplands political economy ................................................................... 29 3.1.3. Southeast Uplands political economy .............................................................................. 30 3.2. From the ceasefires to a ‘Peace Process’ .............................................................................. 31 3.2.1. Government reform agenda ............................................................................................ 31 3.2.2. Challenges to ceasefire arrangements ............................................................................. 31 3.2.3. The ‘Peace Process’ .......................................................................................................... 32 3.3. Pre-existing tensions and conflict related issues .................................................................. 33 3.3.1. Governance ...................................................................................................................... 33 3.3.2. Economic development ................................................................................................... 34 3.3.3. Opium economy ............................................................................................................... 35 3.3.4. Land tenure and dispossession ........................................................................................ 36 3.3.5. Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs).................................................................................. 37 3.4. Considerations regarding LIFT programming ........................................................................ 39 3.4.1. Managing conflict within the Programme ....................................................................... 40 3.4.2. Partnership and stakeholders .......................................................................................... 40 3.4.3. Working with IDPs ............................................................................................................ 45 4. The uplands food security & livelihoods................................................................................... 47 4.1. Upland Poverty: ..................................................................................................................... 48 4.1.1. Northwest Subzone poverty ............................................................................................ 51 4.1.2. North and Northeast Subzone poverty ............................................................................ 52 4.1.3. South and Southeast Subzone poverty ............................................................................ 53 LIFT-Uplands Programme, Scoping Assessment Report 3 4.2. Upland Food Security: ........................................................................................................... 55 4.2.1. Northwest Subzone food security.................................................................................... 57 4.2.2. North-Northeast Subzone food security .......................................................................... 58 4.2.3. South and Southeast Subzone food security ................................................................... 59 4.3. Agriculture ............................................................................................................................. 60 4.4. Agro-ecosystems and natural resources ............................................................................... 61 4.4.1. Enhancing investments in Upland Area agro-ecosystems ............................................... 61 4.4.2. Natural resource management ........................................................................................ 62 4.4.3. Climate change ................................................................................................................. 72 4.5. Markets and value chains ...................................................................................................... 74 4.5.1. Upland economies and market development ................................................................. 75 4.5.2. Inclusive agri-business modalities .................................................................................... 77 4.5.3. Productive interest groups and inclusive multi-stakeholder planning ............................ 79 4.6. Non-farm employment and livelihoods ................................................................................ 81 4.6.1. Alternative livelihood development and non-farm employment .................................... 81 4.6.2. Migration and remittances .............................................................................................. 82 4.7. Rural finance .......................................................................................................................... 84 4.7.1. Micro-finance ................................................................................................................... 84 4.7.2. Rural Finance .................................................................................................................... 85 4.8. Nutrition and WASH .............................................................................................................. 87 4.8.1. Nutrition ........................................................................................................................... 87 4.8.2. WASH ............................................................................................................................... 88 4.9. Social protection .................................................................................................................... 89 4.9.1. Social safety nets and protection ..................................................................................... 89 4.9.2. Cash transfers and debt-relief ......................................................................................... 90 4.10. Governance and inclusiveness .............................................................................................
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