DOCSLIB.ORG

LIFT Uplands Programme: Scoping Assessment Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
LIFT Uplands Programme: Scoping Assessment Report LIFT Uplands Programme: Scoping Assessment Report Prepared by UNOPS-LIFT Consultant Team: Aaron M. Becker (Team Leader) U San Thein (Livelihoods Expert) U Cin Tham Kham (Livelihoods Expert) Ms. Channsitha Mark (Political Expert) With assistance of Mary Callahan (Political Advisor) (Revised version, edited by LIFT FMO) July 2015 This assignment is supported and guided by the Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund (LIFT), managed by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). This report does not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of UNOPS, LIFT’s donor consortia or partner governments. LIFT-Uplands Programme, Scoping Assessment Report 2 Table of Contents List of Acronyms ...............................................................................................................................6 Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................9 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.1. LIFT strategy .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.2. Rationale supporting a distinct LIFT ‘Upland Areas’ programme .......................................... 12 1.3. The assignment...................................................................................................................... 14 1.4. Gaps in knowledge and further consultations required ....................................................... 15 2. The Myanmar uplands geography ........................................................................................... 16 2.1. Broad description of the ‘Uplands’ ........................................................................................ 16 2.2. Three proposed geographic/geopolitical Upland Subzones ................................................. 17 2.3. Agro-Ecology .......................................................................................................................... 18 Northwest Subzone ....................................................................................................................... 19 North and Northeastern Subzone ................................................................................................. 21 Southeast Subzone ........................................................................................................................ 23 2.4. Population ............................................................................................................................. 25 Northwest Subzone, population ................................................................................................... 26 North and Northeast Subzone, population ................................................................................... 26 Southeast Subzone, population .................................................................................................... 26 3. The uplands political economy ................................................................................................ 28 3.1. Subzone Political Economy .................................................................................................... 28 3.1.1. Northwest Uplands political economy ............................................................................. 29 3.1.2. North-northeast Uplands political economy ................................................................... 29 3.1.3. Southeast Uplands political economy .............................................................................. 30 3.2. From the ceasefires to a ‘Peace Process’ .............................................................................. 31 3.2.1. Government reform agenda ............................................................................................ 31 3.2.2. Challenges to ceasefire arrangements ............................................................................. 31 3.2.3. The ‘Peace Process’ .......................................................................................................... 32 3.3. Pre-existing tensions and conflict related issues .................................................................. 33 3.3.1. Governance ...................................................................................................................... 33 3.3.2. Economic development ................................................................................................... 34 3.3.3. Opium economy ............................................................................................................... 35 3.3.4. Land tenure and dispossession ........................................................................................ 36 3.3.5. Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs).................................................................................. 37 3.4. Considerations regarding LIFT programming ........................................................................ 39 3.4.1. Managing conflict within the Programme ....................................................................... 40 3.4.2. Partnership and stakeholders .......................................................................................... 40 3.4.3. Working with IDPs ............................................................................................................ 45 4. The uplands food security & livelihoods................................................................................... 47 4.1. Upland Poverty: ..................................................................................................................... 48 4.1.1. Northwest Subzone poverty ............................................................................................ 51 4.1.2. North and Northeast Subzone poverty ............................................................................ 52 4.1.3. South and Southeast Subzone poverty ............................................................................ 53 LIFT-Uplands Programme, Scoping Assessment Report 3 4.2. Upland Food Security: ........................................................................................................... 55 4.2.1. Northwest Subzone food security.................................................................................... 57 4.2.2. North-Northeast Subzone food security .......................................................................... 58 4.2.3. South and Southeast Subzone food security ................................................................... 59 4.3. Agriculture ............................................................................................................................. 60 4.4. Agro-ecosystems and natural resources ............................................................................... 61 4.4.1. Enhancing investments in Upland Area agro-ecosystems ............................................... 61 4.4.2. Natural resource management ........................................................................................ 62 4.4.3. Climate change ................................................................................................................. 72 4.5. Markets and value chains ...................................................................................................... 74 4.5.1. Upland economies and market development ................................................................. 75 4.5.2. Inclusive agri-business modalities .................................................................................... 77 4.5.3. Productive interest groups and inclusive multi-stakeholder planning ............................ 79 4.6. Non-farm employment and livelihoods ................................................................................ 81 4.6.1. Alternative livelihood development and non-farm employment .................................... 81 4.6.2. Migration and remittances .............................................................................................. 82 4.7. Rural finance .......................................................................................................................... 84 4.7.1. Micro-finance ................................................................................................................... 84 4.7.2. Rural Finance .................................................................................................................... 85 4.8. Nutrition and WASH .............................................................................................................. 87 4.8.1. Nutrition ........................................................................................................................... 87 4.8.2. WASH ............................................................................................................................... 88 4.9. Social protection .................................................................................................................... 89 4.9.1. Social safety nets and protection ..................................................................................... 89 4.9.2. Cash transfers and debt-relief ......................................................................................... 90 4.10. Governance and inclusiveness .............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fund for HIV/AIDS in Myanmar UNAIDS
    Annual Progress Report, 1 Apr 2006 - 31 Mar 2007 Table of Contents Foreword 3 About this report 5 Highlights in Achievements 7 Progress and Achievements 9 ....... Access to services to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV improved 9 ....... Access to services to prevent transmission of HIV in injecting drug use ....... improved 18 ....... Knowledge and attitudes improved 27 ....... Access to services for HIV care and support improved 30 Fund Management 41 ....... Programmatic and Financial Monitoring 41 ....... Financial Status and Utilisation of Funds 43 Operating Environment 44 Annexe 1: Implementing Partners expenditure and budgets 45 Annexe 2: Summary of Technical Progress Apr 2004–Mar 2007 49 Annexe 3: Achievements by Implementing Partners Round II, II(b) 50 Annexe 4: Guiding principles for the provision of humanitarian assistance 57 Acronyms and abbreviations 58 1 Fund for HIV/AIDS in Myanmar UNAIDS 2 Annual Progress Report, 1 Apr 2006 - 31 Mar 2007 Foreword This report will be the last for the Fund for HIV/AIDS in Myanmar (FHAM), covering its fourth and final year of operation (the fiscal year from April 2006 through March 2007). Created as a pooled funding mechanism in 2003 to support the United Nations Joint Programme on AIDS in Myanmar, the FHAM has demonstrated that international resources can be used to finance HIV services for people in need in an accountable and transparent manner. As this report details, progress has been made in nearly every area of HIV prevention – especially among the most at-risk groups related to sex work and drug use – and in terms of care and support, including anti-retroviral treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Tourism in Burma March 2011
    Report on Tourism in Burma March 2011 Info Birmanie 74, rue Notre Dame des champs 75006 Paris www.info-birmanie.org e-mail : [email protected] 1. Introduction (p.1) 2 . The History of Tourism in Burma (p.2) 3. The issue of tourism in Burma (p.3 to 9) The Reasons for a Call to Boycott Tourism in Burma : Illusions & Realities 4. An Analysis of the Junta’s Economic Supports (p.10 to 14) Revenues Transport Hotels 5 . Accessible Tourist Zones (p.15 to 22) 6. Travel Agencies Ethics (p.23 to 25) The Absence of Ethics Which Agency to Choose? Which Travel Guide to Use? 7. The Official Statistics of Tourism (p.26 to 27) 8. Conclusion (p.28) 9. Practical Advice (p.29) Chronology (p.30 to 33) 1. Introduction ‘Burma will be here for many years, so tell your friends to visit us later. Visiting now is tantamount to condoning the regime.’ The above statement, which dates from 1999, is a famous quote of Aung San Suu Kyi, Laureate of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize and leader of the National League for Democracy (NLD), the main Burmese opposition party. It reminds us that since the call to boycott launched in the mid-90s by the Burmese opponents of the military dictatorship, travelling in Burma remains a moral dilemma that is still relevant fifteen years later. However, some plead in favour of Burmese tourism, forgetting both the opposition’s numerous calls to boycott and the terrible situation in which the Burmese people live. In May 2011, the NLD has published a policy paper that put an end to the call for boycott but calls for responsible and independent tourism in Burma.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace & Conflict Update – October 2017
    PEACE & CONFLICT UPDATE – OCTOBER 2017 Updates archive: http://www.burmalink.org/peace-conflict-updates/ Updates archive: https://www.burmalink.org/peace-process-overview/ ACRONYM DICTIONARY AA Arakan Army ALP Arakan Liberation Party BA Burma Army (Tatmadaw) CSO Civil Society Organisation DASSK Daw Aung San Suu Kyi EAO Ethnic Armed Organisation FPNCC Federal Political Negotiation Consultative Committee IDP Internally Displaced Person KBC Karen Baptist Convention KIA Kachin Independence Arm, armed wing of the KIO KIO Kachin Independence Organization KNU Karen National Union MoU Memorandum of Understanding MNEC Mon National Education Committee MNHRC Myanmar National Human Rights Commission NCA Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (in name only, not inclusive and not nationwide) NLD National League for Democracy NRPC National Reconciliation and Peace Center PC Peace Commission PPST Peace Process Steering Committee (NCA negotiating body) SSPP/SSA-N Shan State Progress Party/Shan State Army (North) TNLA Ta'ang National Liberation Army UN United Nations UNFC United Nationalities Federal Council UPC Union Peace Conference UPDJC Union Peace Dialogue Joint Committee UWSA United Wa State Army 21CPC 21st Century Panglong Conference OCTOBER HIGHLIGHTS • Over 600,000 Rohingya have been displaced since the August 25 attacks and subsequent 'clearance operations' in Arakan (Rakhine). Talks of repatriation of Rohingya refugees between Burma and Bangladesh have stalled, and many Rohingya refugees reject the prospect of returning in the light of unresolved causes to the violence, and fears of ongoing abuse. • Displaced populations on the Thailand-Burma border face increasing challenges and humanitarian funding cuts. As of October 1, TBC has stopped distributing food aid to Shan IDP camps and the Ei Tu Hta Karen IDP camp.
    [Show full text]
  • Weekly Security Review (27 August – 2 September 2020)
    Commercial-In-Confidence Weekly Security Review (27 August – 2 September 2020) Weekly Security Review Safety and Security Highlights for Clients Operating in Myanmar 27 August – 2 September 2020 Page 1 of 27 Commercial-In-Confidence Weekly Security Review (27 August – 2 September 2020) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 3 Internal Conflict ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Nationwide .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Rakhine State ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Shan State ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Myanmar and the World ......................................................................................................................... 8 Election Watch ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Social and Political Stability ................................................................................................................... 11 Transportation ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 6 Satellite Map of Proposed Project Site
    APPENDIX 6 SATELLITE MAP OF PROPOSED PROJECT SITE Hakha Township, Rim pi Village Tract, Chin State Zo Zang Village A6-1 Falam Township, Webula Village Tract, Chin State Kim Mon Chaung Village A6-2 Webula Village Pa Mun Chaung Village Tedim Township, Dolluang Village Tract, Chin State Zo Zang Village Dolluang Village A6-3 Taunggyi Township, Kyauk Ni Village Tract, Shan State A6-4 Kalaw Township, Myin Ma Hti Village Tract and Baw Nin Village Tract, Shan State A6-5 Ywangan Township, Sat Chan Village Tract, Shan State A6-6 Pinlaung Township, Paw Yar Village Tract, Shan State A6-7 Symbol Water Supply Facility Well Development by the Procurement of Drilling Rig Nansang Township, Mat Mon Mun Village Tract, Shan State A6-8 Nansang Township, Hai Nar Gyi Village Tract, Shan State A6-9 Hopong Township, Nam Hkok Village Tract, Shan State A6-10 Hopong Township, Pawng Lin Village Tract, Shan State A6-11 Myaungmya Township, Moke Soe Kwin Village Tract, Ayeyarwady Region A6-12 Myaungmya Township, Shan Yae Kyaw Village Tract, Ayeyarwady Region A6-13 Labutta Township, Thin Gan Gyi Village Tract, Ayeyarwady Region Symbol Facility Proposed Road Other Road Protection Dike Rainwater Pond (New) : 5 Facilities Rainwater Pond (Existing) : 20 Facilities A6-14 Labutta Township, Laput Pyay Lae Pyauk Village Tract, Ayeyarwady Region A6-15 Symbol Facility Proposed Road Other Road Irrigation Channel Rainwater Pond (New) : 2 Facilities Rainwater Pond (Existing) Hinthada Township, Tha Si Village Tract, Ayeyarwady Region A6-16 Symbol Facility Proposed Road Other Road
    [Show full text]
  • Shan State - Myanmar
    Myanmar Information Management Unit SHAN STATE - MYANMAR Mohnyin 96°40'E Sinbo 97°30'E 98°20'E 99°10'E 100°0'E 100°50'E 24°45'N 24°45'N Bhutan Dawthponeyan India China Bangladesh Myo Hla Banmauk KACHIN Vietnam Bamaw Laos Airport Bhamo Momauk Indaw Shwegu Lwegel Katha Mansi Thailand Maw Monekoe Hteik Pang Hseng (Kyu Koke) Konkyan Cambodia 24°0'N Muse 24°0'N Muse Manhlyoe (Manhero) Konkyan Namhkan Tigyaing Namhkan Kutkai Laukkaing Laukkaing Mabein Tarmoenye Takaung Kutkai Chinshwehaw CHINA Mabein Kunlong Namtit Hopang Manton Kunlong Hseni Manton Hseni Hopang Pan Lon 23°15'N 23°15'N Mongmit Namtu Lashio Namtu Mongmit Pangwaun Namhsan Lashio Airport Namhsan Mongmao Mongmao Lashio Thabeikkyin Mogoke Pangwaun Monglon Mongngawt Tangyan Man Kan Kyaukme Namphan Hsipaw Singu Kyaukme Narphan Mongyai Tangyan 22°30'N 22°30'N Mongyai Pangsang Wetlet Nawnghkio Wein Nawnghkio Madaya Hsipaw Pangsang Mongpauk Mandalay CityPyinoolwin Matman Mandalay Anisakan Mongyang Chanmyathazi Ai Airport Kyethi Monghsu Sagaing Kyethi Matman Mongyang Myitnge Tada-U SHAN Monghsu Mongkhet 21°45'N MANDALAY Mongkaing Mongsan 21°45'N Sintgaing Mongkhet Mongla (Hmonesan) Mandalay Mongnawng Intaw international A Kyaukse Mongkaung Mongla Lawksawk Myittha Mongyawng Mongping Tontar Mongyu Kar Li Kunhing Kengtung Laihka Ywangan Lawksawk Kentung Laihka Kunhing Airport Mongyawng Ywangan Mongping Wundwin Kho Lam Pindaya Hopong Pinlon 21°0'N Pindaya 21°0'N Loilen Monghpyak Loilen Nansang Meiktila Taunggyi Monghpyak Thazi Kenglat Nansang Nansang Airport Heho Taunggyi Airport Ayetharyar
    [Show full text]
  • Mimu875v01 120626 3W Livelihoods South East
    Myanmar Information Management Unit 3W South East of Myanmar Livelihoods Border and Country Based Organizations Presence by Township Budalin Thantlang 94°23'EKani Wetlet 96°4'E Kyaukme 97°45'E 99°26'E 101°7'E Ayadaw Madaya Pangsang Hakha Nawnghkio Mongyai Yinmabin Hsipaw Tangyan Gangaw SAGAING Monywa Sagaing Mandalay Myinmu Pale .! Pyinoolwin Mongyang Madupi Salingyi .! Matman CHINA Ngazun Sagaing Tilin 1 Tada-U 1 1 2 Monghsu Mongkhet CHIN Myaing Yesagyo Kyaukse Myingyan 1 Mongkaung Kyethi Mongla Mindat Pauk Natogyi Lawksawk Kengtung Myittha Pakokku 1 1 Hopong Mongping Taungtha 1 2 Mongyawng Saw Wundwin Loilen Laihka Ü Nyaung-U Kunhing Seikphyu Mahlaing Ywangan Kanpetlet 1 21°6'N Paletwa 4 21°6'N MANDALAY 1 1 Monghpyak Kyaukpadaung Taunggyi Nansang Meiktila Thazi Pindaya SHAN (EAST) Chauk .! Salin 4 Mongnai Pyawbwe 2 Tachileik Minbya Sidoktaya Kalaw 2 Natmauk Yenangyaung 4 Taunggyi SHAN (SOUTH) Monghsat Yamethin Pwintbyu Nyaungshwe Magway Pinlaung 4 Mawkmai Myothit 1 Mongpan 3 .! Nay Pyi Hsihseng 1 Minbu Taw-Tatkon 3 Mongton Myebon Langkho Ngape Magway 3 Nay Pyi Taw LAOS Ann MAGWAY Taungdwingyi [(!Nay Pyi Taw- Loikaw Minhla Nay Pyi Pyinmana 3 .! 3 3 Sinbaungwe Taw-Lewe Shadaw Pekon 3 3 Loikaw 2 RAKHINE Thayet Demoso Mindon Aunglan 19°25'N Yedashe 1 KAYAH 19°25'N 4 Thandaunggyi Hpruso 2 Ramree Kamma 2 3 Toungup Paukkhaung Taungoo Bawlakhe Pyay Htantabin 2 Oktwin Hpasawng Paungde 1 Mese Padaung Thegon Nattalin BAGOPhyu (EAST) BAGO (WEST) 3 Zigon Thandwe Kyangin Kyaukkyi Okpho Kyauktaga Hpapun 1 Myanaung Shwegyin 5 Minhla Ingapu 3 Gwa Letpadan
    [Show full text]
  • Myanmar Business Guide for Brazilian Businesses
    2019 Myanmar Business Guide for Brazilian Businesses An Introduction of Business Opportunities and Challenges in Myanmar Prepared by Myanmar Research | Consulting | Capital Markets Contents Introduction 8 Basic Information 9 1. General Characteristics 10 1.1. Geography 10 1.2. Population, Urban Centers and Indicators 17 1.3. Key Socioeconomic Indicators 21 1.4. Historical, Political and Administrative Organization 23 1.5. Participation in International Organizations and Agreements 37 2. Economy, Currency and Finances 38 2.1. Economy 38 2.1.1. Overview 38 2.1.2. Key Economic Developments and Highlights 39 2.1.3. Key Economic Indicators 44 2.1.4. Exchange Rate 45 2.1.5. Key Legislation Developments and Reforms 49 2.2. Key Economic Sectors 51 2.2.1. Manufacturing 51 2.2.2. Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry 54 2.2.3. Construction and Infrastructure 59 2.2.4. Energy and Mining 65 2.2.5. Tourism 73 2.2.6. Services 76 2.2.7. Telecom 77 2.2.8. Consumer Goods 77 2.3. Currency and Finances 79 2.3.1. Exchange Rate Regime 79 2.3.2. Balance of Payments and International Reserves 80 2.3.3. Banking System 81 2.3.4. Major Reforms of the Financial and Banking System 82 Page | 2 3. Overview of Myanmar’s Foreign Trade 84 3.1. Recent Developments and General Considerations 84 3.2. Trade with Major Countries 85 3.3. Annual Comparison of Myanmar Import of Principal Commodities 86 3.4. Myanmar’s Trade Balance 88 3.5. Origin and Destination of Trade 89 3.6.
    [Show full text]
  • Macadamia Market Systems Analysis Shan State, Myanmar ______March 2020
    Macadamia Market Systems Analysis Shan State, Myanmar ___________________________________________________________________________________ March 2020 Commissioned by ILO and authored by Jon Keesecker Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Ko Ko Win and Jonathan Bird for their technical inputs to the research and report writing for this study. This document has been produced for the International Labour Organization (ILO) with funding from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO). The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the consultants and do not necessarily reflect those of the ILO, NORAD, SECO or any other stakeholder. International Labour Organization (ILO) No.1, Kanbe (Thitsar Street) Yankin Township Yangon, Myanmar. Tel: (95-1) 533538/566539 2 Executive Summary Macadamia is among the rarest tree nuts in the world, but global interest is growing quickly. In 2019, global production of macadamia kernel stood at 59,000 MT, or less than 8% of other individual nuts like almond, walnut, cashew or pistachio. However, macadamia production rose 57% between 2009 and 2019, faster than any other tree nut. Sixty-seven percent of output originates in Australia, South Africa and Kenya, but other sources such as China and Vietnam are also increasing cultivation. Imports have swelled, rising 23% between 2007 and 2017 to reach a total of 32,000 MT. Export markets are fairly consolidated. In 2017, the U.S. accounted for 28% of imports, followed by the EU (20%), China (12%) and Japan (10%). Along with rising prices, global supply value for macadamia rose three-fold from $370 million USD in 2008 to $1.14 trillion in 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State
    A Return to War: Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State ASIA PAPER May 2018 EUROPEAN UNION A Return to War: Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State © Institute for Security and Development Policy V. Finnbodavägen 2, Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden www.isdp.eu “A Return to War: Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State” is an Asia Paper published by the published by the Institute for Security and Development Policy. The Asia Paper Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Institute’s Asia Program, and addresses topical and timely subjects. The Institute is based in Stockholm, Sweden, and cooperates closely with research centers worldwide. The Institute serves a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. It is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lectures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public discussion. This publication has been produced with funding by the European Union. The content of this publication does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed in the paper lies entirely with the authors. No third-party textual or artistic material is included in the publication without the copyright holder’s prior consent to further dissemination by other third parties. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. © European Union and ISDP, 2018 Printed in Lithuania ISBN: 978-91-88551-11-5 Cover photo: Patrick Brown patrickbrownphoto.com Distributed in Europe by: Institute for Security and Development Policy Västra Finnbodavägen 2, 131 30 Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden Tel.
    [Show full text]
  • PEACE Info (March 29, 2018)
    PEACE Info (March 29, 2018) − UWSA angered by government’s statement on its NCA stance − Northern Alliance Seeks Continued Support From China in Peace Process Negotiations − Coalition of ethnic armed groups ready to join Panglong summit, awaits invite − If the government officially invited, FPNCC will attend the 21st Century Panglong Conference − Karen Nationals Thahaya Association urges Tatmadaw and KNU to follow NCA on Hpapun issue − RCSS/SSA-S wants negotiation with TNLA once more − Army Brings Case Against Relative of 2 Kachin Villagers Allegedly Killed by Soldiers − Displaced residents in Kyaukme are scared to return home despite fighting stopped − MYANMAR’S REFUGEE AND IDP: Shan dislocation and dispossession after three decades − Burma’s army chief congratulates president-elect − Tough challenges lie ahead for President U Win Myint − Can A New President Pull Myanmar Out of the Quagmire of Conflict? − အစိုးရက ဖိတ္ၾကားပါက ေျမာက္ပိုင္းလက္နက္ကိုင္ ၇ ဖြဲ႔ ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရးညီလာခံ တက္မည္ − ၂၁ရာစု ပင္လုံတတိယအႀကိမ္ အစည္းအေဝးဖိတ္ရင္ FPNCC တက္မယ္ − ေျမာက္ပိုင္းလက္နက္ကိုင္ခုနစ္ဖြဲ႕ ၂၁ ရာစုပင္လံုတတိယအစည္းအေဝး တက္ေရာက္မည္ − တရား၀င္ ဖိတ္ၾကားပါက ၂၁ ပင္လံုသိုု႔ FPNCC အဖြဲ႔စံု တက္ေရာက္မည္ − FPNCC လက္နက္ကိုင္ ၇ဖဲြ႔ ၂၁ရာစု ပင္လံုတတိယ အစည္းအေ၀းဖိတ္ရင္ တက္ဖို႕ဆုံးျဖတ္ − အစိုးရက တရား၀င္ဖိတ္လာပါက၂၁ ပင္လံုတက္မည္ဟု FPNCC ဆို − ေျမာက္ပိုင္း မဟာမိတ္အဖြဲ႕မ်ား ၂၁ ရာစုပင္လုံတက္ရန္ ဆုံးျဖတ္ − ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရးလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ ေရွ႕ဆက္ႏုိင္ေရး စုိးရိမ္မႈမ်ားေလွ်ာ့ခ်ရန္ RCSS အႀကံေပးတိုက္တြန္း − KNU တြဲဖက္ အေထြေထြအတြင္းေရးမႉး(၂) ပဒိုေစာလွထြန္းႏွင့္ ေတြ႔ဆံုေမးျမန္းျခင္း − RCSS/SSA
    [Show full text]
  • Tie Bombers 18 73 474 135I48 124 X30
    'II Auth: AC Initials 1 June 1945 HEADQUARTRS EASTERN AIR COMAND SOUTH EAST ASIA WEEKLY INTELLIGENCE SUMMh~ARY NUJ3B.R 40 1 June 1945 With the reopening and consolidating of the port of Rarngoon the primary objective in the reconquest of BHt:a has been achieved. Fighting has not yet stopped but all organized resistance has ended. Another chapter of the war in South East Asia has therefore closed, and with it we cease publication o'? this Summary which has been, in part, a record of thc joint efforts of the Amrerican and British Air For- ces in this campaign. In the future, events will take a new course and perhaps this publication will be revived in a diff- erent setting; but, for the moment, suffice it to say that our forces have made a glorious advance along the rocd to Tokyo, We are glad to have had the privilege of recording part of that advance. By command of Lieutenant General STRATEvit1 R: A, T. RICHARDSON Group Captain, RAF Chief of Intelligence Section Office of DC/AS, OPTI i HEADQUARTERS EASTETN AIR 001MAND SOUTH EAST ASIA TO: All Personnel of Eastern Air Command, and all R.A.F. and U.S.A.A.F. Administrative and Service Units Which Have Supported E.A.C. Combat Operations. 1. On 15 December 1943 Eastern Air ommnand was organized as an integrated R.A.F.- A.A.F. air command, to which were also assigned squadrons of the Royal Canadian Air Force and Royal Indian Air Force. At that time I stated our mission and our mutual problems as follows: "A resourceful, able and wily enemy must be blasted from the jungles of Burma and driven from its skies in days to come.
    [Show full text]