Agaoglu Group of Companies

KUREKDAGI RES AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY RES PROJECTS

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

BURSA CITY, GEMLIK COUNTY YALOVA CITY, CINARCIK COUNTY

MAY- 2017

1330.th Street No: 16/16 Asagi Ovecler / Ankara Phone:(312) 472 25 08 Fax: (312) 472 31 69 Mobile: (532) 333 87 39 www.aktel1.com e-mail: [email protected] AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

CONTENTS INDEX Page Number

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. Specifications of the Project ...... 1 1.2. The Scope and the Aim of the Environmental and Social Evaluation ...... 3 2. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 4 2.1. Turkish Environmental Regulations ...... 4 2.1.1. The Enviromental Effect Evaluation Procedure in Turkey ...... 6 2.1.2 Air Quality ...... 7 2.1.3. Waste Water ...... 9 2.1.4. Land Pollution ...... 9 2.1.5. The Noise ...... 10 2.1.6. Waste ...... 11 2.2. International Treatises which are Accepted by Turkey...... 13 2.3. World Bank (B)/Internation Finance Corporation (IFC) Enviroment, Health ve Safety Guides 13 2.3.1. The Noise ...... 15 2.3.2. Air Emissions and Air Quality ...... 16 2.3.3. Waste Water and Water Quality ...... 16 2.3.4. The Hazardous Material ...... 17 2.3.5. The Waste Management ...... 17 3. THE DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT ...... 18 3.1. The Reccomended Project ...... 18 3.2. The Aim of the Project ...... 19 3.3. The Development Process of the Project ...... 20 3.4. The Location of the Project ...... 20 3.5. Ownership Status ...... 27 3.6. The Technical Specifications of the Project ...... 27 3.7. Transportation and Access ...... 29 3.8. The Construction of the Project ...... 29 3.9. The Operation and Maintenance Period of the Project ...... 31 3.10. The Decommisioning of the Project ...... 31 3.11. The Workforce ...... 32 4.2. Air Quality ...... 34 4.3. Land Use ...... 35 4.4. Geology ...... 36 4.5.1. Regional Geology ...... 36 4.5.2. Local Geology ...... 42 4.6. The Seismecity ...... 47 4.7. Hydrology and Hydrogeology ...... 50 4.7.1. Surface Waters ...... 51 4.7.2. The Springs ...... 57 4.7.3. Underground Waters and Wells ...... 59 4.9. The Fauna ...... 72 4.10. The Protected Areas ...... 92 4.11. The Archaeological Sites ...... 94 4.12. Socio- Economical Environment ...... 94 4.12.1. Socio- Economical Attributes of Yalova City ...... 94 4.12.2. Socio- Economical Attributes of Bursa City ...... 95 5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ...... 96 5.1.3 The Post- Operation ...... 99 5.2 The Air Emissions ...... 100 5.2.1 The Construction ...... 100 5.2.2 The Operation ...... 101 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

5.2.3 The Post- Operation ...... 101 5.3 The Water Supply and the Waste Water ...... 101 5.3.1 The Construction ...... 101 5.3.2 The Operation ...... 102 5.3.3 The Post- Operation ...... 102 5.4 The Hazardous Material ...... 103 5.4.1 The Construction ...... 103 5.4.2 The Operation ...... 103 5.4.3 The Post-Operation ...... 104 5.5 Nonhazardous Wastes ...... 104 5.5.1 The Construction ...... 104 5.5.2 The Operation ...... 105 5.5.3 The Post- Operation ...... 106 5.6 The Medical Wastes ...... 106 5.7 The Land and the Underground Water ...... 106 5.7.1 The Construction ...... 106 5.7.2 The Operation ...... 106 5.7.3 The Post- Operation ...... 107 5.8 The Effects on the Biological Sources ...... 107 5.8.1 The Protected Areas ...... 108 5.8.2. The Bird Collision Risk ...... 108 5.9. The Cultural and Historical Assets ...... 111 5.10 The Landscaping ...... 111 5.10.3 The Post- Operation ...... 115 5.11 Ailing and Translocation ...... 115 5.12 The Electromagnetic Effect of the Underground Energy Transfer Line ...... 115 5.13 The Barrier Effect and the Lighting ...... 115 6. THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF THE COMMUNITY AND THE LABOR ...... 116 6.1. Working at height ...... 116 6.2. Airway and Seaway Navigational Safety ...... 116 6.3. The Icing of the Winds ...... 118 6.4. Electromagnetic Interference ...... 118 6.5.Public Access ...... 118 7. THE EVALUATION OF THE ALTERNATIVES ...... 118 7.1. Technology Alternatives ...... 118 7.2. Alternative Areas ...... 119 8. ENVIROMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 120 9. STUDY OF THE SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION ...... 133 9.1. The Aims of the Study ...... 133 9.2. Methodhology ...... 133 9.2.1. The Household Interview Survey ...... 133 9.2.2 The Focus Group Discussion ...... 134 9.2.3 The Headmen ...... 134 9.3 Main Features of the Settlement Area ...... 134 9.3.3 Main Sources of Income ...... 140 9.3.5 Substantial Problems in the Project Area ...... 141 9.3.9 Opinions about the Project ...... 145 9.3.10 Expopriation ...... 148 9.4 Socio- Economical Effects of the Project ...... 148 9.4.1 Social Effects ...... 148 9.4.2 People Who Are Affected by the Project ...... 149 9.4.3 Economical ...... 149 9.4.5 Socio- Cultural Problems ...... 150 9.4.6 The Noise and the Traffic ...... 150

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

9.4.7 The Noise and the Visual Effects ...... 151 9.5. The Informing of the Public and the Participation Plan ...... 153 9.6 Complaints Mechanism ...... 153 9.7 The Results and Suggestions...... 154 10. THE REFERENCES ...... 157

Index of Tables Page Number:

Table 1. Limiting Values for the Air Polutants (Regulation of the Governance of Air Pollution Caused by the Industrial Appendix II) ...... 8 Table 2. Limited Values for the Construction Site ...... 10 Table 3. Limited Values for Environmental Noice for the Industry Facilities ...... 11 Table 4. Noise Limited Values ...... 15 Table 5.The Limited Values for Air Polutants of Air Quality Guide of the World Health Organization (WHO)...... 16 Table 6. Turbine Coordinates...... 22 Table 7. Nordex 3.6 MW N117 Type Wind Turbine Technical Attributes ...... 27 Table 9. City of Yalova Meteorological Data ...... 33 Table 10: City of Bursa Meteorological Data ...... 33 Table 11. The Breakpoints of National Air Quality Index ...... 34 Table 12. The Average Monhly Values of 2015 Air Quality Parameters of Bursa Station and the number of days it has been exceeded (http://www.havaizleme.gov.tr/ 2015)...... 34 Table 13. The Average Monhly Values of 2015 Air Quality Parameters of Yalova Station and the number of days it has been exceeded (http://www.havaizleme.gov.tr/ 2015)...... 35 Table 14. The Amphibians confirmed in the Project Area and its Vicinity and their Protection Status.73 Table 15. The Reptilians confirmed in the Project Area and its Vicinity and their Protection Status. . 76 Table 16. The Mammals confirmed in the Project Area and its Vicinity and their Protection Status. 78 Table 17. The Bird Species (Aves) of the Project Area and their Protection Status...... 81 Table 18. Yalova Population according to the Districts ...... 94 Table 19. Bursa Population according to the Districts ...... 95 Table 20. The Noise Dispersion caused by the Construction of the Wind Energy Plants ...... 97 Table 21: Total maximum noise calculated according to the distances Noise Dispersion ...... 99 Table 22. Environmental and Social Management Plan ...... 121 Table 23. On-Site Health and Safety Program ...... 130 Table 24. The Ratio Distribution in terms of Gender in the District/Village/County Where the Study is being made at ...... 134

Index of Maps Page Number:

Map 1. Manastir-Esenkoy WPP and Kurek Dagi WPP Layout Plan ...... 25 Map 2: The Map of the Total Land Size of the Project Area ...... 36 Map 3: The Geological Map of the Project area ...... 46 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

ABBREVIATIONS CITES Convention on the international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna EIA Environmental Impact Assesment EASIEN Environmental Assessment of Social Impact of Environmental Noise. ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment WB World Bank EMRA Energy Market Regulatory Authority ICAO International nternational Civil Aviation Organization IFC International Finance Corporation IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources GW Gigawatt AQAMR Air Quality Assessment Management Regulation KWh Kilowat hour CHC Central Hunting Commission MRE General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration MWe Megawatt Electric Power oC Centigrade Degree KBA Key Biodiversity Area ÖKA Important Bird Area PCB Poliklorlu Bifenil PM Particulate Matter RES Wind Energy Plant PAF Product Advertisement File AAKY Regulation on Packaging Control SCENIHR Newly Developed and Defined Health Risks Scientific Committee. SGP Health and Security Plan RCIAP Regulation on Control of Industrial Air Pollution SKKY Water Pollution Control Regulation Sec. second SO2 Sulphur Dioxide NGO Non-Governmental Organizations MWCR Medical Waste Control Regulation CSCR Control of Soil Contamination Regulation HCR Hazardous Chemicals Regulation TSI Turkish Statistical Institution USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency UTM Universal Transverse Mercator VOC Volatic Organic Compound VU May be Harmed W West WHO World Health Organization WWF World Wildlife Foundation AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Properties of the Project

Totally, 30 items of wind turbines, consisted of 15 items of turbines in Kurekdagi RES Project and 15 items of turbines in Manastir-Esenkoy RES Project in the adjacent area in Bursa city, Gemlik County and Yalova city Cinarcik county, are being planned to be established by the companies within the structure of Agaoglu Group of Companies.

As an electric energy, wind energy has a great importance. The energy consumptions reveal increase and decrease in certain hours of the day. Due to these reasons, for to meet these needs instantly and in case of decrease in demands, the wind energy plants are among the leading energy production facilities which have the capacity of cutting-out instant. In the wind energy plants, for the produced energy’s being used in the needs of country, they have to be connected to the interconnected system by means of energy transmission lies.

The wind turbines that shall be used, are systems which transform the kinetic energy in wind first to mechanical energy, and then to electric energy. A wind turbine is generally consisted of a tower, speed converters (gearboxes), electric-electronic elements and a propeller. The kinetic energy of the wind is changed into mechanical energy in the rotor. By accelerating the rotary motion of the propeller shift, it is transmitted to the generator in the body. The electric energy, obtained from the generator is stored or transmitted to the recipients directly by means of the accumulators.

With the aim of transmitting the generated electric energy to one turbine to the other, the generated electric energy shall be first to the transmitted to the power switching centre that are going to be established in the project area, then to the city’s main supply. The workflow diagram, oriented toward the process from the construction process till it shall be commissioned, is summarized in Fig. 1.

Excavation Wastes and Site preparation studies, establishment of the Domestic Solid and Emission connected to worksite, digging the legs for the Turbine Liquid Wastes Sourced this. places etc. From Personnel

nitelikl Placing the Operating Units (turbines)

Underground cabling

Waste Oils 2.400 L. Domestic Solid and Commissioning the Turbines, Liquid Wastes Sourced From Personnel Transmitting the produced electricity to the Fig. 1. Workflow Chart For Construction Stage National Network nitelikl

Manastir-Esenkoy RES

15 items of wind turbines with a totally 30,45 MW installed power, are being planned to be established in Yalova City, Cinarcik County, Esenkoy and Kapakalan Tepe Site by the Marmarares Electric Production Incorporation and Manastir Electric Production Plants Incorporation within the structure of Agaoglu Group of Companies. In the facility, annually AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT a kWh energy production is being planned. The “Document of EIA Is Not Necessary” was taken from the Yalova Provincial Environmental and Urbanization for the Manastir RES Project with the date of 17.07.2012 and ecree no. 47 and for the Esenkoy RES Project with the date of 17.07.2012 ve decree No. 48. Kurekdagi RES The establishment of 15 items of turbine are being planned in Bursa City, Gemlik County, Kurekdagi, Hendekbasi Tepe, Orta Tepe, Bakamak Tepe, Cakal Tepe Sites and Yalova city, Cinarcik County, Davlumbaz Tepe, Bakacak Tepe, Delibaş Tepe Sites by the Bakir (Copper) Energy Electric Production Inc. in the structure of Agaoglu Group of Companies. The total installed power of Kurekdagi RES shall be 32,5 MW. In the facility, annually a 113.880.000 kWh energy production is being planned. For the Kurekdagi RES Project, the “Document of EIA Is Not Necessary” was given with an official letter dated as 07.08.2015 with no. E.12121 by the Bursa Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization. An Ornithological and Ecological Evaluation Reports were prepared within the scope of the Manastir-Esenkoy RES and Kurekdagi RES projects.These reports were approved by the Directorate of Nature Conservation, the approval letters-letter of undertaking were given in Annex-B. In the adjacent area of Esenkoy Project, the Yalova RES Project is located, and it was taken into operation in the year of 2016. The satellite image, showing the wind energy plants in the region is given as follows.

Figure 2. Google Earth View Showing the Wind Energy Plants in the Region

Retrospectively in the region due to the construction of Yalova RES regional inhabitants are familiar to Wind Energy Stations. To the nearest turbine from the villages the crow files distance even though is lower than 10 km since the villages are over the coastal region connection distances are over 10 km. Stationary fields are established at 850-900 km altitude. Teşvikiye, Esenköy, Şenköy and Narlı are at 0-50 m altitude, Haydariye is at 400 m altitude, Selimiye village is located at 600 m altitude. AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT Nearest residential area to Manastır-Esenköy RES station district is Delmece Valley which is approximately in 1 km south. The nearest residential area to Kürekdağı RES Station area in the south western in crow files distance in 4 km at Selimiye location and in northern west in 5,400 m distance are the Teşvikeye region area. Under the project scope in between the turbines vast majority of service road has been completed, wind turbine fundamentals and Transformer Centre construction affairs are initialized. Projects in September 2017 and October 2017 are planned to be included into operation in 2 phases. 1.2. Scope and Purpose of Environmental and Social Assessment Owner of the project Ağaoğlu Enerji Grubu with reference to the finance provision for the proposed project application to international finance institutions are concerned. Eventually, that present Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ÇSED) Report has been constituted in conformity with International Finance Corporation (IFC) and World Bank (DB) performance standards and manuals. In pursuant to Environmental and Social Sustainability IFC Performance Standards (2012), - Performance Standard 1: Environmental and Social Risk and Outcomes Assessment and Administration - Performance Standard 2: Employment and Working Conditions - Performance Standard 3: Prevention of Source Efficiency and Pollution - Performance Standard 4: Public Health, Safety and Security - Performance Standard 5: Land Procurement and Obligatory Resettlement - Performance Standard 6: Preservation of Biodiversity and Sustainable Management of Vital Natural Resources - Performance Standard 7: National Public - Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritages

Purposed of ÇSED relies on project’s; during the periods of the project following construction, management and post-operation is to find out the possible environmental and social influences related to ecosystem and national public. At the same time ÇSED to eradicate the possible outcomes of the project proposes the required precautions and develops a managerial and surveillance programs in association with potential effects of the project. Constituted ÇSED contains the below identified stages: - Composition of the data associated to technical aspect of the project. - Review of applied compatible national and international directives and standards, industrially applied best methodologies, - Identification of present environmental and socio-economical conditions of the project field, - During the project’s construction, operation and post-operational periods the possible air, water and soil emissions, specifications of properties and quantities. - Assessment of the project associated environmental and socio-economical outcomes. - Specification of preventions potential to eliminate or terminate the possible influences and - Preparation of review programs, auditing and feedback. AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT That presumed project is evaluated as “Category A” project and ÇSED report is compiled in that aspect. Under the scope of Environmental and Social Impact Measurement study households affected by the project are enrolled to information and questionnaire efforts. Inhabitant individual’s insights pertaining to the project whom are influenced by the project are collected. Negotiations held with the householders, questionnaire scope and details are depicted in Section 9. Fundamental purpose of that project relies on regional basis concentration during the progression of Environmental and Social Measurements. The present ÇSED report has been constituted according to national directives and IFC/DB guides. 2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Turkish Environmental Regulation Upon publication at the Official Newspaper dated 11th August 1983 and number 18132 brought into force and published at the Official Newspaper dated 13th May 2016 and number 26167 based on the Law number 5491 amended number 2872 Environment Law, industrial facilities and these facilities effects over the environment constitutes the grounds of legal liabilities. Industrial projects, during the planning and construction operations are in charge of widespread of laws and provisions. Under the scope of Environmental Regulation plenty of directives are published. Among these directives wind stations constructions and operations stages associated phases are depicted down. *Dated 25.11.2014 and number 29186 (dated 09.02.2016 and amendment Number 30035) brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Environmental Affects Assessment Regulation ; * Dated 04.06.2010 and number 27601 (dated 18.11.2015 and amendment Number 29536) brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper and concerned valid Environmental Noise Pollution Assessment Inhibition Regulation ; * Dated 31.12.2014 and number 25687 (dated 10.01.2016 and amendment Number 29589) brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Water Pollution Control Regulation ; * Dated 13.03.1971 and number 13783 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation of Constructions Over the Locations Incompatible For Drain-Duct Associated Holes; * Dated 02.04.2015 and number 29314 (dated 23.03.2017 and amendment Number 30016) brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Waste Control Regulation ; * Dated 30.07.2008 and number 26952 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Waste Oil Control Regulation ; * Dated 25.01.2017 and number 29959 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Medical Waste Control Regulation ; * Dated 24.08.2011 and number 28035 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Package Waste Control Regulation ; * Dated 31.08.2004 and number 25569 (dated 23.12.2014 and amendment Number 29214) brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation of Waste Battery and Accumulators Control; * Dated 18.03.2004 and number 25406 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper, Regulation on Excavation Construction Ruin Waste Control; *Dated 08.06.2010 and number 27605 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation on Soil Pollution Control and Point Source Pollution Area; * Dated 03.07.2009 and number 27277 (dated 20.12.2014 and amendment Number 29211) brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation on Industrial Originated Contaminated Areas; * Dated 06.06.2008 and number 26898 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT Regulation on Air Quality Assessment and Management; * Dated 13.01.2015 and number 25699 (dated 27.01.2010 and amendment Number 27475) brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation on Heating Generated Air Contamination Control; * Dated 11.03.2017 and number 30004 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Exhaust Gas Emission Control Regulation; * Dated 10.09.2014 and number 29115 (dated 21.09.2016 and amendment Number 29384) brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation on Environmental Permission and License;

* Dated 21.11.2008 and number 27061 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation on Environmental Inspection Regulation; Apart from the regulations of Environmental Law and related regulations, in pursuant to the conservation of natural life and Wilderness life also provisions and directives are applied. These legal provisions and regulations are depicted down: *Number 6831 Forestry Law (amended by Law number 5192; *Number 5403 Soil Conservation and Land Use Law, * Dated 04.04.2014 and number 28962 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation on Wet Land Preservation; *Number 2863 Cultural and Natural Values Protection Law (amendment by Law Number 5226); *Number 4342 Field Law; Furthermore, directly or indirectly in association with environmental inspections also other laws and regulations are settled up. With that object in mind, the project is subject to these laws and regulations. Generally, pertaining to the construction period of the project these laws and regulations are listed down: * Dated 10.08.2005 and number 25902 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation on Business Establishment and Operation Permission; *Number 4857 Employment Law; * Dated 09.12.2003 and number 25311 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation on Employment Health and Safety; * Dated 05.10.2013 and number 28786 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation on Health and Safety on Construction Affairs; * Dated 23.08.2013 and number 28744 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation on Temporary or Identified Period Businesses Employment Health and Safety Law; *Alternative laws and regulations are depicted down: * Number 5343 Law on Renewable Energy Sources Electricity Energy Production Oriented Use Associated Legal Constitution; *Dated 14.07.2017 and number 26582 brought into effect upon publication at the Official Newspaper Regulation on Constructions Proposed Over the Disaster Regions; In the below section Manastır-Esenköy and Kürekdağı Wind Energy Station regulations have been defined briefly. 2.1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure in Turkey Environmental Impact Assessment (ÇED) Regulation initially published at the Official Newspaper dated 07.02.1993 and number 21489. That regulation respectively, revised on the date of 23.06.1997, 06.06.2002, 16.12.2003 and 17.07.2008. ÇED Regulation’s final form is published at the Official Newspaper on 25.11.2014 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT and number 29186. Objective of the present Regulation is the constitution of managerial and technical procedures and basics that shall be followed up during ÇED period. That Regulation; *ÇED Application File, ÇED Report and ÇED period obligatory managerial, technical and legal procedures and fundamentals, * ÇED system availability for wide range and effective application in environmental management and for the reinforcement of institutional structure required training efforts, *Following the project’s application into operation, post-operation and operation periods required monitoring and auditing efforts are encompassed. As per article 6 in the regulation, out of ÇED Regulation project listed at Annex-I and Annex-II, ÇED Report or Project Identification Files (PTD) must be presented. Annex I encompasses the lists of projects requiring to compose ÇED Report; Annex II encompassed the projects lists requiring the constitution of PTD. Annex II listed projects as per ÇED Regulation Annex-IV associated format PTD must be plotted and the prepared PTD must be presented at the disposal of related Environment and Urbanization Provincial Directory. The Directorate must review the prepared PTD in 5 days. Upon the determination of the Directory must request the performance of more detailed information and project on-site for assessment and measurement. Prospectively, the decree in the form of “ÇED required” or “ÇED is not required” shall be conferred. “ÇED is not required” decree for the completion of the project refers to the fact that there is no need for ÇED report and to the presentation at the disposal of Environment and Urbanization Ministry. Eventually, the project in accordance with national regulations may be authorized for obligatory permissions. “ÇED is required” decree refers to the necessity to follow up the procedure allocated in ÇED Regulation, detailed ÇED report composition and for authentication necessitates the presentation at the counter of related Environment and Urbanization Ministry. Wind Energy Stations as per ÇED Regulation Annex II list Article 43 in the form of “constructed power 50 MW and beyond wind energy stations” in Annex II list in Article 42 listed as “Energy Stations Constructed Power corresponded to 10-50 MW wind energy stations”. In that respect, for the aspired Manastır, Esenköy and Kürekdağı Wind Energy Stations independently PTD has been constituted. By Yalova Environmental and Urbanization Directorate; for Manastır RES project, Dated 17.07.2012 and Number 47 Decision and for Esenköy RES project on 17.07.2012 and Decision Number 48 “ÇED Not Obliged” provisions proposed. For Kürekdağı RES by Bursa Environmental and Urbanization Directorate on 06.08.2015 and Decree number E.2015737 “CED is Not Required” provisions were submitted. AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT 2.1.2. Air Quality

Basic regulations on the air quality are as fallow: *Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation (The Official Gazette dated 03.07.2009 and numbered 27277); Objective of this regulation is to control the smut, smoke, dust, gas, vapor and aerosol emissions released to the atmosphere as a result of the activities of industrial and energy generation facilities; to protect humans and their environment from the hazards arising from the pollutions in the air receiving environment; to eliminate the negative effects of the air pollutions on the environment significantly deteriorating the public and neighborhood relations and to ensure prevention of occurrence of such effects.

*Air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation (The Official Gazette dated 06.06.2008 and numbered 26898); Objective of this regulation is to describe and create air quality objectives to prevent or diminish the negative effects of the air pollution on the environment and human health, to assess the air quality by taking the described methods and criteria as basis, to maintain the current condition in the places where the air quality is good otherwise to improve it, to collect sufficient information related to the air quality and to ensure that the public is informed via the alert thresholds.

*Heat-Originated Air Pollution Control Regulation (The Official Gazette dated 13.01.2005 and numbered 25699 (amendment dated 27.01.2010 and numbered 27475)); Objective of this regulation is to diminish and audit the negative air quality effects of the air pollutants released into the outdoor air in the forms of smut, smoke, dust, gas, vapor and aerosol emitted by the heating facilities serving to houses, collective houses, cooperative houses, apartment building groups, schools, universities, hospitals, state offices, business offices, recreation facilities, industrial facilities and the like.

*Exhaust Gas Emission Control Regulation (The Official Gazette dated 11.03.2017 and dated 30004); Objective of this regulation is to determine the required procedures and rules to ensure that the exhaust gas pollutants are diminished and controlled with measurement in order to protect the all the living things and environment from the air pollution and its effects caused by the exhaust gasses produced by the motor land vehicles in the traffic.

Throughout the Manastır – Esenköy and Kürekdağı Wind Power Plant Project construction, excavation works will cause fugitive dust formation and also throughout such construction heavy duty vehicles will cause exhaust gas formation. Additionally if the accommodation camp site to be built for the construction workers is established in the project area, it will cause heat-originated air pollution in the construction period. During the operation of the planned project there won’t be a point emission source or fugitive emission. Only emission source will be the emission of diesel-fueled generator to be used in emergency.

Emission Limits

Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation has determined the emission limits for the sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) according to the industrial activity, heating unit in the facility and the used fuel type. The regulation has also determined the limit values for the hazardous (non-carcinogenic), carcinogenic organic gas and vapor emissions. The regulation has divided the hazardous and carcinogenic organic compounds into 3 groups.

As it is specified above, no air polluting emissions will exist in the construction period of Manastır – Esenköy and Kürekdağı Wind Power Plant Project. Pursuant to the Appendix-2 of the Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation, limit values for PM10 and dust precipitation concentration produced by the loading, unloading, screening, carrying, crushing and grinding activities are given in Table 2-1.

Parameter Time Unit Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019- 2024 and 2023 onward Airborne 24 hours Particulate (not Matter exceeded 100 90 80 70 60 50 50 (PM 10) annually µg/m3 more than 35 times Annual 60 56 52 48 44 40 40 LLV 210 210 210 210 210 210 210

SLV: Short Term Limit Value LLV: Long Term Limit Value

An exhaust emissions limit value hasn’t been determined for the heavy construction machines in the Environment Law of Turkey.

Outdoor (Ambient) Air Quality

Air quality limit values for two periods have been determined in the Air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation issued in the Official Gazette dated 06.06.2008 and numbered 26898. First period is the transition period lasting until 1 January 2014. Ambient air quality standards valid for the transition period are given in Appendix-1A and ambient air quality standards to be valid after the transition period are given in Appendix-I. Energy generation from the wind power isn’t a process based on burning as it is based on the direct transformation of mechanical energy into the electric energy. Thus there won’t be any air emission during the facility operation. Therefore it won’t negatively affect the air quality of the local environment. It is expected that the emissions to be released throughout the construction period will be temporary.

2.1.3. Waste Water

Water Pollution Control Regulation (WPCR) came into force after it was issued in the Official Gazette dated 31.12.2004 and numbered 25687 and then it has been revised with the Regulation on the Amendment of the Water Pollution Control Regulation issued in the Official Gazette dated 10.01.2016 and numbered 29589. Objective of this regulation is to determine the legal and technical procedures required to harmonize the water pollution prevention activities with the sustainable development objectives in order to ensure the protection of national underground and surface water resources potential and best utilization of such water resources.

WPCR elaborates the water quality categories and their use purposes, planning principles and prohibitions related to the water quality preservation, waste water discharge principles and discharge permits, applications of waste water infrastructures and monitoring and audit principles for water pollution prevention and it also classifies the industrial enterprises by their sectors. WPCR has determined “sector-specific” discharge limits for many waste water types. There are also limits determined in the Regulation according to the pollution load of domestic waste water.

Domestic waste waters of residential areas which are populated under 84 individuals and also in which it is impossible to build a sewerage system are collected in a watertight cesspool and then carried to the waste water infrastructure facilities by a sewage truck. Waste water sources collecting their domestic waste waters in a watertight cesspool and carrying to a waste water infrastructure facility by a sewage truck shall keep the protocol made with the respective waste water managements and the documents obtained after the waste water disposal by a sewage truck for a period of 5 years and shall submit them to the officials in the audits.

The planned Manastır – Esenköy and Kürekdağı Wind Power Plant Project will not produce industrial waste water. Only domestic waste water will be produced during the periods of construction and operation. Furthermore the waste water produced by the concrete mixer shall be kept in an impermeable pit and thus suspended solid matters will deposit. Clean water remaining above will be used for watering activities for the dust prevention.

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT Because the domestic waste water cannot be directly discharged into the receiving environment, the domestic waste water discharge limits specified in WPCR are not applicable for this proposed project.

2.1.4. Soil Pollution

Regulation on the Soil Pollution Control and Point Source Polluted Areas has been issued in the Official Gazette dated 08.06.2010 and numbered 27605. Objective of this regulation is to determine sustainable development objectives-harmonized procedures on the prevention of soil pollution as a receiving environment, determination of the areas and sectors where the pollution exists or probably will exist, pollution removal of such soils and areas and monitoring of them.

Pursuant to this Regulation it is a must to prevent the soil pollution at source. It is prohibited to perform activities such as directly or indirectly introducing all kinds of wastes and residues into the soil or storing them in a manner harming the soil and contrary to the standards specified in the Environment Law and respective regulations. As per the Regulation rehabilitation of the contaminated soil (for example: clean-up) is the responsibility of the facility owner. Furthermore parameters to be analyzed after rehabilitation are specified in the regulation and the analysis results shall comply with the limit values in the regulation.

Activities to be performed during the construction and operation period within the scope of the planned project shall comply with the Regulation on the Soil Pollution Control and Point Source Polluted Areas which has entered into force after it was issued in the Official Gazette dated 08.06.2010 and numbered 27605 (amendment dated 11.07.2013 and numbered 28704).

2.1.5. Noise

Regulation on Environmental Noise Assessment and Management (RENAM) has entered into force after it was issued in the Official Gazette dated 04.06.2010 and numbered 27601. Objective of this regulation is to determine the principles and procedures to prepare action plans on noise prevention and reduction in the places where environmental noise exposure levels may cause harmful effects on the human health and it is required that the environmental noise quality is preserved and to ensure such action plans are implemented.

Facilities required to obtain a noise control permit are determined by the Environment Permit and License Regulation. Pursuant to it, hydroelectric power plant projects are exempt from the noise control provisions of the environment permit. However for the facilities not included by the Appendix-1 and Appendix-2 of Environment Permit and License Regulation, an evaluation is made from environmental noise aspect by the authorized administration for the Workplace Opening and Operating Licenses to be given within the scope of the Regulation on Workplace Opening and Operating Licenses, if necessary, an assessment report on the environmental noise level is required and opinion of the authorized administration on this report is based on.

The project area is located in a rural area. RENAM has determined the noise levels to be complied by the construction sites. These limit values are given in the table below. These limit values shall be complied with throughout the activities to be performed within the scope of the planned project.

Table 2. Environmental Noise Limit Values for The Construction Site

Activity type (construction, destruction and repair) L daytime (dBA) Building 70 Road 75 Other sources 70

Various equipment and machines will be used throughout the project construction. Thus “the Regulation on the Noise Emission in the Environment by Equipment for Outdoor Use” issued in the Official Gazette dated 30.12.2006 and numbered 26392 shall be complied with for the machines and equipment to be used within the scope of the project.

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT In RENAM, different limit values are determined for the day time and night time periods during the operation periods of the industrial facilities. These facilities are divided into four groups as per the sensitivity of the area where the project is located. This project is subject to the limit values determined for the areas which are densely populated by the residential buildings from the group of the commercial buildings and residential usages sensitive against the noise coexist”. Noise limit values to be complied in the operation step of the project are given in the table below. The project shall not exceed these limit values throughout its operation period.

Table 3. Environmental Noise Limit Values for the Industrial Facilities Areas L day time L evening L night (dBA) (dBA) (dBA) Education, culture and health areas from the residential usages sensitive 60 55 50 to the noise and areas densely populated with the summer houses and camp places. The areas which are densely populated by the residential buildings from 65 60 55 the group of the commercial buildings and residential usages sensitive against the noise coexist The areas which are densely populated by the workplaces from the group 68 63 58 of the commercial buildings and residential usages sensitive against the noise coexist Industrial areas 70 65 60

It is specified in the Article 23(1)-b of RENAM that construction site activities performed in the residential areas and in their vicinities shall not be performed in the evening and night time periods except the day time period. However it is stated in its subparagraph ç that “construction activities preventing the day time city traffic along with the construction activities of the projects serving to the public interest such as dam, bridge, tunnel, highway, inner-city main road, mass housing constructions can be continued on the condition of not working in day time period when the limit values obtained by deducting 5 dBA for evening time period and 10 dBA for night time period from the day time values in the Table-5 of Appendix-VII are ensured and after the resolution of the Provincial Local Board of Environment on this subject is obtained”.

Additionally pursuant to RENAM, the company shall place an easily noticeable plate in the construction site exhibiting the starting and completion dates of the construction and information on the working periods.

2.1.6. Waste

Waste Management Regulation has entered into force after it was issued in the Official Gazette dated 02.04.2015 and numbered 29314 (amendment dated 23.03.2017 and numbered 30016). Objective of this regulation is to determine the procedures to ensure the management of the wastes from their formation to their disposal without harming the environment and human health.

Pursuant to the Article 5 of the regulation it is required that if the waste production is unavoidable, with the other processes aiming at recycling, re-using and obtaining secondary raw materials the waste is recovered and used as an energy source. During the decomposition, collection, transportation, recovery and disposal of the wastes it is required that the methods and processes which won’t create risks for water, air, soil, plants and animals and won’t cause disturbance because of the noise, vibration and smell and will prevent the environment from being negatively affected and thus won’t harm the environment and human health. Pursuant to the Article 11 of the regulation individuals, organizations and enterprises making such described disposal and recovery activities with the waste producing facilities and enterprises are liable to keep the records including the waste type and code number of the waste specified in the appendix, waste amount, waste source, the facility the waste is carried to, transportation type, activities performed on the waste as per the specified methods; to send them to the Ministry in the intervals determined by the Ministry and to submit them for the Ministry examination and audit.

Furthermore the regulation includes hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, their codes, recycling and disposal methods and features of the hazardous wastes.

Regulation of Excavation Soil, Construction and Ruin Wastes has entered into force after it was issued in the Official Gazette dated 18.03.2004 and numbered 25406. Objective of this regulation is regulate the general rules to be complied with and technical and administrative provisions to initially reduce at source, to collect, to temporarily store, to transport, to recover, to re-use and to dispose the excavation soil, construction and ruin wastes in a manner not harming the environment.

Pursuant to the Article 9 of the regulation, excavation soil and construction/ruin wastes producers are liable to make waste management in a manner of minimizing the negative effects of the wastes on the environment and human health in compliance with the provisions of this regulation. The facilities must obtain the required permits and approvals in the steps of the waste formation, transportation and storage. They cannot dump the wastes any place except the recovery or storage facility permitted by the municipality or civil administrator.

Pursuant to the regulation the project owner is liable to take precautions to reduce the noise and visual pollution and dust emissions and to enclose the activity area during the outlet of the excavation soil. Planning is made in a manner of equalizing the excavated soil obtained during excavation activities with the filling volumes and it is ensured that the excavation soil is initially used in the activity area. Enerjisa has described the required precautions and methods in Plan on Erosion and Sedimentation Management/ Plan on Landscaping and Recycling to the Nature. The contractor shall perform its activities during the construction in compliance with these plans.

Packaging Wastes

Regulation on Packaging Wastes Control has entered into force after it was issued in the Official Gazette dated 24.08.2011 and numbered 28035.

Pursuant to the Article 26 of the regulation, without considering the material used in the package and its formation source packaging wastes produced as a result of consumption must be stored in a separate place from the other wastes where they are created in order to reduce the environment pollution, to ensure maximum utilization of the sanitary landfill facilities and make contributions to the economy. Package waste producers are liable to separately store their created wastes from the other wastes.

Waste producers exist within the borders of a district municipality which makes the waste collection work at source as described in this regulation are liable to give their package wastes to the municipalities responsible for the collection of the wastes and/or to the environmental licensed collection and separation facilities made a contract with the municipality.

This proposed project is liable to comply with the provisions of “the Waste Management Regulation” and “the Regulation on Package Wastes Control” during the period of construction and operation. Package wastes shall temporarily be collected in the place allocated for them in the Central Waste Collection Site” and they will be disposed in compliance with the Regulation.

Waste Batteries and Accumulators

Regulation on Waste Batteries and Accumulators Control has entered into force after it was issued in the Official Gazette dated 31.08.2004 and numbered 25569.

Pursuant to the Article 13 of the Regulation, battery and accumulator consumers are liable to separately collect the waste batteries from the domestic wastes and to deliver the waste batteries to the collection points formed by the municipalities or the enterprises distributing and selling the battery products. It is expected that the planned project will produce some hazardous wastes during the period of construction and operation. Thus the project is liable to comply with the provisions of the Regulation on Hazardous Wastes Control and Regulation on Waste Batteries and Accumulators Control throughout its construction and operation periods.

Turkey has signed many international agreements and conventions in order to conserve the environment and biological diversity. International conventions/agreements related to the wind power plants are given below:

* “Biological Diversity Convention” which was approved by the law dated 29.08.1996 and numbered 4177 and issued in the Official Gazette dated 27.12.1996 and numbered 22860,

* “The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)” which was issued in the Official Gazette dated 20.06.1996 and numbered 22672,

* “The Convention on the Conservation of Wildlife and Natural Habitats (BERN)” which was approved with a cabinet decree dated 09.01.1984 and numbered 84-7601 and issued in the Official Gazette dated 20.02.1984 and numbered 18318,

* “The Convention on Conservation of Wetlands (RAMSAR)” which was approved with the cabinet decree dated 15.03.1994 and numbered 94/5434 and issued in the Official Gazette dated 17.05.1994 and numbered 21937,

* “International Convention for the Protection of Birds” which was approved by the law dated 10.12.1966 and numbered 797 and issued in the Official Gazette dated 17.12.1966 and numbered 12480,

* “The Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage” dated 14 February 1983 and numbered 17959.

The project shall be carried out in compliance with the related articles of the abovementioned conventions.

2.3. The World Bank (WB)/ International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines

This proposed project has also been evaluated as per IFC guidelines related to the environmental and social conditions, health and safety, reference books, performance standards and good practices documents as well as the environmental legislation in Turkey. The documents guiding this study have been listed below.

Guidelines:

* IFC Standards on the Environmental and Social Sustainability Performance, January 2012, * IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guideline for Wind Energy (2007)

IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Wind Energy describe the environmental problems such as visual effects, noise, deaths or injuries of the species and their disturbance, light and lighting, change of the habitat and effected water quality specifically within the scope of the wind energy projects. Guidelines specify that no emission is generally released during the operation of the wind energy facilities. Created air emissions, waste water discharge and solid wastes during the construction period and after the operation period are evaluated in compliance with the IFC General Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines.

These guidelines also include subjects related to the occupational and community health and safety for the periods of the construction, operation and post operation of the wind energy projects generally similar to the great industrial and infrastructure projects. Situations which may create danger from the occupational health and safety aspect in the wind power plants are physical dangers such as working at height, working in confined places and working with rotating mechanisms. Situation which may create danger from the occupational health and safety aspect in the wind power plants is working at height. Other situations which may create danger are air way safety, ejection of the blade and ice, electromagnetic interference, radiation and access of the people.

Performance Standards:

* IFC Performance Standards on the Environmental and Social Sustainability (2012), AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

- Performance Standard 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts - Performance Standard 2: Labor and Working Conditions - Performance Standard 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention - Performance Standard 4: Community Health, Safety and Security - Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement - Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources - Performance Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples - Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage

* IFC Guidance Notes concerning the Social and Environmental Sustainability (2007).

IFC Performance Standards and the related guidelines have been followed during the study of Environmental and Social Risk/Impact Assessment. Entire content of the EIA report has been determined in compliance with the Performance Standard 1 – The Guidance Notes. If applicable, Performance Standards 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 – The Guidance Notes have been used. Performance Standard 7 isn’t applicable for this project.

Good Practices Guidelines:

* Achieving Better Works With the Public Participation, Good Practice Guideline, * Good Practice Note: Social Dimensions of the Private Sector Projects (2003), * Stakeholder Participation – A Handbook for the Companies Doing Business in the Emerging Markets (2007).

These booklets have been used when the public consultation and social assessment parts of the Assessment of Environmental and Social Impacts have been prepared.

Operational Guidelines:

* Operational Guideline OP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment (1999).

Operational Guideline and its appendixes (Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C) have been followed during this study.

Content of ESIA has generally been determined in compliance with “IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guideline for Wind Energy (IFC, 2012).

2.3.1. Noise

Wind turbines produce noise when they operate. Principal source of this noise is mechanical and aerodynamic sounds. Noise Guidelines examine the effects of the noise created within the borders of the facility. Pursuant to the guideline, the noise sensed by the receiver shall not exceed the values given in the table below or shall not increase the current noise level more than 3 dBA.

Table 4. Noise Limits

Receiver 1 Hour LAeq (dBA) Day Time Night (07:00 – 22:00) (22:00 – 07:00) Residential, Institutional and Educational Areas 55 45 Industrial and Commercial Areas 70 70

Precautions taken to prevent and control the noise are basically related to the engineering design standards. For example; Broadband noise is created by the air turbulence occur behind the turbine blades and increases with the increase of the rotation speed. This noise can be controlled by the variable turbine speeds or the more inclined blades having lower rotation speeds. Other noise control precautions proposed by IFC are given below: AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

* Determined places of the wind farms must be away from sensitive noise receivers such as the residential areas, hospitals and schools;

*Compliance of the wind turbines with the national and international acoustical design standards (International Energy Agency, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and American National Standards Institute)

2.3.2. Air Emissions and Air Quality

The proposed project must prevent, reduce and control the air emissions which harm the human health, safety and environment. If it is impossible to prevent the air emissions, the emissions must be managed with the emission control techniques such as efficient use of energy, process modification, selection of the less pollutant one of the fuels or the other used materials.

Pursuant to the General Guideline on Environment, Health and Safety the projects having the air emissions to affect negatively the air quality shall prevent or at least minimize these emissions in compliance with the standards included by the national legislation. If the related standards aren’t available, current Air Quality Guideline of the World Health Organization (WHO) or the other international recognized sources must be taken into consideration. The emissions shall not exceed the values specified in the related air quality guidelines and standards. Air pollutant limit values specified in the WHO Ambient Air Quality Guideline are given in the table below.

Table 5. Air Pollutant Limit Values Specified in the WHO Ambient Air Quality Guideline

Average Time Guideline Value (µg/m3) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 24-hour 125 (temporary objective-1) 50 (temporary objective-2) 20 (guideline) 10 minutes 500 (guideline) nitrogen oxide (NO2) 1 year 40 (guideline) 1 hour 200 (guideline) Particulate Matter PM10 1 year 70 (temporary objective-1) 50 (temporary objective-2 30 (temporary objective-3) 20 (guideline) 150 (temporary objective-1) 24 hour 100 (temporary objective-2) 75 (temporary objective-3) 50 (guideline) 1 year 35 (temporary objective-1) Particulate Matter 25 (temporary objective-2 PM2.5 15 (temporary objective-3) 10 (guideline) 75 (temporary objective-1) 50 (temporary objective-2) 24 hour 37.5 (temporary objective-3) 25 (guideline) Ozone Daily 8 hours maximum 160 (temporary objective-1) 100 (guideline)

2.3.3. Waste Water and Water Quality

IFC Waste Water and Water Quality Guideline is applied for the projects which directly or indirectly discharge the process water, discharge the waste water from the general use into the environment or deliver the industrial waste water into the sanitary sewer discharging into the environment without being treated. This guideline includes applicable waste water management, water protection and re-use techniques for many industrial sectors. According AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT to the guideline, the projects having the potential of process waste water and domestic waste water production must take the required precautions to prevent, reduce and control the negative effects of the project on the human health, safety and environment.

Pursuant to the guideline the septic systems must be designed and established in a manner of complying with the local regulations, not harming the human health and not causing contamination of the soil, underground water and surface water. Establishment place of such septic systems shall have sufficient soil percolation capacity for the designed waste water loading speed and shall have stabile and permeable soil structure and a drainage system.

The guideline also specifies that if the waste water of the industrial facility is discharged into a septic system, the treatment to be applied shall comply with the national and local discharge standards. The waste water from the cesspool tank shall be delivered to a waste water treatment facility which makes the treatment in a manner of meeting the standards specified in the guideline.

2.3.4. Hazardous Substances

Hazardous Substance Management Guideline provides guidance to the projects using and storing hazardous substance regardless of their amounts. Hazardous substance is described as any substance which may harm the human health, the properties and the environment because of its physical or chemical features. Hazardous substances are classified as explosives, compressed gases, toxic or flammable gases, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizers, toxic substances, radioactive substances and corrosive substances.

Pursuant to the guideline, general objective of the hazardous substance management is to prevent the leaks or accidents (explosion and fire) when they are produced, used, stored and turn into waste or to minimize the leaks or accidents during such periods if it is impossible to prevent them. The projects which produce, store and use a hazardous substance shall prepare a management plan by considering the potential risks of the hazardous substances. Main objective of the projects working with the hazardous substances must be to protect the work force and to prevent such substance leaks and possible accidents. These objectives are achieved by implementing the protection and control precautions, management plans and procedures to the daily operation activities.

This guideline also includes the precautions related to the hazardous substance transportation. Little accidents or equipment faults may cause leaks or spills of the hazardous substances and leaks or spills may be also confronted during manual or mechanical handling from the chemical stores. For this reason it is recommended that special connections, pipes and hoses are used in the tanks and their maintenances are made and equipment appropriate for the transferred substance is used and a dike or a drip tray is used at the connection points.

Hazardous substances in small quantity will be used and stored during the construction and operation period of the planned project. The project shall comply with requirements of the Hazardous Substance Management Guideline.

2.3.5. Waste Management

Waste Management Guideline is valid for the projects which produce and store wastes in any quantities in the industrial sectors. The facility must form a waste management hierarchy including the prevention, reduction, re-use, recovery and disposal of the wastes. The facility must reduce or prevent the waste production as much as possible and re-use or recycling of the wastes must be achieved if the waste production isn’t prevented.

If the wastes cannot be re-used or recycled, produced wastes must be disposed without harming the environment.

It is stated in the guideline that the waste-producing facilities must classify their wastes according to their compositions, sources, types, production rate or local regulations. Furthermore facilities processes must be designed and operated in a manner of preventing or reducing the waste production and the hazards resulting from wastes. It is required that recycling plans must be also implemented to reduce the total waste amount. If waste is still produced even after the appropriate waste prevention, reduction, re-use, recovery and recycling applications, such produced wastes must be disposed in the most appropriate manner and all the required precautions must be taken to prevent them from harming the human health and environment. AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Solid (Nonhazardous) Wastes

Pursuant to the Waste Management Guideline, solid wastes are generally composed of the domestic wastes. Kitchen wastes, inert construction and excavation wastes, scrap metal materials and empty barrels and containers (excluding the ones used for storing the hazardous substances) can be examples of the solid wastes.

The project will produce solid wastes in a very small amount during the construction and operation periods. These wastes will be disposed as stated in the guideline.

Hazardous Wastes

Pursuant to the Waste Management Guideline, hazardous wastes are the wastes which have properties such as deflagration, corrosion, reactivity and toxicity or which have the physical, chemical or biological properties posing risk for the human health and environment if not disposed of appropriately. Wastes may be classified as “hazardous” according to the local regulations or international agreements or their origins or the hazardous waste list they are included by.

The guideline states that hazardous wastes must be separately stored from the other nonhazardous wastes and managed in a manner of not harming the human health & safety and the environment. Potential effects and risks of the hazardous wastes must be properly and completely understood. Hazardous wastes must be managed, treated and disposed in an appropriate manner by the licensed institutions. Unintentional release of the hazardous wastes to the air, soil and water resources must be controlled to be prevented when the hazardous wastes are stored. Wastes must be transported in a manner of preventing their spills and leaks in the area and out of the area and the workers shall not cause the public exposure of such wastes when they are transported.

3. DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT

3.1. Suggested Project

With the project;Wind energy plants, consisted of 30 turbines as being 15 in each in Kurekdagi RES Project and Manastir-Esenkoy RES Project, located in the border position, are being planned to be established. For the Manastir-Esenkoy RES Project, “An electric energy generation licence for 49 years” was taken from the Energy Market Regulatory Board ((Licence No. EU/6237-13/03493, 27th April, 2016). For the Kurekdagi RES Project, An electric energy generation licence for 49 years” was taken from the Energy Market Regulatory Board. (Licence No. EU/6619-4/03604, 23rd November, 2016).

In the 15 turbines which shall be established within the scope of Kurekdagi RES, totally a 113.880.000 kWh electricity shall be generated annually with an installed capacity of 32,5 MW. In the 15 turbines which shall be established within the scope of Manastir-Esenkoy RES, a 106.575.000 kWh electricity shall be generated annually with a 30,45 MW installed capacity. As the project roadworks are completed to a large extent, the foundations of the wind turbines and Substation construction works have been started. The commissioning of the projects are being planned in two stages as September 2017 and October 2017. The operation of the facilities is planned to be left to the enterprise.

3.2. Purpose of the Project

Power generation is an important need for our rapidly developing country like all the developed world countries. It becomes important that the new projects must be realized and commissioned in order to utilize the national power resources most efficiently and to meet the energy needs of the country.

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND

SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

WPP WPP capacity

peak installed power connectable WPP capacity demand

Figure 3. WPP capacities connectable to the Transformer Stations in Turkey Reference: General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration (EIE) – Mr. Mustafa Çalışkan, Wind Power Potential of Turkey and Current Investments slide.

As of the end of 2016, installed power of the licensed power energy plants in operation in Turkey is 5.751,3MW.

After the project is realized, energy opportunity will be provided to the regions in need of energy with the interconnected system. Thus both the regional economy and Turkish economy will be positively affected with the implementation of the project.

3.3. Development Process of the Project

Within the scope of Manastır – Esenköy WPP, one wind pole was erected in September 2012 and this pole fell down on 23 December 2012. Then a new pole was erected on 13 April 2013 and totally two-year wind measurement was made. Average wind speed was found 7,8 m/s at 80 meters.

Within the scope of Kürekdağı WPP, totally three wind poles were erected in August 2012, November 2012 and June 2015. Totally three-year wind data were obtained with these poles. Average wind speed was found 7,7 m/s at 80 meters.

-For Manastır – Esenköy WPP and Kürekdağı WPP project, within the scope of Kürekdağı WPP projects Ornithological and Ecological Evaluation Reports were prepared for Manastır – Esenköy WPP. These reports were approved by the General Directorate For Nature Conservation and approval documents & undertaking were attached.

-Separate Project Presentation Files were prepared for the said projects pursuant to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulation. “EIA is not required” resolutions for Manastır WPP project numbered 47 and dated 17.07.2012 and for Esenköy WPP project numbered 48 and dated 17.07.2012 were made by Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization of Yalova.

“EIA is not required” resolution for Kürekdağı WPP project numbered E.2015737 and dated 06.08.2015 was made by Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization of Bursa.

By 15 turbines to be established within the scope of Kürekdağı WPP, 113.880.000 kWh electricity will be generated annually with totally 32,5 MWe installed power. By 15 turbines to be established within the scope of Manastır- Esenköy WPP, 106.575.000 kWh electricity will be generated annually with totally 30,45 MWe installed power. AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

“49-year electricity power generation license” (License Nr. EÜ/6237-13/03493, 27 April 2016) for Manastır- Esenköy WPP was obtained from Energy Market Regulatory Authority.

“49-year electricity power generation license” (License Nr. EÜ/6619-4/03604, 23 November 2016) for Kürekdağı WPP was obtained from Energy Market Regulatory Authority.

Road works of the project have been substantially completed and wind turbine foundation and transformer station construction works have been commenced. It is planned that the projects will be commissioned in two phases in September 2017 and in October 2017. It has been planned that the facilities will operate for 49 years.

3.4. Location of the Project

Kürekdağı WPP project area is located in the borders of Gemlik District of Bursa Province and Çınarçık District of Yalova Province. Manastır-Esenköy WPP is located in the adjacent area in Çınarcık District of Yalova Province.

Kürekdağı WPP is located in Bursa Province, Gemlik District, Kürekdağı, Hendekbaşı Hill, Orta Hill, Bakamak Hill, Çakal Hill site and in Yalova Province, Çınarcık District, Davlumbaz Hill, Bakacak Hill, Delibaş Hill site.

Project area is under the authority of Gemlik District of Bursa Province. Gemlik has been founded at a distance of 30 km in the northwest of Bursa and on gulf coast named by the Sea of Marmara.

No residential areas are located in the vicinity of sections where the establishment of turbines within the scope of Kürek Dağı- WPP project has been planned. Although the project area is located within the provincial borders of Bursa, air distance of the project to the city center of Bursa located in the south of the project area is approximately 38 km. Distance of project area to the district center of Gemlik located in the southeast of section of it is approximately 14 km and to the other district ,Armutlu, located in the west of the project area is approximately 20 km.

Esenköy WPP project area is located in Esenköy site of Çınarcık District of Yalova Province.

Manastır WPP project area is located in Esenköy Kapakalan Hill site of Çınarcık District of Yalova Province.

Yalova Province comprises 5 districts and 53 residential units excluding the central district and İzmit. Districts of it are Altınova, Armutlu, Çınarcık, Çiftlikköy and Termal.

Although the air distance to the closest turbine from the villages is under 10 km, transportation roads distances are above 10 km because the villages are located on the coast. Power plant areas are located at the altitude of 850 – 900m and Teşvikiye, Esenköy, Şenköy and Narlı are located at the altitude of 0-50m and Haydariye is located at the altitude of 400m and Selimiye village is located at the altitude of 600m.

Table 6. Turbine Coordinates

Coordinate Order : Right & Up Coordinate Order: Latitude & Longitude Datum : ED-50 Datum: WGS-84 Type : UTM Type: GEOGRAPHIC Zone Middle Meridian: 35 Zone Middle Meridian: -- Zone: 27 Zone: -- Scale Factor: 6 degrees Scale Factor: -- MANASTIR – ESENKÖY WPP TURBINE POINTS T1 668093.000:4494684.000 40.58420812:28.98569653 T2 668478.000:4494833.000 40.58547135:28.99028287 T3 668796.000:4494762.000 40.58476732:28.99401928 T4 669128.000:4494513.000 40.58245771:28.99787323 T5 669440.000:4494430.000 40.58164663:29.00153531 T6 669730.000:4494302.000 40.58043480:29.00492541 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT T7 670130.000:4494386.000 40.58110897:29.00967143 T8 670583.000:4494404.000 40.58117780:29.01502555 T9 670607.000:4493959.000 40.57716641:29.01518868 T10 670128.000:4493964.000 40.57730999:29.00953407 T11 669102.000:4493774.000 40.57580954:28.99736823 T12 668752.000:4493640.000 40.57467449:28.99319971 T13 668125.000:4493942.000 40.57752108:28.95887678 T14 668655.000:4494238.000 40.58007829:28.99221414 T15 671695.000:4494515.000 40.58194727:29.02818675 KÜREKDAĞI WPP TURBINE POINTS T1 672492.000:4489921.000 40.54042102:29.03634390 T2 672238.000:4490143.000 40.54247254:29.03340685 T3 671977.000:4490377.000 40.54463349:29.03039027 T4 672177.000:4491560.000 40.55524277:29.03307288 T5 672041.000:4491867.000 40.55803500:29.03155113 T6 671901.000:4492155.000 40.56065699:29.02997687 T7 672013.000:4493217.000 40.57019513:29.03158821 T8 672027.000:4493806.000 40.57549510:29.03191397 T9 672176.000:4490989.000 40.55010214:29.03290553 T10 673184.000:4491227.000 40.55203486:29.04486803 T11 672970.000:4491486.000 40.55441137:29.04241302 T12 673826.000:4491872.000 40.55770743:29.05262305 T13 673777.000:4492320.000 40.56175110:29.05216786 T14 673722.000:4492776.000 40.56586804:29.05164399 T15 674516.000:4491895.000 40.55776945:29.06077422

Figure 4. Location of the Project in Turkey

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Figure 5. Location of the Project in the borders of Marmara Region

Yalova WPP project (33 turbines) which was taken into operation is located adjacent to Esenköy WPP project (see Figure 7).

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Figure 6. Manastır – Esenköy WPP and Kürek Dağı WPP project area satellite image

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Map 1. Manastır – Esenköy WPP and Kürek Dağı WPP Layout Plan

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Figure 7. Google Earth Image Viewing the Wind Power Plants in The Region

The planned project will be established on the forest land. All the required permits and approvals will be obtained for the use of forest land within the scope of the project.

3.6. Technical Specifications of the Project

Nordex 3.6 MW N117 type wind turbines will be used in the project of Manastır – Esenköy WPP and Kürek Dağı WPP. Its technical specifications are given in the following table.

Table 7. Technical Specifications of Nordex 3.6 MW N117 type wind turbine

TURBINE Nominal production 3600 kW Blade diameter 117 m. Tower height 106 m. Propeller Specifications Number of propellers 3 Propeller area 10.715 m2 Length of propeller 57,3 m Rotation speed 8-14 revolution per minute Orientation upwind Number of blades 3 GENERATOR Power 3600 kW Frequency 50 Hz

By 15 turbines to be established within the scope of Manastır-Esenköy WPP, 106.575.000 kWh electricity will be generated annually. By 15 turbines to be established within the scope of Kürekdağı WPP, 113.880.000 kWh electricity will be generated annually.

A typical wind turbine view is given in the following figure.

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Figure 8. A Typical Wind Turbine 1. Hub control 11. High Voltage Transformer 2. Stroke Cylinders 12. Propeller 3. Blade Hub 13. Propeller Connection Point 4. Main Shaft 14. Propeller Locking System 5. Oil Cooler 15. Hydraulic Unit 6. Gearbox 16. Machine Support 7. Mechanical Disc Brake 17. Deviation Gear 8. Service Crane 18. Composite Disc Sleeve 9. Converter VMP – Upper Controller 19. OptiSpeed® Generator 10.Ultrasonic Sensors 20. Air Cooler of Generator

The wind turbines to be used are the systems which initially convert kinetic energy to mechanical energy and then to electrical energy. A wind turbine is generally composed of a tower, a generator, speed converters (Gearbox), electrical & electronic elements and propellers. Kinetic energy of the wind is converted to mechanical energy in the rotor. Revolution movement of the propeller shaft is increased and transferred to the generator on the body. Electrical energy obtained from the generator is distributed to the consumers directly or by being stored by the accumulators. The control unit operates the machine between the wind speeds of 3m/s and 25 m/s. The computer automatically stops the turbine to protect the turbine and its vicinity if the wind speed exceeds 25 m/s.

Turbine components excluding the tower and the blade will be purchased from Germany and will be carried to Turkey by an international logistics company. The turbines will be transported by ship to Bandırma Seaport of Bandırma District of Balıkesir Province. The turbines which will be re-loaded on the new ships will be transported to Fıstıklı Seaport of Gemlik District of Bursa Province. Then the unloaded turbines will be transported by the flatbed trucks to the proposed project area. The project area is located approximately 27 km away from Fıstıklı Seaport.

3.8. Construction of the Project

Within the scope of the project, totally 30 turbines will be established. 15 of them will be established in the project of Kürekdağı WPP and the remaining 15 turbines will be established in the project of Manastır-Esenköy WPP located in the border. The turbine foundations will be underground. Visible aboveground structures are the tower and the blades in the operation step. The energy transmission line between the turbines will also be underground. The switchboard plant will be constructed aboveground.

By 15 turbines to be established within the scope of Kürekdağı WPP, 113.880.000 kWh electricity will be generated annually with totally 32,5 MWe installed power. By 15 turbines to be established within the scope of Manastır- Esenköy WPP, 106.575.000 kWh electricity will be generated annually with totally 30,45 MWe installed power. Within the scope of the project, annually maximum 220.455.000 kWh electricity will be produced with totally 62.95 MWe installed power.

The activities mentioned below will be performed during the project construction period:

-Preparation of the land, -Preparation of the transportation roads in the area, -Preparation of the service roads between the turbines, -Foundation excavations for the turbine and control building, -Preparation of crane pads for each turbine place, -Construction of the turbine/tower foundations, -Auxiliary units and control building construction, -Transportation and construction of the towers, -Transportation and installation of the turbines, rotors and blades, -Installation of electrical (underground line) and control system, -Connection to the system.

Within the scope of the project, the service road between the turbines has been mostly completed and construction works for the wind turbine foundations and transformer station have been started. It has been planned that the projects will be commissioned in two phases in September 2017 and in October 2017.

For the personnel most of who will be selected from the adjacent residential sites, prefabricated containers will be placed to meet their all needs and the containers will be removed after the construction works. Exact location of the construction site will be determined before the construction works and this site will be located within the construction area. All kinds of energy needs during the construction step will be met by the generator to be installed in the construction site.

Turbine Foundation Excavation and Underground Installation

Each wind turbine is approximately 400m2 = 900m2 and each turbine will be established on an area covering approximately 400m2 (30m x 20m). Thus 30 turbines which have been planned to be placed in the project area will approximately cover an area of 12.000 m2. Turbine foundations will approximately have the depth of 3m.

Foundation pits equal to the total turbine number (30 turbines) will be excavated. Bottom of the pit to be excavated AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT for turbine placement will be covered with iron in order to ensure the turbine resistance against the earthquake. Each iron block will be covered with the concrete by pouring concrete around it. Ready-mixed concrete will be purchased from the market by paying its price. Remaining part of the pit will be filled with the excavation material obtained from the foundation excavation. After the completion of such works the pits will be closed. Some of the excavation materials will be used for the rehabilitation of the service roads to be built between the turbines and thus they will be laid on the land surface.

Aboveground Installation (Towers and Blades Installation)

The tower parts and blades which will be transported to the project area by the long vehicles will be installed in the project area by using mobile cranes. An electrical power panel will be installed in the tower. A ladder which will be used to control and maintain the electrical power panels in the specified intervals will be placed into a door on the ground level and also into the tower.

Dust Emission during the Construction of Energy Transmission Line between the Turbines, the Switchboard Plant

Between the turbines an underground transmission line and aboveground switchboard plant will be constructed in order to transfer the electrical power from one turbine the other which is produced within the scope of the project. The excavation materials will be used for filling and rehabilitation of the service roads and thus they will be laid on the land surface.

Dust Emission during The Service Road Construction

Within the scope of the project, the current roads (road routes opened for fire) will be used as service road. But new roads may be opened if required.

Within the scope of the project, a borrow pit or crushing screening facility will not be installed. It is paid attention that the excavated area will be in a smaller dimension during the foundation excavations. Excavation materials will be stored in order to use them subsequently for the landscaping. After the foundation construction is completed, an installation platform will be prepared.

The generated electric energy will be transferred from one turbine to the other turbine via the transmission line in order to transfer it from one turbine to the other one. Then the electric energy will be transferred to the switchboard plant then to the mains.

The energy transmission line to transfer the generated electricity within the scope of this project to Yalova Transformer Station and Gemlik Transformer Station isn’t included by this project. The required permits and opinions for the said energy transmission line will be obtained separately in compliance with EIA Regulation. Energy transmission line construction will not be started before the EIA opinion is obtained.

3.9. Operation and Maintenance of the Project

Operation life of Manastır-Esenköy WPP and Kürek Dağı WPP has been planned as 49 years. After they are commissioned, maintenance on the turbine electrical equipment will be periodically made by the mobile technical staff. As a result of the maintenance made, the damaged materials will be replaced with the new ones. Electrical and electronic material amount created during the maintenance is variable and thus these wastes will be stored and delivered to the licensed institutions for disposal.

Design of the modern turbines allows that the failed parts and electrical & electronic systems are easily replaced. Within the scope of the project, maintenance, repair, oil and filter change of the inner equipment of the turbine will be made in a reinforced concrete and appropriate closed and proofed bottomed place by the authorized staff of the licensed company which a contract will be signed with.

In the operation step, grease will be used in the periodic maintenance which will be made in specified periods and the resultant waste oils will be disposed by the licensed companies. No hazardous waste formation will occur within the AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT scope of the project.

The turbines must be visually controlled in each month. Such maintenances and basic maintenance activities will be made in non-windy or less windy time periods in order not to affect the electricity generation negatively.

3.10. Decommissioning of the Project

Operation life of Manastır-Esenköy WPP and Kürek Dağı WPP is planned for 49 years. Within the scope of the project the equipment which completes its life will be replaced and re-commissioned.

After the enterprise ends its activities, equipment constituting the turbines (towers, rotors and blades), cables and auxiliary structures will be demounted and removed from the area. Re-usable equipment will be re-used. Demounting activities will be made by the crane. All the related authorities will be informed of decommissioning activities beforehand and all the required permits will be obtained in the demounting period.

After the demounting activities are completed, the area will be rehabilitated and the devastated places will be re- planted and will be returned into a re-usable condition.

3.11. Work Force

Staff constituted by approximately 35 individuals will be employed during construction works of Manatır-Esenköy WPP. Staff constituted by 30 individuals are planned to be employed during construction works of Kürekdağı WPP. For the personnel most of who will be selected from the adjacent residential sites, prefabricated containers will be placed to meet their all needs and the containers will be removed after the construction works. It is predicted that 10- 15 personnel will be employed during the operation step of the facilities.

4. CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMICAL STATUS

Information related to the subject is given under the titles below.

4.1. General Climate of the Region

4.1.1. Climate of Yalova

Yalova which is located in the east part of the Marmara Region is located in the Mediterranean climate zone as macro-climate type. Effect of this climate type expands especially in the summer and start to cover most parts of Turkey. However regional diversities arise. Regional climate type classified as the Marmara Transition Type or the Marmara Climate prevails in Yalova and its vicinity. In addition to this, existence of geographical factors and local diversities in this type is usual. Its summers are hot and dry and its winters are warm and heavily rainy. It has a wet weather with humidity average of 76% owing to the sea effect. Annual average temperature in Yalova is 14,3 oC (Source: http://yalova.org/iklim/, Yalova, Provincial Environmental Status Report in 2015).

Table 8. Meteorological Data for Yalova Province

METEOROLOGICAL UNITS DATA Annual Average Temperature 14,6 Average Temperature in the coldest month 6,6 Average Temperature in the hottest month 23,7 Annual Average Precipitation Amount (mm) 726,5 The Highest Temperature 45,4 (13/07/2000) The Lowest Temperature -11,0 (22/02/1985) Average Sunshine Duration (hour) 5,58 Average Rainy Days Number (Annual) 120,2 The Most Rainy Months (mm) December-November-January AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT The Least Rainy Months (mm) July-May-August Average Snowy Days Number 10,6 Average Days Number Under Snow Cover 5,2 The Highest Snow Cover Thickness 39 cm. (20/02/1985) Daily Highest Precipitation Amount (mm) 181,9 (10/09/1981) The Most Speedy Wind 82,1 km/h (27/02/1989) Annual Average Humidity Rate 76% Source: http://www.yalova.gov.tr/ilin-cografi-konumu-bitki-rtusu-ve-iklimi

4.1.2. Climate of Bursa

Bursa is located 155 meters above sea level and has generally a warm climate. However the climate varies from one region to the other one. While a mild and warm climate of the Marmara Sea is confronted in the north, severe climate of Uludağ is confronted in the south.

The hottest months of the province are July-September and the coldest months of the province are February-March. Annual average precipitation amount is 706 mm according to an observation period of 52 years. Average relative humidity in the province is approximately 69%. (Source: http://www.bursa.com.tr/bursanin-cofrafyasi-iklimi-ve- nufusu). Meteorological characteristics of Bursa province are given in the table below.

Table 9. Meteorological Characteristics of Bursa Province

Months January February March April May June July August September October November December Year The highest 23,8 26,9 32,0 36,2 36,5 41,3 43,8 42,2 39,6 37,3 31,0 27,3 43,8 temperature record, oC Average the 9,6 10,9 13,7 18,8 23,7 28,4 30,8 31,0 27,2 21,7 16,4 11,7 20,3 highest temperature, oC Average 5,4 6,3 8,4 12,8 17,6 22,1 24,6 24,3 20,1 15,2 10,7 7,4 14,5 temperature, oC Average the 1,7 2,2 3,6 7,1 11,2 14,9 17,2 17,1 13,6 9,9 6,0 3,5 9,0 Lowest Temperature, oC The Lowest -19,2 -16,8 -10,5 -3,1 0,9 4,0 9,0 8,6 4,4 -1 -5,4 -16,3 -19,2 Temperature Record, oC Average 87,6 74,6 69,7 63,4 44,3 34,3 15,3 15,7 39,5 68,8 78,5 103,4 695,1 Precipitation, mm

Source: General Directorate of Meteorology

4.4. Air Quality It isn’t expected that the Wind Power Plants will affect the air quality in the region. Air quality data of Bursa Province and Yalova Province where the project area is located are summarized below.

Table 10. Cut Points of National Air Quality Index 3 3 3 3 Index Air Quality SO2 NO2 [µg/m ] CO [µg/m ] O3 [µg/m ] PM10 [µg/m ] Index Average 1 Average 1 Average 8 Average 8 Average 24 hour hours hours hours hours Good 0 - 50 0 - 100 0 - 100 0 - 5500 0 – 120L 0-50

Moderate 51 - 100 101 – 250 101 - 200 5501 - 10000 121 - 160 51 – 100L

Sensitive 101 - 150 251 – 500L 201 - 500 10001 – 16000L 161 – 180I 101 – 260A

Unhealthy 151 - 200 501 – 850A 501 - 1000 16001 - 24000 181 – 240A 261 – 400A AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Severe 201 - 300 851 – 1100A 1001 - 2000 24001 - 32000 241 - 700 401 – 520A

Hazardous 301 – 500 >1101 >2001 >32001 >701 >521

L: Limit Value I: Information Threshold A: Alert Threshold

Table 11. Monthly Average Values of 2015 Air Quality Parameters in Bursa Station and Day Numbers which the Limit Values have been exceeded (http://www.havaizleme.gov.tr/2015)

Soğanlı SO2 DNLVE PM10 DNLVE * * January 14 0 81 8

February 10 0 77 7

March 6 0 66 3

April 6 0 98 12

May 2 0 86 8

June 2 0 84 8

July 2 0 78 2

August 2 0 87 7

September 4 0 96 13

October 4 0 96 10

November 7 0 151 20

December 11 155 22

Average 6 97

* DNLVE: Day Numbers which limit values have been exceeded

Table 12. Monthly Average Values of 2015 Air Quality Parameters in Yalova Station and Day Numbers which the Limit Values have been exceeded (http://www.havaizleme.gov.tr,2015)

Yalova SO2 DNLVE PM10 DNLVE * * January 8 0 * 0

February 6 0 43 2

March 8 0 42 1

April 6 0 35 0

May 9 0 37 0

June 12 0 28 0

July 6 0 31 0 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

August 6 0 31 0

September 9 0 33 0

October 8.4 0 28.8 0

November 11.1 0 45.5 2

December 7.1 0 36.3 3

Average 8.05 0 28,07

* DNLVE: Day Numbers which limit values have been exceeded Because there isn’t an air quality measurement station in Gemlik District of Bursa Provice and Çınarcık District of Yalova Province where the project area is located, data of Bursa and Yalova measurement stations which are the nearest measurement stations to the region have been used.

According to National Air Quality Index, PM10 parameter degree is (moderate) and SO2 parameter is (Good) in 3 Bursa Province in Table-11. Average annual SO2 concentration has been recorded as 6,3 µg/m and annual average 3 PM10 concentration has been recorded as 97 µg/m .

If the data of Yalova station is considered (see Table-12), degrees of SO2 and PM10 concentrations have been determined as (Good) according to the National Air Quality Index. Average annual SO2 concentration has been 3 3 recorded as 8 µg/m and annual average PM10 concentration has been recorded as 28 µg/m .

Electrical energy is produced from the mechanical energy in the Wind Power Plants by using the wind power. Gas and dust emission will be created by the construction machines in the construction step of the project and this will last for a short time. No emission release will exist in the operation step. Thus there won’t be any significant impact on the regional air quality resulting from the project.

4.3. Land Use The project area is located in the forest land (see Map 2). Within the scope of the project, all the required permits and approvals will be obtained to use the forest land. AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

(Gösterim (legend); Manastır-Esenköy WPP; Kürekdağı WPP; geniş yapraklı, yaprak döken ormanlık alanlar (broad-leaved deciduous forest lands); karışık akdeniz çam-herdem yeşil odunsu meşeler (mixed Mediterranean pine – evergreen woody oaks) karışık fundalık alanlar (mixed shrubbery areas); karışık yaprak döken ve iğne yapraklı ormanlık alanlar (Mixed deciduous needle-leaved forest lands); tarıma elverişli alanlar veya bostanlar (agricultural areas or melon & watermelon cultivation areas); iğne yapraklı orman alanları (needle-leaved forest lands)

Map 2: Land Entities Map of the Project Area AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT According to EUNIS habitat classification, entire Kürekdağı WPP and most parts of Manastır-Esenköy WPP extend on broad-leaved deciduous forest lands. Small part located in the north of Manastır-Esenköy WPP extends on mixed deciduous and needle-leaved forest lands. Agricultural lands are located in the vicinity of the project. But all the turbines will be established on the forest land and thus within the scope of the project, there will be no need to make expropriation of any land or property owned by any individual.

4.4. Geology

Detailed information on the subject is given under the titles below.

4.5.1. Regional Geology

Geology of Bursa Province

Bursa and adjacent places of it are located on an area composed of the Uludağ massive, Karakaya complex and an area formed by neogene terrestrial inseparable deposits. Base part of Bursa is formed by various gneiss, amphibolite and schist marbles serving as a core exposed to high degree metamorphism and Paleozoic aged and formed by granodiorite batholith having entered between them.

Basic metamorphic, meta-ultrabasic, marble, calcschist and meta-sediment rocks of Dereyörük group exposed to low degree metamorphism and Paleozoic aged which have tectonic relations with these units are situated on this base part.

On Paleozoic aged units, Karakaya formation is situated with its Triassic conglomerate, sandstone, greywacke, clay stone, spilit, spilitic basalt, mudstone and limestone blocks and lenses whose relation hasn’t been clearly seen and which have traceable tectonic relations in the parts where the relation is visible. Upper Triassic aged Iğdır formation which is composed of conglomerate, sandstone and claystone levels has transition with Karakaya formation. Aslaner (1965) has included all the metamorphic units of Karakaya Complex into Kazdağ Massive and has interpreted that the gneisses and amphibolites as the lower sections of the sequence and marbles, spilits, fillates and meta-sandstones in the green schist facies as the upper sections of the sequence. Aslaner has described Eybek Granodiorite and Çamlık Meta-granodiorite composition as only granite and has claimed that it cuts current Kazadağı Group and Karakaya Complex as a product of the Permian aged hercynian compression. Bingöl (1969) who has divided metamorphic rocks into two groups in his study explaining Kazdağı Massive has grouped the marbles, gneisses, amphibolites and meta-ophiolites as cata-mesosomatic formations.

In the Middle Jurassic Eocene period, an uninterrupted depository sequence occurred. Bilecik limestone reaching to Jurassic-lower cretaceous and lower – upper cretaceous aged Vezirhan formation and lithological units of Gölpazarı group are transitional between each other. In the upper cretaceous Paleocene transition Selvipınar limestone deposited. Üçpınar formation starts from the lower Eocene with basal conglomerate and passes to carbonated sandstones towards the upper parts.

In Eocene-Miocene period, Eocene depository sequence which is represented with inter-transitional and conformable parts from the lower section to the upper section namely Fındıcak formation, Karabalçık basalt, Sarıkaya formation, Dürdane formation, Genç Ali Limestone and Kurban Mount is situated. Neogene units which are wide-spread in Bursa and its vicinity are represented with Gemiciköy formation which is composed of conglomerate, sandstone, lacustrine limestone and marl, loosely attached gravel, sand, silt and clay lithologies.

In the Quaternary alluvium, alluvial fan, terrace talus and travertine have been formed.

General Geology of Yalova Province

Within the borders of Yalova Province various rock types which represent the periods starting from Paleozoic until now outcrop. Pamukova Metamorphites which are believed to be Precambrian – lower Paleozoic aged form the base part of the region. Lower Triassic aged Taşköprü Formation, Upper cretaceous aged Bakacak Formation, Upper Paleocene – Middle Eocene aged İncebel Formation and Eocene aged Sarısu Formation are the sedimentary and volcano – sedimentary units covering the base part. Fıstıklı Granitoid settled in the region in the Eocene period. Much upper situated ones are Sarmatian aged Kılıç Formation, Upper Miocene – Lower Pliocene aged Yalakdere Formation and Pleistocene aged nautical terrace sediments and current alluviums.

Pamukova Meta-morphites

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT Metamorphic rocks forming the base part of Armutlu Peninsula have been examined under the title of Meta- morphites by Erendil et al (1991).

Pamukova Meta-morphites outcrop in approximately 1km south of Gacık Village in the southeast of Yalova.

Pamukova Meta-morphites which are composed of amphibolites, amphiboleschist, granites, metavolcanits, meta- greywackes, meta-quartzites and fillites and are believed to be the base part of the region are partly cut with haplite, pegmatite and quartz veins.

Amphibolites ,the basic lithology of the unit, are in homogenous block forms colored green, grey – green or very dark green. Their main components are hornblende and plagioclase. Main paragenesis is completed by quartz, spehene, epidote and chlorite. Origin rocks of this unit must be acidic magma-derived volcanic rocks because of their mineralogical composition and homogenous structure. Mafic mineral arrangement directions in the granites comply with amphibolite schistosity. Amphibolites are cut with many large and small plutons. Mechanical deformation on the enclosing rocks is also clearly observed on the granites. In the sections where an excessive delamination occurs the rock has gneissic texture. Granites composed of quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, hornblende, chlorite and biotite and colored pinkish, yellow, whitish gray, white, green, greenish white have been exposed to significant alteration. Secondary minerals are apatite, sphene and opal.

The metaclastic unit coming with conglomerate including the granite gravels is non-conformably situated on amphibolites in some areas. The unit generally composed of meta-greywacke, meta-quartzite and slate has excessively exposed to deformation and generally got into a mylonitic structure. Conglomerate levels are granitic graves which have become deformed in the paste composed by mylonitic textured quartz and plagioclase.

Pamukova Meta-morhites in the region are non-conformably covered by Bakacak Formation and Eocene aged formations.

It has been determined that age of conjugates of the unit in the south of Lake İznik corresponds to pre-permian period (Genç, 1992). It has been accepted that lower levels of Pamukova Metamorphites in the north section is Precambrian-aged and upper level of them is Lower Paleozoic-aged. (Göncüoğlu et al, 1992).

Taşköprü Formation: The unit composed of red-purple colored sandstone, siltstone and conglomerate and considered in Pamukova Metamorphites by Erendil et al (1991) has been considered as Taşköprü Formation by Bargu and Sakınç (1990).

The unit outcrops in the vicinity of Taşköprü in the east of Yalova. Taşköprü Formation is composed of red- purple, grey colored, cracked, faulted, hard, tightly attached, medium – thick layered sandstone, siltstone and conglomerate. In faulted and cracked parts ore minerals such as specularite, pyrite and chalcopyrite have developed hydrothermally. Furthermore the cracked parts are partly quartz-filled. In the unit, siltstone and sandstone including mica flakes are the most wide-spread rock type. Sandstone is generally iron oxide and hematite cemented and has sometimes the feature of chlorite cemented greywacke. Conglomerate which is rarely confronted with is situated in various levels and gradually passes to sandstone. Conglomerate is composed of less rounded, crystallized limestone, schist, quartz and radiolaritine gravels. The unit generally covers the metamorphic units non-conformably. It is covered by Maestrihtian aged Bakacak Formation and Upper Paleocene – Middle Eocene aged İncebel Formation with angular unconformity. It has been considered equal to Kocaeli Triassic because of its lithological similarities.

Bakacak Formation: It outcrops in the south of Kılıç Village. Base parts levels of the sequence start with thick- layered base conglomerate including cornered blocks and gravels of Taşköprü Formation. Sandstone and conglomerate concrete which is generally colored grey, white, greenish, yellowish and pinkish is calcareous and/or clayed. Sandstones are grey-colored, graded, laminated, grain supported, thin – coarse grained. Marble, granite, crystalline schist pieces, quartz and gravels of Taşköprü Formation exist in the cement substance of sandstone and conglomerate. Conglomerates are generally round, large and small-graveled and partly blocked. Conglomerates include clasts and gravels which are lens-formed, badly-sorted, graded, same or different aged.

The unit is non-conformably situated on Paleozoic and Triassic aged formations. Its upper part is conformably covered by Paleocene – Middle Eocene aged İncebel Formation and non-conformably covered by Miocene aged Kılıç Formation. Age of the unit has been determined by Erendil et al (1991) as Maestrihtian.

İncebel Formation: It outcrops in the west of Çınarcık District in the vicinity of Ortaburun village and in the east of Yalova and between Subaşı, Mecidiye and İncebel. İncebel Formation starts with purple, grey or yellow AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT colored base conglomerate depending on the lithologies composed of the gravels of the formations it has overlapped and eroded. It generally continues with uniform sandstone, mudstone, marl and conglomerate succession. In the lower levels there is a part having the thickness of 50 – 100 meters and dominated by the conglomerate and sandstone. Sandstones are the laminated, graded, grain supported, abundant quartz-grained, volcanic and metamorphic rock fragmented turbiditic sediments including both shallow and deep sea fossils and fossil parts.

Towards the upper section, the formation takes a sequence form composed of cornered quartz-grained limestone and mudstone succession. Partly volcanic levels are confronted in this part. They are composed of light colored tuff and lesser andesitic agglomerates. Thickness of the unit has been considered as approximately 1000 meters (Göncüoğlu et al, 1992).

Tuff Member: Tuffs existing as intermediate levels in İncebel Formation have been differentiated as İncebel Formation member.

The unit outcrops in the districts of Subaşı, Geyikdere, Ayazma pit and Dereköy. The tuffs generally white, green, greenish white colored, fine – coarse grained, tightly attached are used as building stones. Kaolin conversion is seen in the decomposed parts. The unit which is described as vitrophyric tuff is composed of plagioclase, orthoclase, quartz, hornblende, crystalline parts included by glass paste. The unit has been considered as Upper Paleocene and Eocene aged.

Sarısu Formation: The unit outcrops in the southwest of Çınarcık and it outcrops in a limited area in the south of Elmalık Village. Sarısu Formation starts with a sediment level having the thickness of 5 – 10 meter on the metamorphic rocks. This level is composed of lithologies such as dark brown, dark green and yellow colored conglomerate, mudstone, sandstone and limestone. Conglomerates are composed of cornered quartz gravels and are grain supported. Mudstones are in the form of quartz grained and calcareous mudstones. Lime stones are in the form of nummulited and quartz grained pack stone. Pyroclastic rocks having the thickness of 1000 meters are situated on this level. Pyroclastic levels are composed of fine or coarse grained tuff and lapilli tuff including variously sized andesitic tuff and rock fragments. Some levels of the sequence are in the form of coarse andesite blocked and graveled possibly beach conglomerate. In this sequence, lava flows are followed by the pyroclastic rocks having the levels with an average thickness of 5 meters. Lava flows are composed of plagioclase, pyroxene (augite) and hornblende phenocrystalline andesitic volcanic rocks. Tuffs include plagioclase, glass, fluidal texture volcanic rock fragments in a glassy paste. Normally or symmetrically graded lahar sediments which have been constituted by aqueous pyroclastic flows near tuffs form very irregular unconformity planes by eroding the pyroclastic flow surfaces. Entire sequence is cut by basalt dikes especially observed on the upper levels. Basalts have augite and plagioclase components. Sarısu Formation is considered as a volcanic arc product developed in the middle Eocene period. (Güncüoğlu et al, 1992).

The unit is non-conformable with the metamorphic rocks and transitional with İncebel Formation. The upper part of unit which is cut by Fıstıklı Granite is covered by Kılıç Formation.

Fıstıklı Granite: The unit outcrops in the south of Şenköy and in 2,5 km southeast of Hayriye village. Fıstıklı Granite is an intrusive rock which is generally grey, sometimes pink colored and has light yellow colored decomposed levels and is middle grained, hard and massive structured. It is observed in the thin sections as middle grained, holocrystalline, generally granular, hypidiomorph, rarely porphyritic textured, abundant granodiorite components. Fıstıklı Granite is closely related with Eocene volcanics (Sarısu) mostly covering Armutlu Peninsula. Both intrusive rocks concurrent with arc volcanism and concurrent Fıstıklı instrusive rocks are represented with Fıstıklı Granites. (Erendil et al, 1991). Fıstıklı Granite cuts both Pamukova metamorphites and arısu volcanics. It can be stated that Fıstıklı Granite has developed concurrently (Eocene) with Sarısu volcanics when Dokanak relations has been considered.

Kılıç Formation: It outcrops in the south sections of Yalova Province and between Çiflikköy, Kazımiye and Kılıç Villages. The unit is composed of yellow, brownish grey, partly dark blue colored and laminated thin layered medium – tightly attached clay stone, siltstone and marl and sandstone and mudstone in the form of lens and band. Clays are partly gypsum-crystalline. Towards the upper levels argillaceous lime stones are noticed between the marls. Green, white or brown colored clay stone and marls have been deposited with white sand and light colored lime stones which are thin or have medium thickness. A decomposition level having commonly 1 – 6 meters thickness has noticed on Kılıç Formation. In this level having the feature of clay mass movements in the form of creep and clay flow are observed. Kılıç Formation non-conformably covers the units older than it. The unit is Sarmatian aged. (Akartuna, 1968).

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT Yalakdere Formation: It covers a wide area between Yalova and Çınarcık and in the vicinity of Çınarcık and Dümbelek Dağı and in the vicinity of Yalakdere. It is composed of red, yellow, white colored sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone, clay stone and mudstone. These levels are transitional with each other. In the unit limestone levels are observed in various locations. Gravels in the conglomerate are general rounded and middle sorted.

Mostly unattached unit include cross-layered, iron oxide nodule and muddy – clayed small soil parts. The unit has partly landslides and has been affected by tectonics and is folded and faulted as in the Demirkapı Site of Samanlı Köyü road. Age of the unit is Pontian-Pliocene aged (Akartuna, 1968).

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Quaternary Deposits: The Quaternary deposits which are common in the Altınova – Yalova – Cinarcik coastlines and valley bottoms have been divided in to 13 subsidiary units. Among these, the ones in the holocene epoch have been grounded on their sedimentary environmental features, while the mapping have been made according to the geomorphological locations of the units. The quaternary units consist of nautical terrace deposits and groups of deposits that precipitated in shore and river environments. Nautical terrace deposits can be monitored as dispersed small crop outs in the hillsides which consist of bedrocks in the shores and behind the planes between Altınova – Yalova. Terrace fillings which are comprised of nautical deposits have morphologically created steps that are 3-5 and 8- 70 meters of altitude (Erinç, 1956). The terrace deposits that take place in the higher altitudes have been defined as the Altınova Formation (Sakınç and Bargu, 1989). In the research, because two different terrace deposit groups which have different ages are determined in the region, this name was used in order to avoid confusion and this unit higher terrace deposits were defined as (Qds1).

Upper terrace deposits are surfaces that are in small mostras in the roadcuts at the Kaytazstream – Altınova region of the Karamursel – Yalova highway. Also they can be seen in the north of the Subası village, in Hersek Delta and in Lalestream delta which is in the north of Taskopru village. These consist of loose sand with cement, clayey sand and silts which are yellow, grizzly colored, laminal, with a lot of fossils in most of the surfaces. The lowest levels which are close to the basis begin with pressed cemented volcanic rock and base conglomerate that contain limestone gravels. Through upper sections it passes on to the loose brownstones, and in even upper sections it passed on to the silty sand and marns (Sakınç and Bargu, 1989). Upper terrace deposits comes on transgressivelly and without concurrence to the older units than itself. On it, there are the alluvial deposits. These deposits that consist Trenien fossils are upper glacial epoch of age (Sakınç and Bargu, 1989). The lower terrace deposits that take place in the 3- 5 meters of altitudes are exhumated in the benches in between the Taskopru-Yalova and in behind of the Hersek and Lalestream deltas and in front of the hillsides that are 1 kilometer inside from the shore. And, in the outfalls they can be monitored in the valley bottoms. These deposits which begin with brownstone- conglomerate at the base, have the transgressive pile characteristics which passes on to brownstone and siltstone through the up. Holocene units which are outside the terraces consist of stored, unbonded deposits at the shore, at sea, sea /river and in land, in river environment. These deposits which are found as incompliant on the older rock agglomerates, are intertransitive in horizantal and vertical direction. Nautical based units constitute of the beach (QDp), sandbar (QDo), shore plains (QDk) and marsh (QDb) deposits. The width of sand layer throughout the beach between Yalova-Altinova changes between a few meters and 100 meters. The areas in which it is most widespread are the shores. The marsh deposits are divided into 2 being as current and old. The current marshes are observed in the Laguna Lakes vicinity of the Hersek and Lale Stream deltas and at the other river mouths. And the other marshes are located in especially inside the valleys near the Yalova center, a few kilometers away from the sea toward the inner parts. The old marsh deposits subsided in the estuaries inside the valleys in periods when the water level of the Marmara Sea in the beginning of the Holocene. On the other hand, today the Hersek Lake which blocks the developed shore sandbars in connection with the coastal current, is the only area where the laguna deposits (QD1) are stored.

The river deposits are agglomerated under two groups as being the channel (QAk) and flooding plain field (QAt). The channel depots consist of the lattice river inside the valleys and meander deposits in AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT deltas. The flooding deposits are more widespread in delta and shore plains surfaces. The levee (natural set) deposits ( QAl ) in the scope of the river deposits become surfaced only in the West of Yalova City Center, in a so small area within a marshy field of today where the Sellimandıra Stream at the mouth of the river where it flows into the sea.

The alluvial fan deposits (QEy) reveals propogation in front of the upper terrace deposits which are shown with QDs1 in the root parts of the Lale Stream ( Stream) and Hersek deltas. In the divergent zones of the fans which are seen in a a flattened topography and the typical geometries, the lower terrace deposits in 3-5 meter elevations and the delta plain deposits (QDd) are seen. The skirt deposits (QEe) from the newest deposits as per their morphostratigraphic locations in the Quaternary units, are surfaced in the east slopes of deep stream which is in the south west of the same delta like a belt covering the alluvial fans in the south of Lale Stream delta.

4.5.2. Local Geology

When the ESENKOY WPP and the units in its vicinity are examined from the older to the young;

It is in the form of Metagabro, Amphibolite, Paleosoic, Granodiorite, Eocene.

A great part of the project site is located on the amphibolites which are the members of the Pamukova Metamorphics. The amphibolites which are the basic lithology of the unit, are found as gray –green or very dark green homogeneous masses. It is with Hornblend and plagioclase main constituents. Quartz, sphene, epidote and chlorite supplemented the main paragenesis. Due to its mineralogical compound and homogeneous structure, the source rock of this unit must be the acidic magma sourced volcanic rocks. The array directions of the mafic minerals are compliant to the schistosity of the amphibolite. Amphibolites are cut by so many large and small granitic plutons. The mechanical deformation is observed clearly on the rock around. In the zones where the schistocity is developed extremely, the rock is gneissic textured. The pinky, yellow, whitish gray, white, yellow, whitish gray, green, greeny white color granites, consisting of quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, hornblend, chlorite and biotite, have considerably subjected to an alteration. Secondary minerals; are apatites, sphene and opal. In some areas, the unit with metal clasts, which comes with the conglomerates involving the granite gravels on the amphibolites, are located as incomplaintly. The unit which consists of the metagrovac, metaquartzite and slate, have subjected to deformation extremely and have gained a generally mylonitic structure. The conglomerate levels are with deformed granitic grave in paste which consists of mylonitic textured quartz and plagioclase. The Pamukova Metamorphites in the region are covered with Bakacak Formation and Eocene old formations incompliantly.

Another part of the project site is located on the granodiorite, which is a member of the Eocen, old, Fistikli Granite. The Fistikli Granite; is an intrusive rock which is generally gray, but sometimes in pink color, whose decomposed levels are light yellow colored, medium-grained, solid and massive structured. In thin segments, they are observed to medium-grained, holocrystalline, generally granular, hypidiomorphic, rarely porphyritic, much pyritical, with granodiorite compound. The Fistikli Granite; is closely correlated with the Eocene volcanics (Sarisu) which takes an important place in the Armutlu Peninsula. The intrusive rocks, concurrent with this arch volcanism, are also represented by the Fistikli Granites (Erendil et al., 1991) The Fistikli Granite:They cut the Sarisu volcanics with the Pamukova Metamorphites. When the contact relationships are taken into consideration, it can be said that the Fistikli Granite developed concurrently with the Sarisu volcanics (Eocene). AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

The Structural Geology and Tectonic of Yalova City

It’s area of investigation is located on the Armutlu Peninsula in the North West of Turkey as well as being situated between the Istranca stack in the north-west, the Istanbul-Zonguldak Paleozoic stack and Kocaeli Tria (Laurasia) in the north, Almacik-Sunnice (Bolu) stack in the east and Sakarya continent (Gondwana).

The Istanbul-Paleozoic stack in the north, basically starts with the Low Ordovisien old, arcosic conglomera- sandstones (Kurtkoy), in the upper part, quartzite, shale, recifal lava, meta-tuff, meta- pelite intercalation as well as the limestone and ophiolitic rock blocks are located. These metamorphic units are covered with Liyas old Bayirkoy formation with an angular incompliance. This unit starts with the conglomerates (Bayirkoy Formation), continues toward the upward with detrical and volcanic level (Mudurnu formation). In the above, the Bilecik limestone and micritic limestone, are covered with Sogukcam formation which consists of the calciturbitites. On these units, the Vezirhan formation, consisting of the pelagic-micritic mudstones and the Lokman formation, consisting of the sedimenter and volcanic rocks, come as compliantly. The Almacik massive which is surfaced in the east, consists of the gabro, amphibolite, periodite, serpentinized ultramafic rocks and meta lava and pelagic deposit rocks. The Sunnice group, as being the main group consists of amphibolite-gneisses, its inside consists of the rocks with two different meta-granitoid compounds with hot tectonic contact. This metamorphic rock agglomeration also consists of the basis of the Istanbul Paleozoic mass.

In the Istanbul-Zonguldak Paloezoic mass and Kocaeli Tria in the North, and the Post-Liyas units that are located in the Sakarya continent in the South, metamorphism is observed. But the unities which extends throughout the E-W on the Armutlu peninsula as a zone and involve the work site inside it, were affected by the metamorphism effect. The metamorphic unities which are ranged along with this E-W, are located on the Inner Pontide Kenet Zone. The Istanbul-Istrance unity is thought to be seperated from the Sakarya continent by the Inner Pontide ocean and the existence of this ocean is represented by the ofiolite and ofiolitic melanges from Gemlik to Geyve. The closure age of the Inner Pontide is controversial and according to some authors it is pre-Upper Crotaceous and to some others it maintains its existence till Eocene. The pre-upper Crotaceous basis of Armutlu PeninsulaArmutlu Yarımadasının Ust Kretase involves two different tectonic unities and the first of these are the Armutlu metamorphites which are surfaced in the west part of the work site and the constitutes the great part of the peninsula. The stratigraphy of this metamorphic stack reveals differencces according to some researchers and the consists of amphibolite gniess, the intrusive rocks with granitoid compounds which cut these and the meta-volcanic (acidic-basic) and metasedimenter rocks (conglomerates, quartzite, schists etc.). The conglomerate sandstones which falls within this stack were correlated with the Kurtkoy formation (archazoic sandstone) by the previous researchers; while the quartzites were correlated with the quartzite (Aydos frm) unit as well as the recrystallized limestones were crystallized with the Devoniene old limestones and said that it was the metamorphic equivalence of the Istanbul stack.

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT The other stack is the Iznik metamorphites and basically, it is consisted of marble and meta-volcanic rocks. In the above it continues with the recrystallized limestone, phyllite, block limestone-limestone- serpentine blocked melange stack. It was suggested that these two metamorphic unities were seperated from each other with a riftin occurred in the Lias period and in its continuation an oceanal basin (Inner Pontide Ocean) and as the Result of the closure of this oceanal basin completely in the Upper Crotaceous Period (Goncuoglu et al., 1987, 1990, 1992; Erendil et al., 1991; Yılmaz et al., 1994, 1997) or alternatively, these two unites came together throughout the strike-slip fault exotically. (Robertson et al., 2004).

The neotectonic period structures in the vicinity of Yalova consists of faults and meanders in different directions. The most important of these structures is the right lateral North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), which is divided into two sections as north and south, which is Miocene and more young old, in the Armutlu peninsula (Sengor, 1979; Gozubol, 1980, Gozubol and Gurpınar, 1980; Yılmaz et al., 1990 and Barka, 1997) The two separate sections of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, confines the Armutlu penisula from the north and the south.(Fig. 4.2). A shear zone was developed between these two sections. The north section continues throughout Izmit-Adapazari and reach to Marmara Sea. The Yalova city is found on the north section, the fault in this part continues toward the west as following the depressions in Marmara Sea in E-W direction. The other section continues along the Geyve- Gemlik line and confines the Armutlu peninsula from the south. (Emre et al., 1999).

When Kurek Mountain (Kurek Dagi) WPP is examined from the ol toward the young;

In the form of Metagabro, Amphibolite, Paleozoic, Volcanic Deposit Rock, Eocene.

A part of the project site is located inside units that fall within the Kazdag group. The metamorphic rocks in the amphibolite granulite facies which we define as Kazdag group, are divided into four stratigraphic units in their base ceiling relation. The Babadag Formation which constitutes of metadunites, metagabroes, metapyroxenites, banded and striped amphibolites, is the unit which is structurally found in the lowest part. Over the Babadag Formation, the Sarikiz Formation which consists of marbles, is found. Sarikiz Formation is consisted of the marbles which cover the metaophyllites, in pinkish and wavy color with a width of changing between 1-150 cm. As an intercalation, in the Sarikiz Formation, the pink color calcschists are another rock type, though encountered rarely. In the Kavurmaciler Formation amphibolites, marble intercalations in frequently changing widths are found. In these intercalations, the amphibolite gravel and its blocks are observed. On the Kavurmacilar Formation, with a gradationally transition, the Altinoluk Formation, consisting of gneisses with marble intercalation, is found. The Altinoluk Formation constitutes of the outermost and the uppermost of the Kazdag Group. The Altinoluk Formation, consisting of the gneisses throughout the vicinity of the Kazdag Detachment Fault, which seperates the Kazdag Group and the other units, is a dominant unit. Between the gneisses, sporadically amphibolite intercalations are seen. Another property of the Altinoluk Formation is that its containing marble intercalations with the width of between 0.5-200 mm. Marbles are laterally transient and have a lens-looking.

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In the zones where the marbles and the gneisses are transitive and towards the upper levels, the quartz clasts are seen in the marbles. In these levels, they make transition to the calcschists and the light color muscovite gneisses.

The stack which is extensive in the east and west zones of the Kazdag Group, reveals mylonitic properties in the Kazdag South Detachment Fault which confines the Kazdag Group, and in its vicinity.

A great part of the project site is located on the units (volcano sedimentary units) which are the member of the Kurbandagi formation. It has a wide diffusion area which involves the area from the south of Gemlik, and the east of the Tuzla Headland, up to the Iznik Lake. This unit is consisted of a volcano-sedimentary agglomeration made up of a typical flysh stack involving a little amount of pyroclastic rock intercalations at the bottom, andesitic lava, and sedimentary rocks, in which the 11 tuffs and other pyroclastic rocks are dominant such as the sandstone, marn, siltstone and little amount of sandy limestone. Birimin alt dUzeyleri Ece (1990) tarafından “Umurbey Formasyonu” adı altında ayrı bir formasyon olarak, Ust dUzeyleri ise “Kurbandagı Formasyonu” olarak adlandırmıstır. The lower levels of the unit were named as “Umurbey Formation” as a separate formation, and its upper levels were named as “Kurbandagi Formation” by Ece (1990). And Genç et al. (1986) defined it “Kurbandagi Formation” by combining these two levels. While the flysh stack, a little volcanic mixed in the lower levels of the Kurbandagi formation is generally showing a diffusion in the south and the south east of the Tuzla headland, the volcano-sedimentary agglomeration, which involves widespread volcanic rock in the upper levels, is located in the south west of Iznik Lake. The lower segments of the Kurbandagi formation were formed as the result of the dissolution of the various types of the andesite volcanism in high temperature, in deep nautical environment. The upper segment with much fossiles (nummulite, pelecypoda) are the representative of the shallow nautical environment. According to the paleonthological data of (Ece, 1990). Erk (1942) Genç et al. (1986), the Middle-Upper Eocene age was given to the Kurbandagi Formation. The Geological Map of the project site is given in Map 3. AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Map 3: Geological Map of the Project Area

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Bursa City Structural Geology and Tectonics

Bursa city and its vicinity, was intensely influenced from the tectonic events which had developed during the closure of the Paleo-Tethys and Neo-Tethys Oceans, they were curved, broken and gotten faulted.

In the paleozoic, a metamorphism and a granite intrusion were formed at an unknown distance in the north of the city.

The Karakaya formations were disposed in a large zone at the end of Tria, various limestones blocks were rolled into it, the serpentine slices coming from the oceanic crust were added, the magma drained from the tension fractures, formed in the curving chems of the oceanal plate, toward the north, spilitic plates, formed spilitic plates and these rocks altogether transformed into glaucophane schists as being subjected to high pressure metamorphsim which dive into the depths. In the eocene, a basin, an east-west extention, the turbiditic flysh was disposed.

At the end of the Eocene, the Uludag complex in the north started to move towards our city by the effect of the gravity. During this movement, on one hand, a new ion arrangement in the mentioned rocks took place, on the other hand, this material which was corroded rapidly from the facade of the moving started to precipitate in front of this mass and gradually be swept. At the end of this process, the Uludag complex had been settled to its present place, the olistostrom formation, the Kalabakkaya formation was resulted and by the effect of the overlapping in this formation, the microscobic structural phenomena developed.

In the neogene, faultings followed the deposit that was formed after the lacustrine environment in neogene and these faults control the storage of young units.

At the beginning of the Quaternary, the travertines, reached to great thicknesses in company with the faults, that have been formed in the tectonic process till today. Meanwhile, the matured valleys in Uludag, also entered a new corrosion period. This new process started to feed the talus cones on which the Bursa city was established. This young tectonic activity has provided the circulation and heating environment which is necessary for today’s hydrothermal system.

4.6. Seismicity

Seismicity of Bursa City

The Turkey Earthquake Map, prepared by the Earthquake Research Center, Turkey is found in the 1. Degree seismic belt, due to the existence of the active faults in the Marmara frame. The earthquake of the region is given in Figure 9. The greates natural disaster in Bursa city is the earthquake. Bursa plain is generally under the influence of North Anatolia Fault. As the result of the compression towards west, the nort-south directional normal faults started to open in the direction of north- south. birimlerin In other words, compression in east-west direction, is started to be counterposed with north-south tension In Bursa city, besides the local small faults, the large scahled faults, developed in relation with the North Anatolian Fault, checked the storage of the young units. In the rocks located under the Neogene units and aluvion units in Bursa plain, fault formations must be expected.

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT The important fault which can be a source for an earthquake is the Bursa fault. The Bursa Fault; is a fault extending between Derekizik, Burhaniye villages in east and Uluabat Lake in west, in E-W direction, approximately with 45 km, right vertical and strike slip fault. Bursa Fault, together with Uluabat and Mustafakemalpasa Sub Fault Lines constitute the southest segments in the Marmara Region. Bursa Fault, passes from the North skirt of the Uludag Elevation (2245 m.), sporadically cuts the Trias-Permien old metamorphites, Jura old carbonates and Miocene old rivers-lake sedimentaries and brings these with the Quaternary old alluvions to the tectonic contact. Generally, the north block of the fault is fallen down about 2 km in proportion to south block, and this case shows that Bursa fault has normal compounds in considerable amount. Streams which travel over the fault escarpness as flowing toward the north and the streams which hollowed their beds deeply (like the Nilufer Brook), and the thick(150-200 m) alluvial fans arrayed as parallel to the fault which are accumulated in the mouth of these streams, hot water sources, travertine formations and translated streams, determine the existence of Bursa fault and its being active geologically.

As seen on the earthquake map on which the work site is located, the region is 1. Degree earthquake region. (See. Figure-11).

Figure 10. Earthquake Map

Proje Alanı

Scismicity of Yalova City

Marmara Region was affected from numerous earthquakes which caused loss of life and property to a great scale throughout the large areas whose magnitude was over Mw=7. These eartquakes occurred as the result of the movement of the Aegean-Anatolian plate throughout the North Anatolia Fault towards the west. When we look at historical earthquake records, it is seen that great earthquakes have occurred in the work area in the last 300 years and have affected large areas. In determining the places and the magnitude of these earthquakes, the damage distribution occurred at that date, if it is known, the length of the tear zone occurred along the rupture and/or the

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT amounts of the horizantal translation, are utilized. When we look at the east of the Marmara Region, it shall be seen that the most of the earthquakes have occurred in the north branch of NAF. This makes us think that the north branch of the fault works more and more active. When the motion amount of NAF is 23 mm/year, the estimation of the recurrence intervals of the eartquakes may come into question. (Yavasoglu et al., 2003) But here, the most important point that we should care, is that the occurrence of an eartquake accelarates another earthquake’s occurrence time.

However, in order to understand the scismicity of Marmara Region better, sound instrumental records are required.It is seen that, when the data in our hand involve a so short period such as the last 50 years and the recurrence intervals of the destructive earthquakes in Marmara Region occurred in long term intervals are taken into consideration, are inadequate. These data are limited with the 1967 and 1999 earthquakes.

18th September, 1963 Yalova- Cinarcik Earthquake (Ms=6,4; 40.90 North-29.20 East):

In this earthquake, hundreds of houses were damaged, included in Istanbul and Bursa which was effective in Yalova, Hot Springs and Cinarcik. In the years when the earthquake occurred, as there were few seismic stations with standard equipment distributed worldwide, it is thought that there were some mistakes in the estimation of the epicenter of this earthquake. However, the region where the earthquake was felt and the macroseismic observations emphasize the epicenter’s being at the Yalova- Cinarcik offshore.

22nd July, 1967 Mudurnu-Adapazari Earthquake (Ms=7.1; 40.67 North-30.69 Earth):

In this earthquake, occurred in the west zone of the NAF, an 190 cm right-directional vertical and 130 cm vertical movements in right directional broken zone with the length of 80 km, were observed. During this earthquake, 86 persons lost their lives, 332 persons injured and over 5.000 houses and workplaces were damaged.

17th August, 1999 Golcuk Earthquake (Ms=7.4; 40.70 North -29.91 East):

The earthquake, occurred in Yuvacik, in the region which the 40,70 north latitude and 29i91 east longitude defines on 17.08.1999 at 3.02, where the characteristics of the epicenter fault line were observed best (Kendir, 2001). Though the magnitude of the earthquake was informed in various values by different institutions, the moment magnitude were changing around the values of Mw = 7.4 and surface wave magnitude, Ms = 7.8.

It was determined in the examinations made, that the focal depth of the earthquake was 10-15 km and a right-lateral fault occurred which reached to 4.60 meters, a fault break about 140 km occurred (Kendir, 2001; Herece., 1999; Barka et al., 1999; Koral, 2007) (Figure 6.1).

In the Yalova city totally a 9.462 housing were subjected to heavy damage, 7917 housing middle and 12.685 housing were subjected to light damage. Due to the Izmit Bay Earthquake, 14% of the heavy damage, 12% of the middle damage and 16% of the light damage occurred in the city of Yalova. The 16% of the housings in Yalova (C) city center, the 7% of the housing in Altinova county centre, the 19.01 of the housing in Ciftlikkoy county center, 4.43% of the housing in Cinarcik county center and the 2.07% of the housing in Termal county center were subjected to heavy damage. AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR- ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

In the dwelling units connected to the Yalova city (C) , 2.504 persons died and 6.042 persons were injured. Though the number of the dead persons was hih in Yalova county (C), in percentage the highest death toll was in Ciftlikkoy county.

After the 17th August Earthquake, it caused damages, as Golcuk being in first place, in Avcilar (Istanbul), Kocaeli and Adapazari. After this earthquake, the Yalova city center was affected to a great scale and the social life was interrupted. After the earthquake, so many buildings were destroyed, and became unusable by being heavily damaged. The 4-5 and 6-storied buildings, especially located on the alluvial deposits, were damaged.

Following the main eartquake wave, so many aftershock earthquakes occurred whose magnitude was in 4.0-5.0 values. Two big aftershock earthquakes developed, over Ms=5. (Fig. 6.2). First of these, was the 13th September 1999 earthquake Ms=5,8 and the second was the 11th November Sapanca-Adapazari Ms=5,6 earthquakes, which occurred one day before the Duzce earthquake.

12th November, 1999 Duzce Earthquake (Ms=7.2; 40.77 North-31.15 East):

During the earthquake with Mw=7.2 magnitude which caused loss of life and property in a vast area, in the east of Marmara Region, as Kaynasli (Duzce) based, on 12th November, 1999 on 18:58 Turkish Local Time (TLT), surface fractures with a length of 40 km between Golyaka in the west (Efteni Lake) and Kaynasli in the east. (Emre et al., 2000, Akyuz et al., 2000, Koral et al., 2001.)

As seen in the Yalova city earthquake on which the working area is found, is 1st Degree earthquake region.(See Figure-12).

i Proje Alanı g u r e

1 1 .

a lova City Earthquake Map

The water sources in Bursa and Yalova cities may be examined as underground waters, dams, lakes and ponds (lagoons).

4.7.1.Surface Waters

BURSA

Rivers

Nilufer Brook: Is the most important river of Bursa city and one of the characteristics of Bursa city. The size of the water drainage basin is 680 km2. The Nilufer Brook which springs in the vicinity of Keles, in the south slopes of Uludag, by taking the Sultaniye branch which joins it from the left, in the Doganci Village site, to where it comes as increasing its water potential it carries with tributary streams which it collects while flowing in the northwest direction, reaches to a utilisable potential.

The water drainage basin size of the river which it possesses in Doganci Village site, makes itself gain an annually 233.000.000 m3water yield. At this point, with the Doganci Dam, which the DSI (General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works) opened to service in the year of 1983 for the supply of drinking and utility water, an annually 105.000.000 m3 of water can be taken. And from the Nilufer Dam, established on the same Brook on the year of 2007, annually a 60 000.000 m3drinking water is obtained.

The Nilufer Brook flows into the Marmara Sea around the Karacabey Strait by merging with the Susurluk Brook to which the stream that drains the Uluabat Lake is joined, as well.

Delicay (Deli Brook): It springs from the north slopes of Uludag and due to the slope’s being so steep, it bring so much sedimentation as the result of the melting of the snow in spring months. However, the carried sedimentation, deposited in the reservoir of the Dokuzgozler Precipitation Barrage and after this point, the level of the water pollution decreases.

Aksu Stream: It is a stream which falls down the north slopes of Uludag. It flows into the Golbasi pond (lagoon).

Kaplıkaya Streams: It springs from the north slopes of Uludag, after entering the Bursa Plain, it joins to the Nilufer by merging with the Delicay (Deli Brook).

Ayvalı Stream: It joins to the Nilufer Brook by passing through the Cayirkoy Plain.

Hasanaga Stream: It merges with Nilufer Brook which is approximately 7 km in the west of Ayvalı Stream.

Orhaneli Brook: The biggest river of the city. The Orhaneli Brook, which is a branch of the Mustafakemalpasa Brook coming from the East, springs from the Kutahya City from Gediz County and after a 276 km flowing, 20 km to Mustafakemalpasa county, by merging with the Emet Brook, a branch of Mustafakemalpasa Brook coming from the west, takes the name of Mustafakemalpasa Brook and flows into the Uluabat Lake. On the Orhaneli Brook, the Cinarcik Dam is found whose construction was completed in the year of 2008, with the aim of retaining water as well as Energy-Irrigation+Flood Protection+ Drinking Water supply. From the mentioned dam, A 145 000.000 m3 of water supply is being planned to be obtained.

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR- ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT Emet Brook: It springs from the Saphane mountain in Gediz vicinity from the 1100. Meters , flowing “80 km toward the north and by merging with Orhaneli Brook, constitutes the Mustafakemalpasa Brook. Mustafakemalpasa Brook: The Mustafakemalpasa Brook, which occurs by the joining of the Orhaneli and Emet brooks in the Camandar Village, flows into the Uluabat Lake 40 km away from there. Susurluk Brook: The Simav Brook, which springs from the Saphane Mountain near Simav, comes to the Susurluk county as combining with so many small branches. And there its name becomes “Susurluk Brook (Koca Stream)”. The Susurluk Brook, by combining with Mustafakemalpasa Brook and Kara Stream, and also with Hanife Stream and Nilufer Brook, flows into the Marmara Sea from the Karacabey Strait. Bursa City Rivers LENGTH STARTING TOTAL ITS RATIO ANNUAL WITHIN AND ENDING RIVER OF LENGTH TO ITS AVERAGE THE CITY POINTS WHICH NAME OF (km) TOTAL FLOW BORDERS WITHIN THE IT IS A PROPERTIES THE RIVER LENGTH (%) RATE (m3 / (km) CITY BRANCH sn) BORDERS OF

Marmara Koca Fethiye-Iznik Lake Mutefferik Waters Stream- 17,3 17,3 100 0,850 -- Soloz Marmara KaraStream- Candarlı-Iznik Lake Fishing 38,5 38,5 100 2,172 Mutefferik Waters Cakırca

Marmara Kucukkumla- Kucukkumla kaynagı- 9,15 9,15 100 0,288 Mutefferik Waters -- Stream Gemlik Bay

Marmara Buyukkumla- 13,0 13,0 100 0,271 Naldoken Mountain- Mutefferik Waters -- Stream Gemlik Bay Marmara Yaman Stream- Dumanli Mountain- 10,0 10,0 100 0,232 Mutefferik Waters -- Kapakli Gemlik Bay

Marmara Hamamlı Stream- Taz Mountain-Gemlik 16,5 16,5 100 0,216 Mutefferik Waters -- Armutlu Bay

Marmara Golyagi Stream- Ornekkoy- The Gulf 5 5 100 1,941 Mutefferik Waters -- Karsak Strait of Gemlik

Mezitler- Fishing Goksu Brook 105 72 69 18,894 Yenisehir Sakarya River Hayriye Kara Stream- Babasultan- Akhisar 15 15 100 0,493 Goksu Brook -- Akıncılar Fevziye- Hamzabey Cerrah Stream 21 21 100 3,657 Goksu Brook --

North of Uludag- Hocakoy Stream 3 3 100 0,516 Cerrah -- Cerrah Aksutekke- MezitStream 33 33 100 3,174 Goksu Brook -- Hasanpasa Bedresu- Bogazova- 23 23 100 1,234 Akcasu -- Isaoren Inegol Akcasu- Ortakoy 23 23 100 1,544 Hayriye-Sikrali Mezit Stream --

Adakoy- Karacabey- Fishing Susurluk Brook 221 49 22 169,054 Marmara Sea Susurluk

5 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

M.Kemalpasa Marmaracacık- Fishing 230 134 58 64,798 Susurluk Brook Uluabat Lake Harmancık- Demirci- M.Kemalpasa Orhaneli Brook 200 104 52 34,95 Camandar -- Brook

M.Kemalpasa Emet Brook 81 44 54 35,60 Emet-Camandar -- Brook Keles- Nilufer Brook 103 103 100 16,77 Susurluk Brook -- AkCasusurluk GokCetepe- Doganci Sultaniye 11 11 100 0,600 Nilufer Brook -- Barajı Kurtkaya- Bademli Kurtkaya Stream 20 20 100 0,145 Nilufer Brook --

Kayapa- DegirmenStream 16 16 100 0,261 Gobelye Nilufer Brook -- Kadriye-NilUfer Yaylacık Stream 22 22 100 0,189 Nilufer Brook -- Brook Delicay (Deli Brook) 35 35 100 1,336 AlaCam-Panayır Nilufer Brook --

Lakes, Ponds and Reservoirs: Uluabat Lake:

It is a shallow (maximum 6 meters depth), blurry, eutrofic freshwater lake that is on the south of the Marmara Sea. It was originated in the Yenisehir-Bursa-Gonen collapse of basin area that reach out from east to west and that is of tectonic. It is divided with a lower verge from the Bird Lake which is in the same collapse of basin area.

The lake which is roughly shaped as a triangle has a length of 23-24 km and has a width of 12 km. The area of the lake varies by the years and seasons. The highest value that is given to the lake area until today is 24.000 hectare, and the lowest is 13.500 hectare. The south-west shores of the lake have been rounded with impoundments which are built in 1993 and this side of the lake have been kept a lid on by being open for agriculture to avoid it to spread as it was in the past.

The mean depth of the lake is 2,5 meters. The large part of it is pretty shallow and the depth among these parts vary between 1-2 meters. The most deep part of it is the concavity in Halilbey Island which reaches 10 meters.

The northern shores of the lake is relatively indented to the other regions. There are two peninsulas which are coverd with limestones (Eskikaraaga and Golyazi). Again, there are 7 more islands in which the limestone is dominant in moulding inside the lake. The biggest island is the Halilbey Island.

As the lake water consists colloidal clay, it is always blurry. Sometimes the greenish- yellow, sometimes the grayish- yellow colours become dominant in the lake water according to the dominant situation of the phyloplancton in the lake. As the lake water is blurry the luminous transmittance is very low. Depending to the increase of the dispersible materials that enter the lake in the spring, the luminous transmittance may drop even to 22 cm.

The most important water source that feeds the lake is the Mustafakemalpasa brooke. The karst sources which are at the deep of the lake and around it and the small rivers which reach the lake in the rainy times contribute to the feeding of the lake. Besides, the drainage waters of the agriculture areas which are at the southwest of the lake are transferred to the lake. The water amount that enter the lake vary greatly by the seasons and years.

The excess waters of the lake are drained by the Uluabat River which is in the west of the lake and AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT through Susurluk brooke to the Marmara Sea. But when the water levels of the lake become lower than the Uluabat River, the river begins to stream through the lake and feed the lake. Water is drawn from the lake with the pumps and an area of 6.350 hectare around the lake is irrigated.

Uluabat Lake is an important breeding site for pygmy cormorant (300 couples), squacco heron (30 couples) and eurasian spoonbill (75 couples). In the winter at the lake, pygmy cormorants (max. 1078), dalmatian pelican (max. 136), pochards (max. 321.500) can be observed. For this reason, Uluabat Lake has been declared as a wetland area which has a source value in international level under the scope of Ramsar (Especially Wetlands Which Are Significant for Water Birds Habitats Internationally) convention, after being published in the 23314th officcial gazette with the date of 15.04.1998.

Iznik Lake

İznik Lake, which is the biggest of Marmara Region and the fifth biggest of all the lakes in Turkey, is a tectonic freshwater lake which is 80 meters deep at the deepest. It is limited with its low ranges in its south and north. Some small deltas and reeds have been originated such as the biggest ones Karasu which is in its northeast and Soloz which is in its southwest. Karsak Brooke is the brooke that drains the lake. It originates form the west of the lake and streams in to the Marmara Sea. At this side of the lake, an impoundment has been built in order to avoid spates.

The lake is fully surrounded by cultivated areas and olive groves. There are groves in the old lake area behind the impoundment at the west. Water is drawn both for the factories in Gemlik and the cultivated lands around.

The area fits in to the Environmental Protection Area criterions with pygmy cormorant (30 couples) and night heron (250 couples) which build mixed colonies in between the dense reeds. İznik lake have been declared as a protected area in 1990.

As a result of the impoundment built in 1963, 416 hectare wetlands have been dried out. In this impoundment that is built to hold water, the lake has turned in to a partial reservoir. Approximately, a 9000 hectare of cultivated area are being irrigated with the lake water. This area is predicted to be enlarged by 6.945 hectares. Besides this, water is drawn by the farmers for the cultivated land in the shores of the lake to be irrigated.

Drinking Water Springs and Dams

The water demand of the City of Bursa is met by Selahattin Saygı (Doganci) dam and Nilufer dam. When NilUfer and Selahattin Saygı (Doganci) dams are operated in conjunction they provide approximately 175 hm3 of drinking water per year. The water amount that can be drawn by Doganci Dam is 115 hm3, Nilufer Dam’s percentage is 60 hm3 p.

With this, another project that is thought about for drinking water and energy is the Cınarcık Dam. The tender bid was made for the dam, 55 km from Bursa and on the Orhaneli Brook, in 1995. 145 hm3 drinking water will be produced from this dam per year. Cinarcik Dam, at the same time, will also solve the flood problem of the M. Kemalpasa plain. The drinking water springs and their capacities and their projects in the City of Bursa are presented in the table below.

USED SOURCES CAPACITY min. L/sec Million (m3/year) AREAS Fountains 494 15,57 G4-G3 sub regions

Doganci Dam 3434 108,3 G2-C2 sub regions

Doganci+Niluf 5327 168 G2-C2 sub regions er Dam

Underground Water 792 25 C3-C4 sub regions After Golbasi Dam 1744 55 2012 After Cinarcik Dam 4597 145 2012

The height of the Doganci Dam which meets the drinking water demand of Bursa is 65 m, its reserve size is 37,8 hm3 and 115 hm3 water is drawn per year. The capacity of the drinking water purification facility is 500.000 m3/day.

Besides this, there are 8 dams for irrigation purposes in the operation. These are, the Demirtas Dam in the scope of the Demirtas project, the Akalın pond in Orhaneli, the Golbası Dam and the Burcun Pond in the scope of Golbasi project, the Hasanaga Dam in between Uluabat and Bursa, the Eymir Pond and the Donmez Pond and the Buyukorhan Dam in the scope of the Inegol Project.

YALOVA

Rivers

The strongest flow in the rivers are mostly seen in moments of February and March. Whereas the flow rate is very weak in the summer, but there is always water in the riverbeds. The effect of the forest cover in the feeding areas and various sources enable the flow to continue in summer months. The weakest flow comes in the end of the summer. Besides these, there are also streams generally in which no water can be found in summers. We can sort the rivers that take place in the borders of Yalova as such:

Kocadere: It consists of the rills that originate from the ridges in the south of the Kocadere and Senkoy. It streams in to the sea after it passes through Kocadere Village. This stream irrigates the plain of which it carries the name of. In the summer months its water lessens very much and is not used in irrigation purposes.

Karpuz Stream (Tesvikiye Stream): It consists of the unification of some rills in the borders of Gemlik district with SAZLIDERE and SUDUSTU STREAM. It keeps its stream to the north by many rills that it takes from its right and left and gets the name of GUNGORMEZ STREAM.

This stream which merge with the GOL STREAM near the Tesvikiye Village and takes the name of TESVIKIYE STREAM is the river with the fastest flow and a river of which its bed is full with pebbles and stones. It streams in to the sea in the place called Pasa Limanı (Pasha Harbour).

Koru Stream: This stream which consists of the rills originating from the ridges of Hafız Yolu Hill and Cakıllı Hill, passes through inside the Ortaburun Village streams in to the sea in the Koru Plain after watering some parts of Calica Village.

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT On this plain, there are greenhouses that belongs to floriculture, a new source of income for the economy of Yalova. The water mill which is the oldest in Yalova and known as İbo’s Mill is also built on this river where the Cınarcık road cuts through the river.

Samanlı Stream (Sellimandıra Deresi): It originates from the TASPINAR, KOLACAN HILL and BEDESTEN HILL which stay inside the borders of Gemlik district of Samanlı Mountains. By getting into the city borders in the name of BEDESTEN STREAM which feeds upon many other rills, takes the name of NACAKLI STREAM later on. This river which merges with ISMAIL STREAM which first merges with FERHAT STREAM and then keeping on its stream to the north, and later on after having the waters of SEFTALI STREAM and HAVUZ STREAM coming from the hot springs from the Sellimandıra location, takes the name SELLIMANDIRA STREAM. The river of which its bed widens, waters Yenimahalle, Kadıkoy, Samanlı Villages and area of State Hatchery. It streams in to the sea in the location called Dereagzi (Mouth of the Stream) in the name of SAMANLI STREAM. Samanlı river is not only the widest and longest river, but also the one that carry most water. Above the Sellimandıra region there are a lot of salmons. There is also a 30 m waterfall in between the woods in the Nacaklı Stream section, SUDUSEN location. This region is a stopover destination for the guests in the summer. The length of the stream is about 40 meters. It has a water drawing area of 81 km2 and its flow is 3.953 m3/sec average and yearly average water size of 120 million cubic meters.

Safran Stream: This stream is originated from north ridges of the TASPINAR and BESPINAR hills which are in Gemlik district borders. It feeds upon many rills around it and passed through the Sarıkaya Pass. After it takes the name of KURTKOY STREAM within the borders of Kurtkoy it irrigates Hacımehmet, Safran Villages and most of the city soil, it streams into the sea near the PTT (Mail, Telephone, Telegram) building. In the Sarıkaya Pass section of this river there are a lot of salmons.

Balaban Stream: Balaban Dere which originate from around Sugoren Village and merge with rills around the Harita hill passes through the Esadiye Village. Under Sogucak Village it merges with Esadiye Stream and streams into the sea within the borders of the Research Institute. With this stream of which there is erosion excrescence some parts of the cultivatable lands streams in to the sea.

Elmalik Stream: This stream which is fed by many streams that originate from Ayıcı Hill region, streams in to the sea within the borders of the Research Institute after watering Elmalik Village and Kazimiye Village lands.

Sultaniye Stream: It feeds upon the rills that originate from the ERIKLI HILL which is in the south of Gacik Village and again by adding many rills around it arrives to Sultaniye Village by taking the name of Gacik River. From this point on it takes the name of Sultaniye River and by passing Ciftlikkoy it streams into the sea. It dries in summer.

Kilic Stream: It consists of the rills that stream form the Dumanlı Hill merging with Burhaniye Stream dn Laledere stream. It streams in to the sea in Catal Burun location around Taskopru. This also dries out in July and August.

Rivers, Ponds and Reservoirs:

Gokce Dam

The length of Gokce Dam which is used for drinking water is 82 m, and its reserve size is 21,7 hm3. The body type of the dam, which takes place in the center district, on the GokCe Stream, is clay core rock embankment. Also in Armutlu district, on Kaledere, there is the Armutlu Pond of which is for drinking water purposes.

Besides Gokce Dam and Armutlu Pond, there is Ortaburun Pond, of which is for drinking water purposes, in the city. The active capacity of the dam that takes place in Cınarcık district, on Dogan Stream is 191 hm3. Again, there are Mecidiye Village and Dere Village Irrigation Ponds in Armutlu district and on AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT Kuru Stream for irrigation purposes. Besides there are İlyaskoy Village Irrigation Pond on the Orencik Stream and Orencik Village Irrigation Pond in the Gol Stream. (Source: http://www.yalovaozelidare.gov.tr/goletler)

4.7.2. Sources

BURSA

Uludag maintains a source for many streams. Nilufer brooke which originates from the south of Uludag streams through the northwest by carrying a lot of streams (such as Sogukpınar, Degirmendere, Madendere). The rills that originate from the nordic ridge of the mountain (such as Gokdere, Kapklıkaya Stream, Kırkpınar Stream, Kucuk Balıkli Stream, Cardaksevi Stream) merge with NilUfer brooke under the name of Delicay in Bursa Plateu. These streams of Uludag always contain water and create small linns on steep ridges (like Softabogan and Aras Linn).

Also, the most important water source that feeds Uluabat Lake is Mustafakemalpasa brooke. The karst sources both in the deep of the lake and around it and rills that reach the lake in pluvial seasons contribute in feeding of the lake. Also, the drainage waters of the cultivated lands in the southwest of the lake are also given. The water amount that enter the lake vary greatly by the seasons and years. The excess water of the lake are emptied to Susurluk brooke by Uluabat Stream which is in the west and by this brooke, it is streamed in to the Marmara Sea. But when the water levels of the lake becomes lower than Uluabat Stream’s levels, the river streams in to the lake and feeds it. Besides, water is drawn from the lake and 6350 hectare area is watered which is around the lake.

YALOVA

Many small permeable beds (aquifers) which carry underground water inside exist within the City of Yalova borders.

These are;

In Valley Plains and alluvion in delta coasts, The limestone and sandstone rocks in the Yalakdere formation (These create the spring water founts in the central region) Volcanic and metamorphic rocks – basaltic lava streams and carstic marble, Geothermal spring water founts

Aquifers with alluvion : The alluvions that are found in the valley plains generally include sand and pebble groups and belts which intensify near where the rivers flow by. Alluvions take place on the main stone of the Sword Clay and sometimes big sand and pebble sediments can be found on the base pebble rocks. These base pebble stones and sand with alluvion and pebble belt are used for provision of underground water. In the valley plains and delta coasts there are lots of water wells that provide running water and drinking water for the industrial users or residential developments. While refilling of the aquifers with alluvion near the rivers are made by the surface waters which are carried by main rivers, the feeding of the base pebble stones are maintained by the waters that gather from the surface which Yalakdere (Yalak Stream) Formation is outcropped. The quality of the water well that is maintained by the alluvial layer may be degraded because of excessive water drawing. Because of excessive water drawing, there might be an increase in the chloride amount because of saltiness that may mix in to the fresh water in deltas with alluvion. Also, because the rivers flow through intensively cultivated regions which maintain the refilling of the alluvial aquifers with water, an incriment in the nitrat, ammonia and organic matter levels can be observed.

Yalakdere Limestone Aquifer : There are freshwater founts which come from the limestone and brownstone layers in Yalakdere Formation. The area these founts are fed is generally small on the chain of mountains. For this reason these spring founts are not very productive. It is reported that from some AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT villages, additional water is being drawn from these founts to the existing water for common use, with the belief that these waters are with higher quality. If there will be vast urbanization on these limestone and brownstone layers, the pollution risk of the underground waters will get higher because of the pollution urbanization will bring about.

Volcanic and Metamorphic Rock Aquifers: Basaltic lava streams take place on the metamorphic rocks and constitutes a big part of the high areas that is in the south of the region. A big part of the rain blends in to the rivers. But some part of it gets piled up in to the cracks, layer cuts and residual soil which is corrosed by the basaltic layer. The villages which are in the higher grounds in the south take their waters from the springwater founts. In the places where the metamorphic stone layer parts outcrop, the evidences of solution crumbling exist. This solution crumbling can reach deep in to the rock mass, constitute a transparent formation and hold a little bit of water.

Geothermal Springwater Founts: The thermal sources in the region maintain the coming of hot water from the faultlines which are in the rock mass to the surface. It is thought that the probable source of the geothermal energy is Fıstıklı granite in Sarısu Formation or the intrusion of the basaltic. Because these thermal sources draw tourists to the Thermal vacation site, they carry a great importance for the Yalova Region. Besides they have the potential to be used for providing energy for the houses and warming the market gardening greenhouses which reach to important numbers.

4.7.3. Underground Waters and Wells

BURSA

Because the Bursa Plain includes free underground water and artesian aquifers, the provision of water is made from the shallow wells. The water is in drinkable condition chemically and it is appropriate for industrial use. After the Bursa Plain, the underground water reserve is provided from Mustafakemalpasa and Karacabey basins, respectively. The underground water potential of Bursa City is given in the table below.

Bursa City underground water potential

Operation Actually Used (hm3/yıl) No Name of the Plain City Reserve (hm3/year) 1 Bursa Plain Bursa 115,0 112,0 2 Cayirkoy Plain “ 6,5 6,5 3 Asagi Susurluk Plain “ 65,5 65,0 4 Iznik Plain “ 14,0 4,2 5 Orhangazi Plain “ 19,5 14,1 6 Gemlik Plain “ 6,0 6,0 7 Inegol Plain “ 41,0 29,5 8 Yenisehir Plain “ 46,0 36,5 9 Mudanya Coastal Plain “ 3,5 2,8 BURSA CITY TOTAL 317,0 275,1

The yearly average underground water amount which can be used within the borders of Bursa City is 317,0 hm3. The drawn amount yearly is 275,1 hm3.

Geothermal Areas

Bursa has an important potential on behalf of geothermal sources. But, these sources are not used in geothermal energy production. The geothermal water sources inside the city take place on a vast AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT travertine complex in the north ridges of Uludag which is on 2543 m above sea levels. Thermal waters are in 46- 820 C degrees and they drain away in Cekirge and Kukurtlu regions which are on the west side of the city center. As it is similar to many other thermal sources in our country, Bursa thermal waters are also in close relationship with a fracture zone.

The thermal sources are characterized by a short term deep circulation system. From the rapid infiltration of the rain waters to the underground up to the maximum 1000 m depths and their rising up from the zone with the high permeability which the fracture zones caused, the thermal sources come to surface. It intersects with the zone, formed by a normal fault that separates the post Miocene tectonic contact extending in north-south directions and the hot wates which circulate in deep down, reach this surface from this intersection zone. From the tritium isotope made, the age of the waters were determined as over 50 years tritium isotope.

By the evaluation of the underwater transport, heat transfer and tritium isotopes together with the transport models, it was revealed that the fracture permeability of the circulation paths of the thermal waters and their being connected to the tectonic zones in the vicinity of the sources.

The sources which are generally found in the city may be gathered under two groups:

A. Vakifbahce Sources

The most important of the sources that reach the surface in Cekirge region were the Vakifbahce, Zeyni Nine and Izgara sources. The thermal water draining from these three sources, meet the need of thermal water of all the hotels in Cekirge, the Military Hospital and Celik Palace Hotel.

The water, drains from the closed catchments of the Zeyni Nine and Izgara sources, are mixed with the water draining from the Vakifbahce source at the graduation place. The Vakifbahce source is the source which has the greates drainage in this group. The historical catchment of the source is in the form of a long tunnel and for today it is remained in approximately 2 meters depth in the earth.

B. Bademlibahce Sources

2 important hot water sources are located in this group. Kara Mustafa, Kaynarca and New Thermal Spring Sources. The 2 resources reach the Kara Mustafa Thermal Spring in a completely closed way and production is made from only one catchment. The thermal waters spring from this source whose radioactivity is the highest in the region. The third source is the source which rises to the surface in the Kukurtlu Hammam (Sulphurous Bath) and which are rich in respect to hydrogen sulphur.

The temperatures of the waters in the Kukurtlu Region are 29,5-81,10C, and in the Cekirge Region, are between 30,8-45,70C. In the observations concerning the opacity in the waters on the date of January 1998, it was determined that the water temperatures revealed approximately 10c increase and it was 470C in Vakifbahce source and 460C in Zeyni Nine source.

The Kukurtlu and Cekirge hot waters reveal differences according to their physical and chemical characters.

In Cekirge, the waters in low concentration, the waters are drained from four sources, some shallow wells and rifts. Their temperatures reveal so little differences. In the uppermost elevation, totally dissolved substance amount is 504 mg/lt and temperature is 460C, in the lowest elevation the dissolved substance amount is 485 mg/lt and the temperature is 310C. AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT Cekirge thermal waters are characterized by the lowest electrical conductivity (570-531 mikrosiemens/cm) and the lowest temperatures (34-460C). And in the Kukurtlu thermal sources, these values are higher (electrical conductivity is 1456-1142 mikrosiemens/cm and 46-810C).

YALOVA

In Yalova and its vicinity, limestone and conglomerates, Eocene old, flysh series belonging to cretaceous, are located on the paleosoic old, schist and marbles. And in the stream beds, Quaternary old alluvions are located.

The rivers which can be regarded as important ; are the Balaban Stream ,Safran Brook and the Yalak Stream which consists of the Hersek Plain cone and the Kilic Stream, which consists of the Taskopru cone. There is no water source that can be regarded as important in the field.The current source flow rates are about 0.5-1 l/s. The Yalova County Centre and its vicinity is not productive in respect of its underground water. The flysh series, observed extensively in these fields, are not units in aquiferous (carrying water) quality. However, the Yalova-Taskopru and Hersek Plains are productive with regard to underground water, they are fields which are convenient to underground water operating. The underground water movement in Hersek and Taskopru plains, is from the south towards the north and it flows into the sea. The underground water recharging (fed by) is realized by way of permeation from the streams which constitute the feeding (recharging) cones. The underground water is supplied from the alluvions in aquiferous quality whose thickness in the current plains reach 80 m. In the alluvions, there are about 70 water wells, opened with a depth changing from 16-243 m. Underground water feeding (recharging) were estimated as; In Taskopru plain :4.95 hm3/ year In Hersek Plain :7.73 hm3/year. In both of the plains, there is extreme gravity due to the salt-water intrusion. Underground water safety reserve is determined as; in Taskopru Plain : 2.97 hm3/year In Hersek Plain :4.63 hm3/year. In the mentioned plain the characteristic of the underground water is quite low with regard to its quality. There has a salt-water intrusion problem due to their being coastal plains. It is not suitable to use is as drinking water due to the quality’s being poor. There exists an organic pollution, nitrate and ammoniac pollution. The inhabitation and the industrialization which are continuing in the cities and their environs rapidly, affect the quality of the underground water negatively.

4.8. Flora

Project Area Flora

Concerning the KUREKDAGI WPP and Manastir ESENKOY WPP which are located within the borders of Bursa city, Gemlik County, site observations and literature searches were made with the aim of determining the risks and protection statuses concerning the vegetation, natural floristic structure of the project site and the plants which forms the flora. ("Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands") Two important formations are found in the project site. These are the forests and the maquis.

a) Forest Formation

These are the forests which have the largest usage area. In the vicinity, the effect of the topographic factors show itself in the distribution of the cover. Especially in the slopes of Samanli Mountains facing the Marmara Sea, a dense forest cover occupies space. In the west, the forests which start from the Armutlu county, extends towards the east in strip form. In the middle part, again forests have a wide coverage in the Yalak Stream basin. The forest cover starts from lower heights on the slopes facing to the north . AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Photograph 1. The Beech Forest in the Dominant Position in the Project Site

As the dominant types of the region, from the large-leaved trees, the Carpinus L. sp. (Horbbeam), Castanea Mill. sp. (chestnut), Fagus orientalis L. (Oriental Breech), Populus alba L. (White Poplar), Tilia sp. (Lime tree), Platanus orientalis (Oriental Plan) may be listed. The dominant types from the sandarac trees in dominant position are: Abies bornmUlleriana Mattf. (Uludag Abies) Pinus nigra Arnold. (Black Pine), Pinus silvestris L. (Yellow Pine), Pinus pinea L. (Nut Pine) and Pinus brutia Ten.(Calabrian Pine) may be listed as the leading types. (Bilgin, 1967 ).

Due to the heaviness of the rain, the underwood flora also become rich. At the same time, the forests on the north slopes are extremely dense. On the contrary, the forest cover on the south slopes are less dense, the underforest flora is poorer and even sporadically there is none.

The project area is covered with a completely dense forest cover. In this part which consists of broad-leaved trees, the sandarac trees are so rare. From place to place, there are encountered with the units, in which the oak is dominant and from place to place consisting of the beech. In some of the areas, it is also possible to encounter with the hornbeam trees. b) Maquis

The maquies shrublands, in the valleys on the north slopes of Samanli Mountains(catchment areas) are ranging approximately up to the 350-500 meter. Along with the skirts of this mass and behind the shore whose naturalness has been conserved, the maquis are located.

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The chief maquis types in the research site may listed as; Quercus coccifera (Kermes oak), Ruscus aculeatus (Butcher’s broom), Laurus nobilis (Daphne), Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree), Paliuna- spina cristi (Blackthorn), Buxus sempervirens (common box) (Bilgin, 1967). The maquis have spread out in strips up to the areas in the north of the Gulf of Gemlik as intruded into the forest lands in the west end of the Armutlu Peninsula.

Vegetation

There are damp forests in the Samanli mountains Karlik hill site where the project area is located. This vegetation type is observed to be dominant in the north-west of the Samanli mountains where the project site is located, between the 750-1000 meters, namely on the heights where the project site shall be located. Fagus orientalis (oriental beech) constitutes most of the dominant elements of the damp forests where the project site is held .

Some of the other dominant types in the project site; the Carpinus betulus (hornbeam) and inside streams, the Alnus glutinosa (Brazil). Under the sub stage of the beech forests, the Sorbus torminalis (sorb apple tree), Daphne pontica (twin-flowered daphne), Cornus mas (cornelian cherry), Mespilus germanica (medlar), Crateagus monogyna (thorn apple), Laurocerasus officinalis (cherry laurel, eonymous) Hypericum calycinum (tutrix), are found.

Danger Categories of the Endemic Taxons by IUCN

The endemic types and the danger categories that grow in the project site are as follows:

Taraxacum pseudobrachyglossum van Soest. Danger Category: NT. Campanula lyrata Lam. subsp. lyrata Danger Category: LC. Galanthus plicatus Bieb. subsp. byzantinus (Baker) D.A. Webb Danger Category: VU.

As it is understood from the danger categories, the diffusion area of the two types (Taraxacum pseudobrachyglossum ve Campanula lyrata subsp. lyrata ) from the above mentioned types, except for the Galanthus plicatus subsp. Byzantinus, is wide, their populations are in a good state and are known at least from 5 different localities. The Galanthus plicatus Bieb. subsp. byzantinus (Baker)D.A. Webb type, which is ranked in the VU category, also reveals diffusion in places out of the project area.

Evaluation with regard to the International Conventions

Among the plants which falls within the floristic structure in the project site, there are no plant types which was taken under control and whose trading is forbidden according to the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), signed on the date of 3 March, 1978 in Washington. In the project area that is envisaged, or in its vicinity, there has no protected areas within the scope of the General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks. In the studies, realized oriented toward the areas where the the turbines are being planned to be established, it is determined that a great part of the turbine legs have come across the beech trees. AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Table-1. Plant types on project area and the nearby region and their protection status

FITOGEOG- TEH. FAMILY NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ENGLISH NAME RAPHICAL IND. REGION STA. PTERIDOPHYTA SWORD FERNS Adianthaceae Adianthum capillus-veneris L. Venus maidenhair Aspidiaceae Dryopteris pallida (Bory) Fomin Dryopteris Aspleniaceae Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. Adders-tongue Athyriaceae Athyrium filix-foemina (L.) Roth Pterophyta Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh Pterophyta Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. Horsetail cc Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. SPERMAT OPHYTA FLOWERING PLANTS DICOTYLEDONES DICOTYLEDONES Aceraceae Acer trautvetteri Medw. White birch Europe.-Sib. cc Acer campestre L. subsp. campestre Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Bifora radians Bieb. Coriander Chaerophyllum aureum L. Wild chervil Conium maculatum L. Hemlock Daucus guttatus Sm. Parnsnip Pastinaca sativa L. subsp. urens (Req. ex Godron) Celak Pastinaca sativa Peucedanum Peucedanum aegopodioides (Boiss.) Vandas aegopodioides Europe.-Sib Torilis leptophylla (L.) Reichb. Torilis Araliaceae Hedera helix L. Herbaceous periwinkle Asteraceae Achillea nobilis L. subsp. neilreichii (Kemer) Formanek Yarrow Europe.-Sib . Anthemis altissima L. Daisy cc Anthemis austriaca Jacq. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. Arctium minus Bellis perennis L. Common daisy Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. subsp. arvense Musk thistle

Crepis foetida L. subsp. rhoeadifolia (Bieb.) Celak. Chicory AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Doronicum orintale Hoffm. Monksshood Eupatorium cannabinum L. Marjoram Europe.-Sib . Inula conyzae (Griess.) Meikle Elecampane cc Inula salicina L. Lapsana communis L. subsp. intermedia (Bieb.) Hayek - Mycelis muralis (L.) Dum. - Europe.-Sib Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertner Bog rhubarb Europe.-Sib Pilosella x auriculoides (A. F. Long) Sell & West - Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. Pyrethrun Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit. Ragwort cc Senecio vulgaris L. Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. virgaurea Goldenrod Sonchus asper (L.) Hill subsp. glaucescens (Jordan) Ball Common sowthistle Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. Feverfew cc Tanacetum vulgare L. Taraxacum pseudobrachyglossum van Soest Dandelion End NT cc Taraxacum scaturiginosum G. Hagl. Telekia specioa (Schreber) Baumg. Arnica Europe.-Sib Tussilago farfara L. Butterbur Europe.-Sib Xanthium strumarium L. subsp. strumarium Rough cocklebur Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertner subsp. glutinosa Mountain alder Europe.-Sib Boraginaceae Anchusa azurea Miller var. azurea Anchusa Buglossoides arvensis (L.) Johnston - Cerinthe minor L. subsp. auriculata (Ten.) Domac. Waxplant Myosotis lithospermifolia (Willd.) Hornem. Forget me not Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don Trachystemon orientalis Auxin Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Alyssoides urticulata (L.) Med. - Arabis caucasica Willd. subsp. caucasica Arabis cc Arabis nova Vill. Barbarea plantaginea DC. Pepperweed cc Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. 66 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik Shepherd’s pouch Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz Coralwort Europe- Sib. cc Cardamine impatiens L. var. impatiens Europe- Sib.. Erophila verna (L.) DC. Erophila verna Thlaspi perfoliatum L. White birch Turritis glabra L. - Campanulaceae Campanula lyrata Lam. subsp. lyrata Bellflower End LC cc Campanula persicifolia L. Europe- Sib. cc Campanula rapunculoides subsp. rapunculoides Europe- Sib. Legosia falcata (Ten.) Fritsch Legosia falcata Mediterraean Caprifoliaceae Sambucus ebulus L. Elderberry Europe- Sib. Caryophyllaceae Cerastium perfoliatum L. Cerastium perfoliatum Dianthus giganteus d’Urv. Cloves Europe- Sib. Holosteum umbellatum L. var. glutinosum (Bieb.) Gay Holosteum Moenchia mantica (L.) Bartl. subsp. mantica Moenchia mantica Saponaria officinalis L. Soapwort Silene dichotoma Ehrh. subsp. dichotoma Bladder campion cc Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke var. vulgaris Stellaria graminea L. Rosemary Convolvulaceae Calystegia sylvatica (Kit.) Griseb. Hedge Bindweed Cornaceae Cornus mas Carnberry cc Cornus sanguinea L. subsp. australis (C.A. Meyer) Jav. Corylaceae Carpinus betulus L. Hornbeam Europe- Sib. cc Carpinus orientalis Miller Crassulaceae Sedum telephium L. subsp. maximum (L.) Krocker Orpine Europe- Sib. Dipsacaceae Dipsacus laciniatus L. Teasel Ericaceae Monotropa hypopithys L. - Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia falcata L. subsp. falcata Mole plant Mercuralis annua L. Mercuralis annua Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Astragalus squalidus Boiss. & Noe. Wild liquorice Coronilla varia L. subsp. varia Coronilla

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Galega offıcinalis L. Astiibe Europe - Sib. Genista lydia Boiss. var. Lydia Genista Lathyrus laxiflorus (Desf.) O. Kuntze subsp. laxiflorus Vetch cc Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. Europe - Sib. Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa Clover cc Medicago x varia Martyn Melilotus officinalis L. Desr. Melilot Trifolium fragiferum L. var. fragiferum Clover cc Trifolium physodes Stev. Ex Bieb. var. physodes cc Trifolium pratense var. pratense cc Trifolium repens L. var. giganteum Lag. - Foss. Vicia sativa L. subsp. sativa Vetch cc Vicia villosa Roth. Subsp. eriocarpa (Hausskn) P.W. Bal. Fagaceae Castanea sativa Miller Chestnut Europe - Sib. Fagus orientalis Lipsky Beech Europe - Sib. Quercus robur L. subsp. robur Oak Europe - Sib. Gentianaceae Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Hudson subsp. prefoliata Blackstonia Centaurium erythraea Rafn subsp. erythraea Centaurium erythraea Mediterranean Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Herit. subsp. cicutarium Geranium Geranium lucidum L Cranesbill cc Geranium pyrenaicum Burnm. Hypericaceae Hypericum calycinum L. Klammath weed cc Hypericum cerastoides (Spach) Robson cc Hypericum perforatum L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreber subsp. chia (Schreber) Arcangeli Felty germander var. chia Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) P.W.Ball Catmint Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare Wild basil Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit deadnettle Lamium purpureum L. var. purpureum Henbit deadnettle Europe - Sib Lycopus europaeus L. Club moss Europe - Sib

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Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata Nane Prunella vulgaris L. Weasel Europe - Sib Salvia forskahlei L. Sage tea Auxin Stachys annua (l.) L. subsp. annua var. annua Sideritis Teucrium chamaedrys L. subsp. chamaedrys Felty germander Europe - Sib. Onagraceae Epilobium angustifolium L. Rosebay willowherb cc Epilobium parviflorum Schreber Papaveraceae Chelidonium majus L. Swallow wort Europe - Sib. Corydalis caucasica DC. Coiydalis Auxin Papaver dubium L. Poppy Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata L. Common plantain cc Plantago major subsp. major Polygalaceae Polygala vulgaris L. Common milkwort Europe - Sib. Polygonaceae Polygonum amphibium L. Polygonum amphibium cc Polygonum arenastrum Bor. Rumex scutatus L. Sour dock Primulaceae Lysimachia verticillaris Sprengel Lysimachia verticillaris Auxin Primula vulgaris Huds. Subsp. sibthorpii (Hoffmanns)W.W.Sm. & Primrose Auxin Forrest Ranunculaceae Clematis vitalba L. Clematis Helleborus orientalis Lam. Helleborus Auxin Ranunculus arvensis L. Butter flower cc Ranunculus constantinopolitanus (DC.) Urv. cc Ranunculus gracilis Clarcke cc Ranunculus repens L. Rosaceae Agrimonia eupatoria L. Burstwort Crataegus monogyna Jacq. subsp. monogyna Hawthorn Fragaria vesca L. Strawberry Laurocerasus officinalis Roemer Prunus laurocerasus Mespilus germanica L. Medlar Auxin Potentilla reptans L. Five finger grass

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Prunus spinosa L. subsp. dasyphylla (Schur) Domin Sloe Europe-Sib. Rubus canescens DC. var. glabratus (Godron) Davis & Meikle Blackberry Europe-Sib. cc Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees Auxin Sorbus torminalis (L.)Crantz var. torminalis Rowan berry Europe-Sib. cc Rubiaceae Asperula involucrata Wahlenb. Auxin Cruciata laevipes Opiz - Europe-Sib. cc Galium rotundifolium L. Europe-Sib. Saxifragaceae Saxifraga cymbalaria L. var. cmbalaria Saxifraga Schrophulariaceae Schrophularia scopolii var. scopolii [Hoppe ex] Pers Figwort Verbascum lagurus Fisch. & Mey. Oxtail Europe-Sib. Veronica anagallis - aquatica L. Sagebrush cc Veronica hederifolia L. cc Veronica pectinata L. var. pectinata Solanaceae Atropa belladona L. Belladonna Europe-Sib. Tiliacea Tilia argentea Desf. ex DC. Linden Europe-Sib. Thymelaceae Daphne pontica L. Daphne pontica Auxin Ulmaceae Ulmus glabra Hudson Elm tree Europe-Sib. Violaceae Viola alba Besser subsp. alba Viola cc Viola arvensis Murray cc Viola gracilis Sibth. & Sm. cc Viola kitaibeliana Roem. & Schult. cc Viola odorata L. cc Viola reichenbachiana Jord. cc Viola sieheana Becker MONOCOTYLEDONES MONOCOTYLEDONE Amaryllidaceae Galanthus plicatus Bieb. subsp. byzantinus (Baker)D.A. Webb SnowdropS Auxin End VU Cyperaceae Carex distachya Desf. var. distachya Sedge Mediterranean Carex ovalis Good. Sedge Europe - Sib. Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla - Iridaceae Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert Saffron Juncaceae Juncus inflexus L. Juncus Inflexus

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Luzula sylvatica (Hudson) Gaudin Luzula Europe - Sib. Liliaceae Fritillaria pontica Wahlenb. Fritillaria pontica Europe - Sib. Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker Tassel hyacinth Muscari tenuiflorum Tausch Ornithogalum nutans L. Ornithogalum nutans cc Ornithogalum wiedemannii Boiss. Europe - Sib. Polygonatum orientale Desf. Polygonatum orientale Ruscus hypoglassum L. Horse tongue lily Europe - Sib. Orchidaceae Cephalantera longifolia (L.) Fritsch Cephalantera Europe - Sib. Ophrys sphegodes Miller Orchid Poaceae (Gramieae) Aegilops biuncialis Vis. Aegilops biuncialis Alopecurus myosuroides Hudson var. myosuroides Meadow foxtail Europe - Sib. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. subsp. odoratum Timothy grass Europe - Sib. Bromus squarrosus L. Brome Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. villosus Ragel Orchard grass Cynosurus cristatus L. Cynosurus cristatus Europe - Sib. Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth.) Nyman Cynodon Dactylon Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. Bluegrass Europe - Sib. Holcus lonatus L. Holcus lonatus Europe - Sib. Lolium perene L. Meadow grass Europe - Sib. Phleum subulatum (Savi) Aschers & Graebn. Subsp. subulatum Phleum subulatum Poa annua L. Meadow grass cc Poa nemoralis L cc Poa pratensis L. Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. - Europe - Sib. Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Setaria viridis

71 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

4.9. Fauna

With field and office surveys, interactions expected to take place on project field between project and natural habitats and between the residents of these habitats have been evaluated and further evaluations were made with respect to flouristic, faunistic, and landscape issues.

Purpose of studies is to eliminate any negative interactions expected to take place between natural environments and the habitants of these environments during the activity stage and the operational stage. In cases where negative impacts can not be completely avoided, they have been minimized.

Following the completion of works, studies will also be realized with respect to restoration.

During operational stage, the things to be done with respect to natural structure and natural components as well as the precautions to be taken have been evaluated.

In RES projects as the turbines are established, bird and bat species in these sections could be negatively influenced. As a result of evaluations made by the experts with respect to this subject, any features present in windpower plants that could have a significant negative impact on bat species besides local and migrating bird species, were not determined.

Any negative impacts that could be given to natural environments and natural components within the scope of project could be considered as tolerable when the contributions of project to Turkey are considered and as the particulars emphasized on the report will be taken into account before, during and after the project and as the recommended precautions will be taken.

72 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

AMPHIBIANS

As a result of field surveys and habitat investigations carried by us at the project field within Gemlik district being defined as “activity area” and in the near region, and especially at moist or wet habitat types being preferred by amphibians, it is found out that ther are 4 amphibian species living in the area, one of them being tailed frog and three of them being frog without tail.

Table 13. Amphibians determined on project area and near region and their protection status.

END

BERN

ERL (UCN) ERL AREA

SPECIES

PROJECT PROJECT

RES AREA RES

NEARBY REGION NEARBY

SCIENTIFIC NAME OF OF NAME SCIENTIFIC OF NAME ENGLISH

WAY OF RECORDING WAY

DFD NEARBY

THROUGHOUT TURKEY THROUGHOUT URODELA URODELA

SALAMANDRIDAE SALAMANDRIDAE

Triturus vittatus Triturus + -- LC Appen Few Rare G dix- III ANURA ANURA AMPHIBIANS

BUFONIDAE SALIENTIANS

Pseudepidalea viridis Bufo viridis -- LC Appen -- Plenty Few G dix-II RANIDAE RANIDAE

Pelophylax Marsh frog + LC Appen Very Plenty G dix- Ridibundus plenty III HYLİDAE WOODFROG

Hyla arborea Tree frog -- LC Appen -- Plenty Rare G dix-II

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REPTILE SPECIES (REPTILIA)

At the project field and nearby region, in order to define reptile species present on the areas which are the continuation of one another ecologically, field surveys and investigations are realized. For this purpose it was looked inside hollows, branches and roots of trees being suitable for hiding and especially inside forms such as beeches (Fagus sp.) and ash trees (Carpinus sp.) Furthermore it was looked around the seasonal and permanent streams on the project field or in nearby regions, at the stony with sunshine at the activity area and nearby region, at the stone walls on agricultural areas and near the settlements, and under the stones and near regions which are mainly preferred by reptiles and it was also looked inside plant remains and hollows in the soil. In order to avoid any negative impacts that may occur on the components of wild life, the method of catching by using traps was not used. In cases where there was uncertainity with respect to determination of species by naked eye or by using binoculars, image records were taken by digital machines with teleobjective to be evaluated during office studies. And by evaluating these records by using keys, auxiliary books and by getting support from experts, specifying the species could be made possible.

For the purpose of determining Protection Status of species, protection lists being valid on national and international ground and being officially by Turkey were used. As as result of field surveys conducted with respect to reptile species on project field, it was determined that individual members of 7 reptile species lived on project field and on neighboring habitats. Besides climatic conditions prevailing on project field, due to dense monotypical plant formation number of species have remained as limited.

74 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

ERL TURKEY RECORD SCIENTIFIC NAME OF RES NAME IN ENGLISH NEARBY (IUCN) BERN END MAK IN PROJEC ING SPECIES FIELD REGION T FIELD GENERAL WAY TESTUDINES FROGS

TESTUDINIDAE TORTOISE

Testudo graeca Tortoise -- + VU Appendix- -- Appendix-I Very plenty Plenty G II SQUAMATA SNAKES AND LIZARDS

AGAMIDAE AGAMIDAE

Laudakio stellio stellio Roughtail rock agama + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix-I Plenty Few G II GEKKONIDAE AGAMIDAE

Hemidactylus t. Hemidactylus turcicus - + LC Appendix- -- Appendix-I Plenty Few G turcicus III LACERTIDAE LACERTIDAE

Lacerta trilineata Lacerta trilineata + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix-I Plenty Few G II Ophisops elegans Ophisops elegans + + -- Appendix- -- Appendix-I Very plenty Plenty G II SERPENTES (=OPHIDIA) SNAKES

COLUBRIDAE COLUBRIDAE

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SNAKES Dolichopis caspius Caspian whipsnake + + -- Appendix- -- Appendix-I Plenty Few G III Eirenis modestus Eirenis modestus + -- LC Appendix- -- Appendix-I Plenty Few G III Table 14. Reptiles found on project field and near region and their protection status

76 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

MAMMAL SPECIES (MAMMALIA) With faunistic observations and investigations being realized within activity area and in nearby region, mammal species meaning insectivora, bats, rabbits, rodentia, raptors, and artiodactyla and their locations in the region have been investigated.

Studies realized for mammal species are similar to those relating with amphibians and reptile species. As mammal species are more advanced when compared with all vertebrated groups preceding them, their being caught and followed up is much more difficult. Furthermore, as they are among vertebrated animal groups that are mostly influenced from environmental problems and habitat losses, their living areas are getting narrower each day and their numbers are getting reduced. Remaining individuals need to develop strategies to be harmonized and to hide in order to remain alive. For this reason studies carried out as relating with mammals are realized by using special monitoring and catching methods. Still, some of the animals can be negatively influenced from these applications. For this reason, catching by using traps has been evaluated as the last method to be considered. Thus, during the investigations, observations requiring long time and patience were not avoided. Besides, questionnaires were realized as face to face with habitants of region by using visual materials.

In addition to field studies, discussions were held with some habitants of the region and literature studies were also realized. As a result of these studies, it was determined that 9 mammal species were living in the region. These species, their protection status, their population situation as well as recording ways and similar data have been given on below table.

77 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Table 15. Mammal species determined in project area and near region nd their protection status

ERL

AREA

REGION

WAY OF WAY

NEARBY

TURKEY

PROJECT PROJECT

OF SPECIES OF SPECIES OF

RES AREA RES

BERN

OF SPECIES

RECORDING

(UCN) DFD NEARBY END

THROUGHOUT THROUGHOUT

ENGLISH NAME NAME ENGLISH

SCIENTIFIC NAME NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME SCIENTIFIC

INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA

ERINACEIDAE PORCUPINE + LC -- -- Appendix-Plenty Few G Erinaceus concolor Hedgehog 1

MICROCHIROPTERA BATS

RHINOLOPHIDAE RHINOLOPHIDAE -- + LC Appendix-- Appendix-Plenty Few L Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Rhinolophus ferrumequinum -I1 1 VESPERTILIONIDAE VESPERTILIONIDAE -- + LC Appendix-- -- Plenty Few G, L Pipistrellus pipistrellus Pipistrellus pipistrellus -III LAGOMORPHA RABBITS

LEPORIDAE RABBITS -- + LC Appendix-- Appendix-Plenty Few G, A Lepus capensis Wild rabbit -III III RODENTIA RODENTIA SCIURIDAE SCIURIDAE

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Appendix Appendix- Sciurus anomalus Squirrel + LC -III -- I1 Plenty Few G, A MURIDAE MOUSE AND RATS

Apodemus mystacinus Wood mouse -- + LC ------Plenty Few G, L

CARNIVORA ETÇİLLER, YIRTICILAR

MURIDAE FARE VE SIÇANLAR

Apodemus mystacinus Wood mouse -- + LC ------Plenty Few G, L

CARNIVORA CARNIVORA, RAPTORS

CANIDAE CANIDAE Appendix- Vulpes vulpes Red fox -- + LC -- -- III Plenty Rare G MUSTELIDAE MUSTELIDAE Appendix Appendix- Martes martes Beech marten -- + LC -I1 -- III Few Rare L, A ARTIODACTYLA ARTIODACTYLA

SUIDAE SUIDAE Appendix-Very Sus scrofa scrofa Wild pig + LC -- -- III plenty Plenty G

79 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

BIRD SPECIES (AVES) With the purpose of finding out about “local forms” which are present on sections where project will be brought to life and in the nearby region, about “migrating forms” that visit these sections temporarily, and “transit forms” passing from over the project field and nearby region as forming avifauna, meaning bird species groups and to reveal their interaction with Windpower plant (RES) project and RES area, on the relevant area, field surveys and habitat investigations have been realised by us. During the observations and investigations realized in spring period of year 2012, bird species using the project area for the purposes of resting, getting food and incubating have been determined and by specifying whether bird species being determined are local, migrating or transit species, they have been stated on relevant table. While preparing this report, besides data obtained during field surveys that were realized in the spring period of year 2012, data which were obtained during field surveys conducted by us in these sections and nearby region previously were also used. Finally literature controls were made with respect to the subject. Number of bir species determined as a result of field surveys conducted on Kürek Mountain RES project field and near region and as per evaluations is 58. 23 out of these species have the status of Non-Passeres meaning non-singing birds and 35 of them have status of Passeres meaning singing birds. It is expected for this number to increase as per long term observations and other studies that will be realized. Bird species that were determined on project field and nearby region are given on below table. On the same table, national and international protection status of species, their endemism situation and other information like recording ways are also given.

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Table 16. Bird species on project field (Aves) and their protection status

RES RES

ERL DFD

END

BERN

AREA (UCN) AREA

HOUT HOUT

NEARB

SPECIES SPECIES SPECIES

REGION

WAY OF WAY

SPECIES

NAME OF OF NAME NEARBY OF NAME OF NAME

TURKEY

THROUG

ENGLISH ENGLISH

PROJECT

NAME OF NAME

RECORDI

SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC

NONPASSERES NON-SINGING BIRDS

PELECANIFORMES PELECANIFORMES Appendix Appendix Pelecanus onocrotalus White pelican -- + LC -I1 -- -1 A.3 Y -- G PHALACROCORACIDA PHALACROCORACID E AE Appendix Appendix Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant -- + LC -II1 -- -I1 A.4 Y -- G CICONIIFORMES CICONIIFORMES

CICONIIDAE STORKS

Appendix Appendix YZ, Ciconia ciconia White stork + + LC A.3.1 -- G -I1 -1 Y

Appendix YZ, Ciconia nigra Black stork -- + LC Appendix A.3 -- G -I1 -1 Y

ARDEIDAE ARDEIDAE Appendix Appendix Ardea cinerea Grey heron -- + LC -II1 -- -I1 A.3.1 Y -- G Appendix Appendix Egretta garzetta Little egret -- + LC -I1 -- -1 A.3.1 Y -- G ACCIPITRIFORMES RAPTORS AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

SWARROW HAWK ACCIPITRIDAE AND EAGLES Circus aeruginosus Marsh harrier + + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.3 YZ -- G -I1 -1 Buteo ruffmus Long legged buzzard + + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.3 Y -- G -I1 -1 Appendix Appendix Buteo buteo Hawk + + LC A.3 -- G -I1 -1

Milvus migrans Black kite + + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.3 Y, T -- G -I1 -1 GRUIFORMES GRUIFORMES

RALLIDAE RALLIDAE Appendix Appendix Fulica atra Wild goose -- + LC -II1 -- -1 A.5 Y -- G LARIDAE SEAGULLS Appendix Appendix Larus cachinnans Yellow legged seagull + + LC -II1 -- -1 A.4 Y -- G FALCONIFORMES FALCONS

FALCONIDAE FALCONIDAE

Falco tinnunculus Kestrel + + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.2 Y -- G -I1 -1 Appendix Appendix Y,Y Falco naumanni Lesser kestrel -- + VU A.2 -- G -I1 -1 Z

Falco subbuteo Eurasian hobby -- + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.3.1 Y -- G -I1 -1

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COLUMBIFORMES DOVES

Appendix- Columba livia Rock dove + + LC Appendix A.5 Y -- G II1 -II1

Streptopelia decaocto Dove + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.5 Y -- G II1 -I1 STRIGIFORMES STRIGIFORMES

STRIGIDAE STRIGIDAE Appendix- Appendix Athene noctua Owlet -- + LC II -- -I A.2 Y -- G APODIFORMES APODIFORMES

APODIDAE APODIDAE

Apus apus Swift, apus apus + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.3.1 YZ -- G II1 -I Tachymarptis melba Alpine swift + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.3 YZ -- G II1 -I MEROPIDAE MEROPIDAE Appendix- Appendix Merops apiaster Bee-eaters + + LC II -- -I A.3.1 YZ -- G CORACIIFORMES CORACIIFORMES

UPUPIDAE UPUPIDAE Hoopoe, European Appendix- Appendix Upupa epops hoopoe, + + LC II -- -I A.2 YZ -- G PICIDAE PICIFORMES

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Appendix- -- Appendix -- Dendrocopus syriacus Syrian woodpecker + + LC II -I A.2 Y G PASSERES SINGING BIRDS

PASSERIFORMES NONSINGING BIRDS

ALAUDIDAE ALAUDIDAE

Melanocorypha calandra Calandra Lark + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.5 Y -- G II -I Galerida cristata Crested lark + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.3 Y -- G III -II HIRUNDINIDAE HIRUNDINIDAE

Hirundo rustica Chimney swallow + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.5 YZ -- G II -I Delichon urbica House martin + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.3 YZ -- G II -I MOTACILLIDAE MOTACILLIDAE

Motacilla alba White wagtail + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.3.1 Y -- G II -I MUSCICAPIDAE MUSCICAPIDAE

Erithacus rubecula Robin redbreast + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.3 Y -- G II -I Phoenicurus phoenicurus Common redstart + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.3 Y -- G II -I Luscinia megarynchos Nightingale + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.2 YZ -- G II -I Saxicola rubetra Whinchat + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.3 Y -- G II -I Saxicola torquatus Stonechat + + LC Appendix- -- Appendix A.3 Y -- G II -I

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TURDIDAE TURDIDAE Turdus merula Ouzel -- + LC Appendix Appendix A.3 Y -- G -III -III

Oenanthe oenanthe Wheatear + + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.3 YZ -- G -II -I Oenanthe isabellina Northern wheatear + + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.3 Y -- G -II -I SYLVIDAE SYLVIDAE

Sylvia atricapilla Sylvia -- + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.2 YZ -- G -II -I Phylloscopus collybita Phylloscopus collybita -- + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.3.1 Y -- G -II -I PARİDAE PARİDAE

Parus ater Coal tit + + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.3.1 Y -- G -II -I Parus major Great tit + + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.3 Y -- G -II -I Parus lugubris Sombre tit + + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.2 Y -- G -II -I SITTIDAE SITTIDAE Sitta europaea Nuthatch -- + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.3 Y -- G -II -I LANIIDAE LANIIDAE

Lanius collurio Starling -- + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.3 YZ -- G -III -I Lanius minor Lesser starling + + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.3 YZ -- G -III -I Lanius senator Red-headed starling -- + LC Appendix -- Appendix A.2 YZ -- G -III -I 85 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

CORVIDAE CORVIDAE Pica pica Magpie + + LC -- -- Appendix-III A.5 Y -- G

Corvus monedula Jackdaw -- + LC Appendix -- Appendix-III A.5 Y -- G -II Corvus corone Hooded crow + + LC -- -- Appendix-III A.5 Y -- G Corvus corax Common raven + + LC Appendix -- Appendix-II A.5 Y -- G -III STURNIDAE STURNIDAE Sturnus vulgaris Starling + + LC -- -- A.5 Y -- G Appendix-II PASSERIDAE PASSERIDAE Passer domesticus House sparrow + + LC -- -- Appendix-III A.5 Y -- G

Passer montanus Tree sparrow -- + LC Appendix -- Appendix-II A.3 Y -- G -III FRINGILLIDAE FRINGILLIDAE

Fringilla coelebs Oscine -- + LC Appendix -- Appendix-II A.4 Y -- G -III Carduelis carduelis Finch + + LC Appendix -- Appendix-I A.3 Y -- G -II .1 Carduelis cannabina Linnet + + LC Appendix -- Appendix-I A.3 Y -- G EMBERIZIDAE -II EMBERIZIDAE Emberiza melanocephala Black-headed bunting + + LC Appendix -- Appendix-I A.4 YZ -- G Ortolan + + LC -II -- A.2 YZ -- G Emberiza hortulana Appendix Appendix-II -III Emberiza calandra Corn bunting + + LC Appendix -- Appendix-II A.6 Y -- G -III

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Red Data Book Criteria for Turkish Birds (KİZİROGLU, 2008) A.1.2= Population of this kind of birds have significantly reduced throughout Turkey. In the regions where they are monitored, they are represented with 1 individual-10 pairs (=1-20 individuals). A.2 = Individual number of birds being part of the bird species within this group, are faced with big dangers in the areas where they are spread. A.3 = As the population levels of bird species within this group are significantly reduced, they are in danger. A.3.1= There is a decrease in the populations of these bird species in the areas where they are observed. Population of these species change between the range of 251-500 pairs (502-1000 individuals). A.4 = Species, which are not faced with the danger of getting extinct but which are confronted with a potential threat at the border regions where they are spread. Y = Local; Local bird species that incubate regularly in our country.

YZ = Summer visitor; Species that migrate after incubating in our country. KZ= Winter visitor; Species that spend winter months in our country as being winter visitors

Ornithologic Evaluation

Besides the benefits of windpower plants for the maintenance of open areas, various arguments regarding the protection of nature and mainly the birds, have been brought up. Major reason for this is that many researches have been conducted with respect to windpower plants serving to protect the lands. These researches have revealed that windpower plants have some risks for the birds and living areas that are used by the birds;

These are;

Collision, meaning birds’ and bats’ hitting the turbines or poles or their being negatively impacted from the air flows that are created; Losses of habitat for a short while during the stage of establishing the turbines; Losses of habitat for a long period due to the type of management and operations; Creating barriers on the migration routes; Interruption of ecological unities, meaning disruption of habitat.

In order to avoid collision of turbines and birds, while choosing the places of turbines, the topic of birds and migration routes should be evaluated in a healthy way during pre-survey stages.

Disruption of living areas and lossing them

During the stage of establishing windpower plants, in addition to permanent or temporary conversions occuring in natural environments, one of the most important problems seen is the division of important habitats sometimes in width and sometimes lengthwise due to turbines. Besides the size of area for which license is obtained and number of turbines planned to be established, especially the way of establishing turbines in natural environments are important factors coming to the forefront. For example establishing the turbines in a single line by leaving minimum distances in between them is a factor limiting the wing movements realized in these sections. In case the said lining intersects with the traditional routes where wing movements are realized, risk level increases significantly. This situation can also interrupt with the habitats used by local winged forms.

87 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Collision Impact

While bats, which are among the winged species being directly influenced from turbines are negatively effected from turbulance created by turbines, birds are mainly influenced by collisions with body sections and mainly with propellers. Important number of collisions occuring as a result of birds’ getting near turbine propellers and bodies and near the electrical transmission lines established in the near region as relating with the turbines, end up with death. If the injured form of birds are not intervened, they can be perished in a similar way. When the situation is considered with respect to rarely seen bird species and raptors having limited population due to their reproduction potentials, being subject to these impacts is seen to be a more sensitive issue. Risk of collision is higher at topographical narrow passes where bird movements get dense and especially at mountain passages and land bridhes in between large watery areas. In addition, regions like marshy places and wetlands where many birds species reproduce, rest and get nutrition, are significantly important with this respect. In various scientific researches conducted, as being an adaptation against these risks, behaviour in the population for keeping away from the turbines is being emphasized. (Hötker (2005, 2006), Pedersen et al, (2006), Masden et al, 2009). Other factors which can influence the risk of collision can be listed as flight height of species, flight way, their behaviors, weather conditions, topographic structure and features of turbines . (Drewitt and Langston 2006).

Getting Disrupted and Changing Place

Birds can get disrupted by turbines due to the appearance of turbines, their vibrations, noises and the vehicle traffic in the near region. Conspicuously it is determined that the species incubating in the region were less influenced that other species coming to the region for hunting, getting food and for resting. (Hötker et al, 2005, 2006) but in the researches which are recently conducted, it is revealed that the situation is different. (Pearce- Higgins et al, 2009).

Barrier Impact

RES areas create a potential risk factor on the flight routes of bird species as they migrate or during their regular flight movements which they realize between the local region where they incubate and areas where they rest an get their food. In the researches conducted it is found out that during nigth flights species got much closer to RES areas although they did not get too close to these areas in the day time.(Drewitt and Langston 2006). Turbines which are established as vertical to the migration route instead of being parallel, are evaluated as being a risk factor depending on their numbers. Although an important impact is not observed where low number of turbines are situated, establishing turbines in numbers that could avoid passages over migration routes, is considered as an important barrier with respect to zoogeographical point of view. (Drewitt and Langston 2006, Masden et al, 2009). ‘National Audubon Society, which is among the oldest and most routed environmental protection organizations of USA, has stated that they are not against Windpower plants (RESs). According to the relevant institution, windpower plants (RESs), realize much cleaner production when compared with many other energy production facilities. But when stating this situation, an important point should also be emphasized. It was stressed that windpower plants (RESs) should not be established at regions where bird species, and especially the raptors, which are faced with the danger of getting extinct, would be threatened.

88 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Furthermore, it is emphasized that before the establishment of turbines, it is significantly important to determine the existence of bird species that are faced with the danger of getting extinct, as being among local and migrating forms, andthat the relevant areas should be kept under monitoring for at least two years while the operational period would need to be shaped in accordance. (Daulton, 2007).

With the purpose of realizing an ornithologic evaluation as relating with windpower plant (RES) project, in the spring period of year 2012, at the relevant areas field survey, observation and habitat investigations were realized. Field surveys were conducted within a timeframe comprising the beginning of spring migration period. Therefore, it could be possible to make evaluation with respect to the interaction between project field and migration movements.

Within the scope of field surveys, importance of project field with respect to local bird species, bird species using these sections for various reasons, whether turbines that will be established with the scope of Kürek Mountain-RES project, will create any risk for local forms or not,and whether there are any wet areas or environments suitable for getting food, having shelter or for mass reproduction at regions close to the project field that could be defined as “attraction areas” have also been evaluated.

Furthermore, it was evaluated whether turbines that are planned to be established within the scope of Kürek Mountain-RES project had any impact of transit (migrating) bird species and in case such risks would arise, it was also evaluated to find out the points and measures to be considered to eliminate or minimize the risks.

Fauna Analysis

There are no endemic species among amphibians which are determined as living at the appropriate habitats within activity area and the nearby region. All of the amphibian species in the project area are within “LC” (Least Concern) meaning “Those under lowest threat” status in “European Red List”. There are no endemic types among reptiles determined at sections defined as project field and at living areas in the near region.

There are no endemic bird species which are observed at the habitats in the project field and nearby region, which visit these areas for specific periods, or which have been determined or recorded as they pass over the project field.

There are no endemic species among mammals which are determined as living at the project field and living areas in nearby region. It is determined that all of the mammals specified as living at RES project area and nearby region were under “LC”, meaning “Those under lowest threat1 category within European Red List.

Probable Impact of Activity on Terrestrial Fauna Species on the Project Field and Related Measures

During the observations and investigations it was determined that none of the pole feet coincided with wet areas.

Attention will be paid to pour the excavation soil taken from the area where turbine poles are situated, to the sections that are used by vertebrated species for the purposes of getting food, shelter or reproducing.

89 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

One of the most important interventions taking place during the stage of bringing the project into being is shaped while the trees are cut. First of all, it is required to cut the trees at the regions where turbines, operational buildings and transformers will be situated and at the sections where new roads will be built and where cranes and trucks will manoeuver. Meaning that a cutting-trimming activity will take place at these sections. For this reason, as the trees and shrubs that are cut will be taken away from these areas, wild fauna components that are in these sections will be confronted with the risk of being damaged. As it is known, wild forms prefer the inner parts or bottom parts of shrubs or crown plates, slits and hollows for the purposes of getting shelter, for hiding and reproduciing. During the stage when shrub and tree forms will be cut, some protective measures will be taken as relating with fauna components using these sections. During such interventions, these sections will be carefully investigated and the animals which are found will be carefully held by using gloves and they will be carried to the suitable habitats in the near region.

At the sections where trimming of shrubs and plants of one year will be realized besides cutting of trees, as turbine bodies will be placed and generators and propellers will be situated, there will be risk of disrupting fauna components reproducing at these regions and the risk for them to be damaged. If these obligatory interventions coincide with the reproduction period, loss of nests, eggs, and whelps could also be seen.

As it is known the act of reproduction is one of the most important facts determining the future of a species. In order to avoid any losses that could occur, either attention will be paid with respect to timing of studies and during the reproduction periods it will be kept away from these sections or it should be ensured before trimming and assembling that fauna components are not present at these sections or that they are removed from these areas. For this purpose, any wild forms found during visual controls before the plants are removed from the area, should be catched by using appropriate equipment and methods and they should be carried from these sections. If it can not be possible to remove them by catching, it should be waited for these animals to leave these places on their own.

At the next stage, before the materials which are cut are removed from the field, by realizing a visual control on the wastes, mambals like porcupines and reptiles like turtles, lizards and snakes which can be found here, should be catched by using appropriate methods and equipment and they should be placed in fabric bags and carried to nearby regions where they will not be influenced from the activity.

Attention should be paid to realize the process of cutting shrubs and trees before the period when eggs are left/reproduction activity takes place or after the dates when the whelps will be able to take care of themselves.

During processes like preparing the sections where turbine feet will be situated, trimming, and placement of turbines, equipment that creates high level of noise are used.

Many of the wild forms are negatively influenced from sounds with lower decibels when compared with humans. As a result of this interaction, they either leave their living areas for a short while or permanently or their activities like reproduction, getting food, resting and having shelter are interrupted. For this reason, during the periods when construction process coincides with incubation/reproduction period, by stopping to realize some activities causing the noise, by using mufflers, or by taking precautions like curtaining near the source of noise, it will be avoided to confront with undesired outcomes.

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Almost all of the fauna components that are present at the sections where RES project will be brought to life and in the nearby region, are on the national and international protection lists.

As all of these regulations are considered, it is strictly forbidden to give harm to the wild forms seen in the area. Furthermore, it is also forbidden to keep these components, to collect their eggs or to keep them even if they may be dead. It is thought that it will be helpful to notify the personel who will be working within the scope of activity beforehand, to remind them of the precautions and prohibitions, to distribute informative notes, or to hang banners containing visual materials with information and warnings at the site or administrative buildings as can be seen by all the employees.

Bat species and other mammals that are seen during the observations realised as relating with the project field are given on relevant table. As a result of our controls with respect to habitats in the region being prefered by bats, special bat habitats that could provide shelter for a considerable number of bats could not be observed at the sections where turbines will be established and in the nearby areas. Since project field and nearby region are composed of dense woody areas, and as this would limit the movement of bats, these regions are not preferred by bats.

For this reason it is not expected for negative interactions to occur betwen the turbines to be established within the scope of windpower plant project (RES) and local bat forms.

Eliminating the risks arising from wind turbines or minimizing the dangers could be made possible by making turbines and rotor blades visable by living creatures and mainly birds, being impacted from them most, from a long distance and by making them recognisable as providing a warning sign. For this purpose there are certain points recommended to be considered while painting the turbine poles and propellers.

Wind turbines are generally painted in white and similar colors. This application is widely used in the world and it enables for turbines to be easily recognized in the land environment. For this purpose orange color can be used primarily.

Due to the migrating forms in the region and for the safety of air traffic, it is recommended for turbines to be painted in “red” instead of yellow-black or orange bands. Turbine propellers will be recognized from a distance by bird species due to their red bands and they will also be seen by planes flying at low altitudes in the region.

2/3rd of migrating bird species and mainly migrating aquatic forms migrate during night time. In this case, it is significantly important for turbines to be recognisable especially by individuals that are part of bird species that migrate in the night time. As color won’t have any importance with regards to flights that are realized in the dark, lining of turbines and lightning will have importance. When it is mentioned about the lighting of turbines, what is meant is not the illumination of the whole turbine. On the contrary, in previous periods by illuminating the turbines in the night time, it was made easier for the birds to see them as becoming attraction points for the birds and causing more collisions. Therefore, lightning will be made for the whole turbine. As the color of lights blinking at certain intervals will be white during day time and red during night time, they will attract more attention of birds in the day time and especially at late hours in the night time.

91 AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT Since sections defined as project field within the scope of Kürekdağı RES and Manastır-Esenköy RES project are situated like two parallel lines being perpendicular to the sea, it is not expected for negative interactions to occur with the bird species that many pass over these sections.

If monitoring and evaluation studies are not realized for a long period before the establishment of turbines, it will be beneficiary to realize monitoring studies against risk of collision that could take place between bats, birds and turbines after the turbines are established. For this reason, during spring and autumn migration periods, observations, habitat and field controls were conducted within circular areas having a diameter of nearly 100 m around each turbine.

4.10. Protected Areas

The wind turbines constituting Manastır – Esenköy WPP will be placed on the hilly and partly woody lands in the vicinity of Delmece Plateau. The wind turbines constituting Kürekdağı WPP will be placed on the hills and forest lands. Pursuant to the Forest Law numbered 6831 and the related regulations, all the required permits and approvals will be obtained for the forest lands to be used within the scope of the project.

Natural Park of Delmece Plateau is located in approximately 1km southeast of Kürekdağı WPP project area. Çakal Stream and its tributaries flow through the project area. A protection distance of 25m from each side of the stream beds axis flowing through the project area will be maintained. Tails material shall not be dumped into the streams not on any account.

Mass movements have been taken into account when the areas where the wind turbines will be placed in the project area have been chosen and the locations where such mass movements won’t occur have been chosen. 2nd degree erosion areas dominate the area where the wind turbines will be placed.

The closest residential place to Manastır – Esenköy WPP power plant area is Delmece Plateau which is located in approximately 1km south of it. One of the closest residential places to Kürekdağı WPP power plant area is in Selimiye Site which is located in an air distance of 4 km in the southwest and the other is in Teşvikiye Site which is located in air distance of 5.400m in the northeast.

In the project area and in its vicinity we haven’t confronted with any national parks, natural parks, natural monuments, nature reserves, wildlife protection areas, wild animal breeding areas, cultural properties, natural properties, site and conservation areas, special environment protection regions, biogenetic reserve area, specially protected biosphere reserve areas, afforested areas, potential erosion and afforestation areas, protection areas related to the potable and domestic water resources, densely populated areas, historical, cultural, archeological and the like important areas, tourism regions and other areas under protection specified in the Sensitive Districts list in Annex-V of the EIA Regulation when we have used http://geodata.ormansu.gov.tr/ data base as a source and also we haven’t confronted with them in other researches. Protected Areas Map where the project area has been marked is given below.

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(Şeklin içi:RES Proje Alanı (WPP Project Area), Delmece Yaylası Tabiat Parkı (Delmece Plateau Natural Park)

Figure 12. Map of the Protected Areas in the Project Area and in its vicinity (Source: http://geodata.ormansu.gov.tr)

Historical, cultural, archeological and the like important areas aren’t located in the project area and in its vicinity. Throughout the construction and operation works to be performed within the scope of the project, if any archeological find is confronted with, the works will be ceased and it will be immediately informed to the related Museum Directorate and to the other organizations and institutions by the project authorities. Then works can be resumed according to the opinions of the Directorate authorities.

4.12. Socio-economic Environment

Manastır – Esenköy WPP power plant area is located in the borders of Çınarcık District of Yalova Province. And Kürekdağı WPP power plant area is located in the borders of Gemlik District of Bursa Province and Çınarcık District of Yalova Province.

4.12.1. Socio-economical Features of Yalova Province

Total area of Yalova Province is 850 km2 and it is one of the provinces of Turkey having the smallest areas. Population of the province is 241.665 individuals according to the 2016 data and its population density is 284 individual/km2. This population is composed of 120.605 males and 121.060 females. In percentages, 49,91% of the province population is male and 50,09% of the provincial population is female. Population of the Çınarcık District is determined as 29.417 individuals. As per 2016 data district populations of Yalova are given in the table below.

Table 17. Yalova Population by Districts Year District District Population Male Population Female Population Population Percentage 2016 Central 137.007 67.737 69.270 56,69% 2016 Çiftlikköy 35.628 17.922 17.706 14,74% 2016 Çınarçık 29.417 14.507 14.910 12,17% 2016 Altınova 24.896 12.790 12.106 10,30% 2016 Armutlu 8.688 4.403 4.285 3,60% 2016 Termal 6.029 3.246 2.783 2,49% Source: http:www.nufusu.com/il/yalova-nufusu

Small ruminants bred in Yalova Province are generally Kıvırcık breed sheep and hair goats. Especially in mountainous and forested areas of Armutlu District hair goats are bred. Animal breeding is especially made in the regions of the province scarcely forested. 98% of such businesses are family business and each possesses 4 or 5 animals.

The most important income source is crops in the agricultural structure. Lands where agriculture is made are composed of 29% arable fields, 20% fruit lands, 17% olive lands, 3% vegetable lands (open area), 1% vegetable lands (greenhouse), 1% cut flower lands, 1% indoor and outdoor foliage plants lands, 1% poplar – willow groves. 13.069 tons of field crops, 38.200,5 tons of vegetable, 32137 tons of fruit, 8770,3 tons of olives and 470.500.000 pieces of foliage plants have been cultivated.

Industrial enterprises of the province producing plastic, textile, fiber, marble, chemical, frozen food, paper, package and automobile spare part products continue to carry out their activities. Industrial enterprises in Yalova are large scale enterprises of our country which have the most important capacity in their own activity fields.

When the economic structure of Çınarcık District is evaluated from sectorial aspect, it has been determined by a general evaluation that there are almost no activities in the field of industrial sector and the ones existing are only meet the daily needs of the people, agriculture sector is composed of the inefficient and uncommon sub-branches of forestry, grapery, garden cultivation, husbandry and fishery and also in the service sector there are common commercial activities and organizations for domestic tourism.

4.12.2. Socio-economic Features of Bursa Province

Bursa is the fourth most crowded city of our country and its population is 2.901.396 as of 2016. Its population is composed of 1.454.059 males and 1.447.337 females. In percentages, 50,12% of its population is male and 49,88% of its population is female. Population area of Bursa Province is 10.882 km2 and population density is 267 individual/km2. Bursa is in the first rank in Turkey according to World Livable Cities Ranking in 2016. Population of Gemlik District where Kürekdağı WPP turbines are located is determined as 107.130 individuals. According to 2016 data district populations of Bursa Province is given in the table below.

Table 18. Bursa Population by Districts Year District District Population Male Population Female Population Population Percentage 2016 Osmangazi 841.756 423.478 418.278 29,01% 2016 Yıldırım 649.731 327.162 322.569 22,39% 2016 Nilüfer 415.818 206.658 209.160 14,33% 2016 İnegöl 255.032 128.414 126.618 8,79% 2016 Gemlik 107.139 54.003 53.136 3,69% 2016 Mustfakemalpaşa 99.753 49.619 50.134 3,44% 2016 Mudanya 86.426 42.248 44.178 2,98% 2016 Gürsu 84.326 42.636 41.690 2,91% AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT 2016 Karacabey 81.629 40.869 40.760 2,81% 2016 Orhangazi 77.297 38.814 38.483 2,66% 2016 Kestel 57.818 28.687 29.131 1,99% 2016 Yenişehir 53.061 26.337 26.724 1,83% 2016 İznik 42.530 21.119 21.411 1,47% 2016 Orhaneli 19.656 9.602 10.054 0,68% 2016 Keles 12.452 6.086 6.366 0,43% 2016 Büyükorhan 10.421 5.155 5.266 0,36% 2016 Harmancılık 6.551 3.172 3.379 0,23% Source: http://www.nufusu.com/il/bursa-nufusu

Bursa is one of the most economically developed cities in Turkey and Bursa is considered important city with its natural and historical riches. It is one of the most important several industrial cities of Turkey. The city has the second biggest export volume after Istanbul.

Bursa has a corner in the sectors of automotive, textile, machine, food industry. Although Bursa was famous for silk production and cutlery in the world in the past, these activities have almost vanished.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Probable environmental impacts of Manastır-Esenköy RES and Kürekdağı RES projects during construction and operational stage are given below in detail.

Noise Construction

During the construction of project units, noise will be arising from the work machines that will be used.Operating of work machines will not be continuous but it will be for a short while. In the calculations made the worst possibilities were considered and calculations were realized by assuming that all of the machines work at the same place and at the same time.

Table 19. Distribution of Noise arising from the construction of windpower turbines Name of Project Noise level Limit values as per Closest settlement area Distance where noise Lw, (dB) regulation for evaluating arising from and managing construction meets environmental noise the value specified in regulation

Kürek Dağı RES 113,64 70 4km Selimiye 100 m quarter

Esenköy RES 109,6 70 1km Delmece Plateau 50 m

Manastır RES 109,6 70 1km Delmece Plateau 50 m

As it can be seen from the above table, level of noise arising when the sources of noise operate together during construction phase, is below the limit values specified on “Regulation about the Evaluation and Management of Environmental Noise” that was published on Official Gazette dated 04.06.2010 with no 27601 (as being amended on the date of 18.11.2015 with no. 29536). Therefore, it is not possible for any negative interaction to take place on the said location.

Operational Process

During the operation of Kürekdağı RES and Manastır-Esenköy RES projects, no equipments will be used. The sound arising from wind turbines is mechanical and aerodynamic. Mechanical sound arises from gear case, generator, bending gear, cooling fans, and other supporting equipment. In a wind turbine, level of aerodynamic sound is much higher when compared with mechanical sound level and it originates from clapping of air to the wings. (Rogers et al, 2006)

Modern wind turbines are very silent machines when the power they possess is considered.

Problem of noise is eliminated at its origin or while operating. Mechanical noise is reduced to the minimum level during design stage or with acustic isolation made within the turbine. Furthermore, mechanical noise can be corrected with acustic isolation curtains and anti-vibration support units while operating.

Aerodynamic sound can be corrected by designing the wings in an appropriate way. AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES KUREKDAGI RES (15 TURBINES) AND THE ADJACENT MANASTIR-ESENKOY RES PROJECTS RES (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECT EVALUATION REPORT

Changes in aerodynamic sound levels with respect to the speed of wind and rotation speed of wings as relating with turbines being prepared by the manufacturer of turbines that will be used within the scope of project, are given below. Accordingly, sound level during the operation of project was accepted to be 102 dBA as occuring due to air flow on the wings and being the highest value.

Sound power level (dB(A)

Height of tower

Figure13. Distribution of aerodynamic sound as per wind speed and wing turning speed

Figure 14. Distribution of Sound pressure level at operational stage With the assumption that sound level forming during the operation of a wind turbine will be 102 dBA, distribution of sound level as per distance is given in Figure-14.

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This value is even lower than the limit value specified for night time as stated on ÇGDYY Appendix-VIII Table 4 (Limit values for environmental noise for industrial facilities) with respect to “Educational, cultural and health areas as being sensitive to noise and areas where resorts and camping areas are dense” (50 dBA). In this respect, during the operational stage of Kürekdağı RES and Manastır-Esenköy RES projects, even when all units work with full capacity, it is not expected for the noise to cause negative impact on nearest residential area.

After Operational Period

After the operational activities are terminated, equipments (cranes, rotor and wings) , cables, and auxiliary structures composing the turbines will be demounted and taken away from the field. Demounting works will be realized by using a crane.

After the operations are over, it is expected for noise level to be the same as the one before construction period. After the operations are over, noise will be originating from the work machines that will be used. As the precautions required with respect to environmental noise will be taken, noise level occuring after the operational period will not create a problem.

Air Emissions Construction Emissions that will occur during the construction stage of RES are given below. Dust emissions arising from excavation and/or materials to be used,Exhaust gases of vehicles and site equipments that will be used,Emissions arising from generators to be used during construction stage.

During excavation works that will be realized during preparation and construction stages of project, dust formation will occur. All of the vehicles carrying construction materials, excavation and other materials that could cause dust emissions, will be closed with a cover in order to avoid dust emissions as specified in the regulations. All of the vehicles will obey the speed limits and especially when stabilized and/or temporary roads are used, in order to avoid dust emissions, if required they will be sprinkled with water-tenders in the form of spraying. All of the works will be carried out in accordance with the provisions of “Regulation for Controlling Industry Originating Air Pollution (SKHKKY)” that was published on Official Gazette dated 03.07.2009 with no. 27277 and the provisions of “Regulation of Evaluating and Managing Quality of Air” that was published on Official Gazette 06.06.2008 with no. 26898.

Exhaust Gases Originating from Site Equipment

Gas wastes arising during construction stage of project will be originating from fuel used in operating machines which will be used. Diesel fuel could be used as fuel in mobile crane, truck, and excavator as being vehicles that will be used within scope of project. Other machines will be operating with electrical energy.

As per their working principles, diesel engines spread less carbonmonoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) but more nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particule substances (PM) when compared with gasoline engines. Vehicles with diesel engines spread pollutants from sources like exhaust and carter leakages. Usage of closed injection systems and low level of volatility that diesel fuel has avoid evaporation losses. According to emission factors specified by Environment Protection Institute of United States of America (USEPA) when a well maintained heavy working vehicle with diesel fuel is operated with a speed between 0 and 30 km/hour, 8,61 g/min CO; 1,38 g/min HC and 6,27 g/min NOx will be released.

Machines, causing emissions, that are used during construction stage will only be used during construction works and afterwards, these equipments will not be used.

Furthermore, total quantity of emission that is expected to occur is much below the quantity of emission originating from highways and it will not have an important impact on the quality of air. For this reason, for the construction stage, no measurement and monitoring program is foreseen with respect to air quality.

Emission Originating from Diesel Generator

At the site during construction stage, diesel generator will only be used during construction process for obtaining electrical energy. As it is considered that the working period of generators is at most 13 months, it is foreseen that combustion gas emissions originating from generator will not have negative impact on the quality of air.

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Operational Process

There are no processes during the operational stage of project that could cause dust-gas emissions. At wind power plants, turbines convert mechanical energy directly into electrical energy. No fuels are used that could cause emission to form. For this reason, during operational stage the project will not have any impact on the quality of air.

After the Operational Process

After the operational period of project as the turbines will be demounted and transported from the area, there will be a dust emission for a short while due to the movement of work machines. But as it is considered that measures required by Regulation for ‘Controlling Industry Originated Air Pollution’ will be taken by the activity owner, it is thought that the impact on the quality of air will be very low.

Water procurement and Waste water Construction

Within the scope of said project, water will be used during the preparation of land and during construction and operational periods. Usage of water during the preparation of land and construction stage will be for the purpose of drinking and using. If 30-35 people work in the total during construction stages of the project, it is foreseen that a water requirement of 7,59 m3 will arise. Besides, in order to avoid dust emissions during working activities of construction stage, a water usage of 3 m3 could be realized on the average.

Domestic water wastes could arise as originating from personel planned to be employed durin construction stage of project. It is determined that number of personel to work during this stage will be 35 people and as daily water consumption is assumed to be 203 lt and as it is predicted that all of the waste water is recycled as %100, the features of waster water that will form are given below. (Source: www.tuik.com data year 2014).

Number of employees : 35 people Daily consumption per person : 217 lt/day Waste water that comes out : 7,10 m3/day During the construction stage, it is expected for domestic waste water of 7,10 m3/day to form as originating from personel. Domestic waste waters arising within the scope of project will be stored in impermeable cesspool as per the provisions of “Regulation regarding hollows at places where sewage system construction can not be realized” that was published on the Official Gazette on the date of 19.03.1971 with no. 13783 and they will be disposed periodically by activity owner by renting sewage trucks belonging to Gemlik,

Çınarcık Municipality and/or municipality of nearest city as per the provisions of S.K.K.Y. Documents relating with the removal of waste waters by sewage trucks will be kept by relevant municipalities and they will be declared to the related authorised responsibles during the inspections.

At the project field, free discharge to the nature will not take place. In this regard, the provisions of “Regulation for Controlling Water Pollution” as being published on Official Gazette dated 31.12.2004 with no. 25687 (as amended on the date of 10.01.2016 with no. 29589) will be applied.

Operational Process

During the operational stage of facility, it is planned to employ at most 15 personnel. As being based on the assumption that water consumption per person will be 203 L/day, it is calculated that total daily wate consumption will be around 3,04 m3 (15 people x 203 L/people = 3.255 L). Water requirement arising during construction and operational stage will be met from water supply network in the near settlement areas and they will be carried to the operational area through tankers. In the project related works will be carried out in accordance with Regulation for Controlling Water Pollution and as per the provisions of IFC Guideline.

After Operational Period

After the operational period of project as all units will be removed from the area, there won’t be any particulars that could cause formation of waste waters.

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5.4 Dangerous Wastes Construction

During the preparation of area within the scope of project, the maintenance and repair of machines and oil and filter changes will be realised by the authorised representative of licenced company to be contracted, at the project field on an appropriate area that is closed as having a concrete impermeable floor.

Waste oils and oily wastes coming out as a result of oil changes will be separated and collected by licensed companies in closed drums to be disposed. During the maintenance of work machines and transportation vehicles and while changing oil, all of the provisions of “Waste Management Regulation” that was published on Official Gazette dated 02.04.2015 with no. 29314 (with amendment dated 23.03.2017 with no.30016) will be applied. It will be absolutely avoided for waste oils to be released to receiving environments such as soil, surface or underground water. Food requirement will be met from external sources. Waste vegetable oil formation will not take place at the project field.

Medical wastes that will come out during construction stage will be collected separately inside medical waste bags that are impermeable, according to 13th article of ‘Regulation for Controlling of Medical Wastes’. They will be removed from the facility by vehicles that carry medical wastes. Medical wastes will be delivered to licensed institutions for being disposed.

Collection, storage and disposal of medical wastes will be realised as per the provisions of ‘Regulation for Controlling of Medical Wastes’ that was published on Official Gazette dated 25.01.2017 with no. 29959. Tires which expire as coming out during changes of tires of work machines on the activity field, will be delivered to licensed recycling companies to be disposed as per the provisions of ‘Regulation for Controlling Tires that expire’ which was published on Official Gazette dated 25.11.2006 with no.26357 (as amended on 11.03.2015 with no.29292).

Operational Process

At the operational stage of project, during maintenance and repair works relating with turbines and transformers, waste oil will come out. The oil that comes out will be collected by employees of company dealing with maintenance. Waste oils and oily wastes that come out as a result of oil changes will be placed in closed drums separately and they will be delivered to relevant companies for being disposed. During oil changes, the provisions of ‘Waste Management Regulation’ that is published on Official Gazette dated 02.04.2015 with no. 29314 (as amended on 23.03.2017 with no. 30016) will be applied. It will be avoided for waste oils to be released to receiving environments such as soil, surface or underground water.

5.4.3 Post Operation The turbine and transformer oils on the field will be collected after the operating phase of the project and will be disposed of with licensed recycling or disposal companies in accordance with the "Waste Management Regulation" conditions. Hazardous wastes in the area will be stored in a warehouse that will not be affected by the climatic conditions and waterproof concrete. Necessary measures shall be taken by the owner after construction for hazardous wastes. 5.5 Non-Hazardous Wastes 5.5.1 Construction During the preparation of the field and construction phase, is questioned non-hazardous waste formation in the following types; - Domestic solid wastes that will be the result of meeting daily necessities of employees, - Excavation comes out because of the excavation work. - The formation of solid waste originating from construction will be subject.

Domestic Solid Waste Domestic solid waste will occur that caused by 35 people who will work in prepare the field and work in the construction phase within the project scope. The amount of domestic solid waste to be generated from working personnel was taken as 1,08 kg / person-day per person. (Source: Number of municipalities which have solid waste service, population, average amount of solid wastes collected according to summer and winter seasons, http: 133

AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS //www.tuik.gov.tr, data year 2014) Domestic solid wastes which will be sourced from the total staff; 1,8 kg / person / day x 35 person = 37,8 kg / day.

Solid wastes to be formed will be collected in separate collecting containers according to their qualities (organic, plastic, glass, paper, metal, etc.) and transported by closed special vehicles in such a way as not to pollute the environment due to appearance, odor, and dust. Waste of glass, paper and plastics which can be recycled for solid wastes, may be collected and it shall be provided to licensed institutions in accordance with the provisions of the "Packaging Waste Control Regulation" which has been published in Official Gazette dated 24.08.2011 and numbered 28035. Solid wastes that cannot be recycled according to the provisions of the "Waste Management Regulation" published on the Official Gazette on 02.04.2015 and numbered 29314 (amended on 23.03.2017 and numbered 30016) and entered into force, will be disposed at Gemlik, Çınarcık Municipality and / or the nearest municipality. Excavation 15 turbines at Kürekdagi RES projectand15 turbines at the Manastir-Esenköy RES project where is located on the border, 30 turbines will be installed. Each wind turbine is about 400 m2 = 900 m2Each turbine will be installed approximately 400 m2 (30 mx 20 m) area. So 30 turbines planned in the project will cover about 12.000 m2 area. The groundwork of the turbines will be about 3 m deep. However, some of the excavation will take place during the service road, energy transmission line between the turbines and excavation of the switch center. The excavation land to be formed in the project will be used for filling in the environment / landscaping arrangement and service roads, rectifying the damaged roads in the area. Construction Wastes During the construction work, construction waste, iron pipe, concrete and injection materials will be the subject of waste. The amount of waste is not given because the amount of construction waste may vary. Construction waste will be disposed by licensed recycling companies in accordance with the provisions of the "Notification of Restoration of Certain Non-Hazardous Wastes" and "Waste Management Regulations". 5.5.2 Operating The project will come into operation in 15 stages of domestic solid wastes from 15 people who will work as technical staff and guard. The amount of domestic solid waste to be generated from working personnel was taken as 1,08 kg per person per day. (Source: Number of municipalities which have solid waste service, population, average amount of solid waste collected according to summer and winter season, http: //www.tuik.gov.tr, data year 2014) Domestic solid wastes arising from total working personnel; calculated as 1,8 kg / person / day x 15 person = 16,2 kg / day. Solid wastes to be formed; (Organic, plastic, glass, paper, metal, etc.) shall be collected in separate collecting containers and transported by closed special vehicles so as not to pollute the environment in terms of appearance, odor, dust, leaking and similar factors. Waste of glass, paper and plastic which can be assessed for solid wastes can be collected and it will be provided to licensed institutions in accordance with the provisions of "Packaging Waste Control Regulation" which is published in the Official Gazette dated 24.08.2011 and numbered 28035 and will be provided. All activities related to solid wastes will be carried out in accordance with the "Waste Management Regulation" which has been published in Official Gazette and dated 02.04.2015 and numbered 29314 (amended on 23.03.2017 and numbered 30016). Uncontaminated materials such as metal, plastic and rubber which will be exposed in the operation and maintenance works will be disposed to licensed recycling companies in accordance with the provisions of the "Notification of Recycling of Non-Hazardous Wastes" and "Waste Management Regulations" AĞAOĞLU COMPANIES GROUP KÜREKDAĞIRES (15 TURBINES) AND BİTİŞİK MANASTIR - ESENKOY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT 5.5.3 Post Operation Non-hazardous wastes and recyclable wastes that are released in the post-operation period will be collected separately and will be disposed to licensed recycling companies according to the provisions of "Notification of Recycling of Non- Hazardous Wastes" and "Waste Management Regulation". 5.6 Medical Wastes Medical wastes that will come into play during the construction and operation phase of the project shall be collected in the special sealed medical waste bags separate from other wastes in accordance with Article 13 of the Medical Waste Control Regulation and will be removed via Medical Waste Transport Vehicles.

The collection, storage and disposal of medical wastes shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant provisions of the "Medical Waste Control Regulation" published in the Official Gazette dated 25.01.2017 and numbered 29959. 5.7 Soil and Groundwater 5.7.1 Construction The maintenance, repair, oil and filter changes of the machines to be used in the construction phase of the project will be done by the licensed firm and the project floor will be made of leak-proof reinforced concrete and a suitable closed 134

AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS area. The release of waste oils such as soil, surface or groundwater will certainly be avoided. Maintenance and repairs of machinery and equipment to be used in the construction phase shall be carried out at petrol service stations which have a license to open and operate workplaces. Compulsory maintenance and replenishment activities shall be carried out by the authorized persons by taking the necessary precautions in the stove area (pans, tarpaulins etc.) and preventing the waste oil pouring on to the ground. Maintenance and replenishment work on the project area will be stored in the leaked waste oil tank which is the "Waste Oil" according to the characteristics of the possible waste oil which is the result of the work and the contaminant oils will not be mixed with each other. The waste oil that will be generated will be disposed of by the provision of the National Waste Transport Form to the licensed disposal and recycling facilities. When it is considered that the above measures have been taken in the construction phase of the project, soil and groundwater will not be polluted. 5.7.2 Operating Mineral oils will be temporarily stored into the covered area while the Turbine and Transformer maintenance operations are in active. Despite possible oil spillage, the oil absorbent material will be kept in storage. Transformer oils will not contain polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB).Waste mineral oil, contaminant metal, contaminant packages, which are exposed to the operating phase of the project, will be disposed to licensed disposal facilities after being stored in the Hazardous Waste Temporary Warehouse. 5.7.3 Post Operation After the operation is shut down, the equipment (towers, rotors and wings), cables and auxiliary structures that make up the turbines will be disassembled and removed from the field. Reusable equipment will be recycled. The dismantling process will be done with a crane; During the dismantling period, all relevant institutions will be informed about the dismantling without operating, all necessary permissions will be obtained. After the dismantling operations are completed, the field will be restored, damaged areas will be planted and the re-use will be made compatible. 5.8 Effects on Biological Resources It will be noted that the excavated area where the turbine poles are located, will not poured on to the areas used by vertebrate species for feeding, harvesting or breeding purposes. One of the most important interventions that can occur during the passage of the project is the cutting of trees. First of all, there is a need to cut off existing trees in areas where turbines, operational and transformer buildings will be located, new roads to be opened, cranes and trucks to maneuver. In other words, a cutting-shaving activity will be carried out in these sections. For this reason, in the process of removing trees and shrubs from these areas, wild faunal components in these areas will face the risk of direct damage. As it is known, wild forms prefer the interior or bottom parts of the trees and the crown layers, slits or cavities of trees, especially for purposes such as harvesting, hiding and breeding. In the process of cutting off shrub and tree forms, some protective measures will be taken in relation to the fauna components using these sections. Prior to such interventions, these sections will be carefully surveyed, and encountered animals will definitely be caught using gloves and transported to the appropriate habitats in the immediate vicinity. Care should be taken to cut off the shrubs and trees, especially before the onset of the egg-laying / reproductive activity, or after the dates on which the offspring can take care themselves. Many wild forms are adversely affected by lower sound levels than humans.As a result of this influence, they either abandon their habitat for a short time or continuously, or they interrupt their activities such as nutrition, rest, and accommodation, especially for reproduction. For this reason, it would be possible to avoid the undesirable situation by taking precautions such as avoiding the noise source in the incubation / breeding period of the construction season, which is, interrupting some activities, using silencers or screening to be performed in the vicinity of the noise source. Tree cutting and shaving of annual crops; suturing of the impeller with the turbine housing and the step of placing the generators, there may be a risk of disturbing or even harming the fauna components that reside in such environments and breed there. If such obligatory interventions hit the breeding season, nest, egg or offspring losses may be even mentioned. Reproductive phenomenon is known as the most important issue that determines the future of a species. In order to be able to avoid the losses that may occur in this way, it is necessary to be careful about the timing of the works, to be sure that they will be avoided during the breeding period or that the fauna components do not exist or depart from these sections before shaving and assembling. For this purpose, wild forms found in visual checks to be performed before plant removal, captured with appropriate hardware and methods will be moved from these sections. If detention cannot be achieved by catching animals, it will be expected that the animals will move away from them automatically. 5.8.1 Protected Areas

The wind turbines constituting the Manastır-EsenköyRES will be located in the hilly and locally forested areas near the Delmece Plateau. The wind turbines- Kürekdagi RES, will be installed in the hills and wooded area.All necessary permissions and approvals will be obtained in accordance with the Forest Law No. 6831 and related regulations regarding the forest areas to be used under the project. Delmece Plateau Natural Park is located approximately 1 km south east of Kürekdağı RES project area.The Çakal stream and its branches pass through the project area. The creek beds that pass through the project site are 25 meters on 135

AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS both sides of the axis. There will be a protection distance. The tails material will never be poured. Mass movements have been taken into account in the selection of the areas where the wind turbines will be installed in the project and locations being selected to occurrence of this movement.The area where the wind turbines will be installed, are more dominant 2nd degree erosion areas. The nearest settlement to Manastır-Esenköy RES plant site is Delmece plateau, about 1 km south. Kurekdağı RES is the closest settlement to the Santral area on the southwest side to Selimiye 4 km far away and in the north east at 5,400 m distance to "Teşvikiye" settlement.

The national parks, nature parks, nature monuments, natural protection areas, wildlife conservation areas, wildlife breeding areas, cultural assets, natural assets, sites and protected areas in the project area and its vicinity are listed on the list of Sensitive Areas in the EIA Regulation Annex V , Areas with special environmental protection zones, biogenetic reserve areas, biosphere reserve special protected areas, afforested areas, potential erosion and afforestation areas, protected areas related to drinking and using water resources, dense areas with historical, cultural, archeological and similar significance, Tourism areas and other protected areas; http://geodata.ormansu.gov.tr/ data base that we use as a resource and other researches have not been encountered. The Protected Areas is given in Annex 7. 5.8.2. The risk of bird collision Flying birds from time to time hit the building and similar structures. However, wind turbines do not pose a particular problem related to this issue, as seen in studies conducted in European countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark and the UK. When we look at the total number of birds killed in a year, it turns out that only 20 of them are caused by wind turbines (1000 MWm as installed power).On the other hand, it was calculated that the hunters killed 1,500 birds, while 2,000 were hit by vehicles and electricity transmission lines(Binopoulos and Haviaropoulos). The technology of wind turbines currently used is a massive pipe structure that prevents birds' tunnels over them. Also, according to earlier versions, the impeller blades rotate more slowly, which reduces the likelihood of birds crashing. In this direction, according to the study carried out by the Nature Society for Turkey, the "risky regions" where migratory birds are located; BeyşehirAkşehir and Eğirdir lakes, Lake Girdev, Olukköprü, Aksu and Göksu Delta, Dalaman wetlands, Dalyan and Güllük Delta, in Adana and HatayAkyatan, Kesik and Tuzla lakes, Yumurtalık Lagoon, Büyük Menderes, Lake Bafa and the wetlands of Izmir. There are no wetlands of significant size around and near the project area.

Figure 15. Map of Bird Migration Routes in Turkey (www.dogaarastirmalari.org) Migratory bird species usually migrate at high altitudes during the day, in flocks and on land, using some known fixed corridors. Smaller birds migrate day by day and / or actively at night by flapping wings. It is known as the West Palearctic and has 4 main migration routes in the region including Europe, Turkey, Middle East and North Africa. Two of these roads pass through Turkey. In the autumn, the 200-400 thousand migrating birds migrate from the Istanbul Strait in the Northwest and the bottlenecks in Artvin-Borçka in the North East migrate to different regions of Africa to their wintering ground. A significant portion of these birds, using bottlenecks in Hatay Belen and pass through the Middle East. In the spring, the birds return to the breeding areas in the north using almost the same corridors. There are no wetlands of significant size around and near the project area. For this reason, it is not anticipated that winter migration movements from north to south will occur in the winter period. There are daily bird movements along

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AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS the shores in the Marmara Sea. The main components of this movement are seagulls, cormorants and some heron species. Planned Kürek Mountain-RES Project site is located 12 km north of the Marmara Sea, 6,5 km away in the south and 900 m high. The project site is located on high hilly areas almost in the region. For this reason, it is not expected that the domestic forms that make flights along the coastal line in these sections make transitions over the turbine field and therefore are not adversely affected by the turbines. Remove the risks that may arise from wind turbines or reduce the hazards can be achieved by visible from distant distances or even stimulating of the rotor blades and turbines. For this purpose, some points are suggested to be taken care of during the painting of the turbine poles and propellers. Wind turbines are generally painted in white colors. This practice spreads around the world scale and allows turbines to be easily selected in the terrestrial environment. For this purpose, orange color will be used first. In addition to migratory forms exhibiting migration movements in the region, it is suggested that turbine colors should be "red" instead of yellow-black or orange bands, in terms of the safety of the air traffic. Turbine propellers can be detected remotely by bird species with red bands as well as remotely by airplanes capable of low flights in the region. If long-term monitoring and evaluation work has not been done before the installation of the turbines, the benefits of monitoring will be more benefit for the potential risk of collision between the bats, birds and turbines after the turbines are installed. For this reason, observations, habitat and field inspections are done in about 100 m cycle for each turbine and were carried out during the spring and autumn migration periods. More than two-thirds of migratory bird species, especially immigrant aquatic forms, migrate overnight. In this case, it is utmost importance that turbines are "noticeable" in terms of individuals, especially those who are dependent on night- migrating bird species. Since color is not important in flights at the dark, in this case both the arrangement of the turbines and the lighting will be important. When the lighting of the turbines is called, this does not mean the illumination of the entire turbine. On the contrary, it has been seen that in the past periods, some of the illuminated turbines at night have become easier to see in terms of birds, become attractive spots and cause more bumps. For this reason the lighting will be directed towards all the turbines. The flashing lights at certain intervals will be much more noticeable in the daytime, especially at night, in terms of birds, the white color daytime and red in nights. 5.9 Cultural and Historical Assets There are no historical, cultural, archaeological and similar sites in the project site and its immediate vicinity. In the event that any archaeological findings are encountered during the construction and operation works to be carried out within the scope of the project, the works will be stopped and the museum directorate and other institutions and organizations will be informed immediately by the project authorities. Work, then, will continue in accordance with the opinion of the Directorate authorities.

5:10 Landscape According to the findings obtained during the field study within the RES field, the area is beech, hornbeam forest and closed and dense forest (Figure 1, Figure 2).The area, which is not very rich in terms of species diversity, is very rich in terms of the numerical nature and density. Due to the formation of closed forests, there is not much visual landscape perception. An important possibility for visual landscaping is the presence of water in the area (stream). It is hosted to the aquatic plants and various animals, which are housed in the creek and occupy an important place in terms of usage in the landscape (Figure 3).

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AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS

Figure 1: A view from the Field

Figure 2: A view of the closed forest

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AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS

Figure 3: A view of the river located in the area of RES

Analysis of erosion functions of landscape: Because the area is often covered with forest cover, no erosion has been observed in the area. Habitat function analysis of landscape: The area within the route is important in terms of hosting different habitats. Protection of species such as Sorbus sp (rowanberry) and Crataegus sp (mayflower), Taraxacum pseudobrachyglossum van Soest Campanula lyrata Lam, subsp Lyrata, Galanthus plicatus Bieb subsp byzantinus (Baker), which are known to naturally grow in and around the area Can be said as the necessary species. All living things in the area are part of this habitat. In order to ensure the continuity of the habitat, damaged areas will be repaired urgently.

Landscape character function analysis A rare species and a value that must be protected were not found in this area in terms of landscaping character. Visual function analysis of landscape The area is characterized by dense forest texture and there are no convergent regions or roads with any tourist routes. Water Function Analysis of Landscape There is a water presence through the RES area. Water is utmost importance for ecological life. There are vital contributions to the region, both in terms of plant species and animal existence. (Both in terms of plant species in the area in and around the stream aquatic plants) It is ensured that the damage to the wind turbines at the boundary of the RES area is minimized. Assessment and Determination of Landscape Repair Targets During the preparation of the site for the installation of wind turbines, trees will be removed from the area at minimum amount. Trees with a body circumference of 10-15 cm will be removed from the field and transported, and these trees will be used at various points in the field of landscape repair. If the field is not available, it will be planted in the appropriate park or recreation areas to be shown by the Chief of Forestry Administration or the relevant municipality. Trees with a body circumference greater than the above mentioned dimensions will be cut and removed from the field within a cutting plan to be presented to the relevant Forestry Operations Authority. During any excavation work to be done, the rich top soil will be stored in an area for later use in landscape restoration. Species such as Sorbus sp (rowanberry) and Crataegus sp (mayflower) are required to be protected, and transports will be made to various areas. The bulbous or lumpy species to be protected must be dismantled and transported out of tribune. Around the roads to be opened, forests will be planted against possible forest fires, border regions where roads and forests join, and species of Cupressus sp (cypress) that will be brought from the outside. As far as possible during the construction work, for the stream bed passing through the area boundaries, necessary 139

AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS engineering measures will be taken. In order to protect these roads or nature (to prevent soil erosion etc.), landscaping must be done these structures from reinforced concrete solutions and natural materials on the route where the turbines will be installed and operated afterwards. Visual landscaping values and any kind of construction damage will be removed quickly from the scene. After the installation of the wind turbines, remote landscape silhouette is thought to attract people. For this reason, in order to prevent the destruction of the area, it shall be limited to warning plates and limiters so that transportation to the region will be minimized. 5.10.1 Construction The project will be carried out in accordance with the biological and technical landscaping repair proposal described in flora and fauna during the construction phase. Roads to be opened during the construction phase of the project will be provided with stabilized or equivalent natural materials in order to preserve the natural landscape values. Visual landscaping values and any kind of construction wastes that will damage to the nature will be removed quickly from the scene. The rich top soil will then be stored in an area for use in landscape restoration, in terms of various minerals and organisms to be removed from the field during any excavation work to be performed during the opening of the road. 5.10.2 OPERATING Maintenance work after implementation is crucial in terms of ensuring the continuity of the habitat as well as application studies. It can be done with regard to the sections that are temporarily transformed during the process of passing the activity. The most important from these, remove all wastes from the site. It is also the reinstatement of transformed segments in order to increase the moving capabilities of the carrier vehicles and winches during the installation of the turbines. For this purpose planting studies will be done. In order to protect the roads or nature (to prevent soil erosion etc.) in the course of the trenches on the route where the turbines will be operated and used for the operation and use of the trenches, natural materials should be used instead of reinforced concrete solutions for such structures. 5.10.3 Post Operation After the removal of the machine-equipment from the field, land regulatory and biological repair works will be carried out by the activity owner in order to protect the natural view of the region. 5.11 Disturbance and Relocation The disturbance of birds due to turbines can also be due to the appearance of the turbines, vibration, noise and vehicle traffic around them. Surprisingly, it has been found that the species incubated in the same region are less affected than the other species (Hötker et al., 2005, 2006) from hunting, feeding or resting. (Pearce: Higgins et al., 2009). 5.12 Electromagnetic Effect of Underground Energy Conduction Line When considering a wind turbine, the parts of the electrical generator and the voltage transformer that are likely to emit electromagnetic radiation at low level. The electromagnetic field of the wind turbine is very weak and limited to a very short distance from the outer turbine body which is at least 40-50 m above ground level. For this reason, especially at the bottom of the wind turbine, exposure to electromagnetic radiation is not a concern. The transformer should be surrounded by a security chit or a metal shed. The fence should be placed at a distance where the electromagnetic field is negligible. For this reason, it is stated that the information about radioactive emissions or other types of radiation is not based on any basis.

5.13 Barrier Effect and Lighting RES sites are a potential risk factor on the flight routes of migratory species of birds or during regular flight movements between locally occurring hatcheries and feeding and recreation areas. It has been found that the RES sites, which do not show a lot of approaching daytime activities, instead of more frequently during night flights. (Drevvitt and Langston 2006) Turbines which are installed vertically rather than parallel to the direction of migration, as a risk factor related to the sheer of number. Although there is no significant effect on the regions where few turbines are involved, the construction of a number of turbines that can prevent migration routes as an important barrier in terms of zoogeography (Drevvitt and Langston 2006, Masden et al., 2009).

1- Wind turbines will be matt colored. 2- 2- From the propeller side, 1/3 of the propeller wing will be painted in an eye catching and noticeable by birds (orange recommended). 3- If a different color is to be thought of from orange, it will be performed as yellow and black bands at least one meter wide. 4- Lighting will be done for night birds to notice the turbines and white light will not be used in these illuminations.

As known, 2/3 of migratory bird species, especially water birds, migrate at night. In this case, it is utmost importance that turbines are "noticeable" in terms of individuals, especially those who are dependent on night-migrating bird 140

AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS species. In this case both the arrangement of the turbines and the lighting will be important as the color does not matter in any way during flights in the dark. When the lighting of the turbines is called, this does not mean the illumination of the entire turbine.

On the contrary, it has been seen that some turbines illuminated at night in the past and have become easier to see in terms of birds and being more attractive so caused more bumps. For this reason, the lighting should not be directed at all the turbines. Only a strong light source to be placed at the end of the turbine pole will be suitable for this purpose. The lights that will flash at certain intervals will be more noticeable in daytime, especially at night, in terms of birds, so the white color is suitable for daytime and red color is suitable for nights. 6. WORK AND SOCIETY HEALTH AND SAFETY 6.1. Work at Height One of the most important occupational health and safety issues in wind power plants is working at a high level. Especially when setting up windbreakers and general maintenance of turbines, work at heights is condition to consider. A detailed Health and Safety Plan will be drawn up and implemented before construction work begins. Safety belts shall be used in all danger situations. Also, a training program will be prepared and implemented that includes the use of climbing techniques, anti-fall protection and anti-fall protection equipment. No tower installation or maintenance activity will be performed under unfavorable weather conditions. During the construction and operation periods of the proposed project, all necessary shall be taken and applied. Manastir-Esenköy and Kürek Dağı RES Project will be in compliance with all Occupational Health and Safety Regulations and IFC / DB Guidelines. Potential accidents will be prevented that may occur during working at height need take the necessary measures and implementing Health and Safety Plan. 6.2 Airline and Marine Highway Safety of Navigation According to the Turkish Civil Aviation Act number 2920, it is forbidden "Building, construction, tree and pole planting, establishment of facilities to prevent air traffic, flight security and communication, to compromise navigational safety”. In addition, in accordance with the Airspace Construction, Operation and Certification Regulation, which has been published in the Official Gazette dated 14.05.2002 and numbered 24755, facilities such as buildings, buildings, trees, poles, etc., which can compromise flight safety around the Ministry of Transport, airports and flight safety facilities can have them removed and to be permitted to identify visible signs or radio or electrical signs in order to be seen and recognized by persons who are navigating the air. According to Annex-14 the International Standards and Recommended Practices issued by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the obstacles or fixed objects listed below must be marked or illuminated by the specified methods. According to Annex-14 of the International Standards and Recommended Practices issued by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the obstacles or fixed objects listed below must be marked or illuminated by the specified methods.  Fixed booms located around 3000 meters of the inside of the lift-off climbing surface  Stationary objects which are adjacent to the lift-off climbing surface  Stationary objects in proximity or in transition surfaces approaching 3000 meters of the inner horizontal surface  Fixed booms on the horizontal surface;  Stationary objects on the boom protection surface

For the project of Kürek Mountain RES, the opinion of General Directorate of State Airports Authority, Directorate of Construction and Real Estate Agency, dated 20.02.2017 and numbered 18776; In terms of air navigation methods; the project area is located at 25.5 nm southeast of Istanbul Atatürk Airport and 22.5 nm south of Sabiha Gökçen Airport. The maximum turbine height including the wing is 164.5 meters, it is stated that turbines to be installed within the scope of the project will not have a negative effect on the existing methods designed according to ICAO Doc8168 Volume II Pans-Ops criteria and air traffic control services. In terms of electronic systems; the establishment of the turbines at the aforementioned coordinates will not cause any disadvantage to the signal performance of the electronic systems, in terms of operating criteria; It has been determined that the airports in the business inventory of the project site are not covered by the boom plans. For the project for Manastir- Esenköy RES, the General Directorate of State Airports Authority, Presidency of Construction and Real Estate Agency, dated 22.08.2016 and numbered 81393, the closest of the turbines planned to be built within the scope of the project will be at 24.2 nm to Istanbul Atatürk Airport and Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen Airport is approximately 22.2 nm away and maximum turbine height is 171.5 m. (AGL); Turbines to be installed in the scope of the project will not have a negative effect in terms of air traffic control services and existing methods which are designed according to ICAO Doc8168 Volume II Pans-Ops criteria. In the northeastern part of the Manastir and Esenköy RES plant area, the presence of a military airport located approximately 80 km away from the project site by bird flight, besides the security of the air traffic in the region due to the bird flight and the Atatürk Airport at 42 km distance, the turbine colors will be painted "red" instead of yellow-black 141

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The concept of renewable energy has been introduced as a result of efforts to create an alternative to fossil fuels, which are often used in electricity generation. Renewable energy is defined as "the energy source that can exist exactly the next day in nature's own evolution". Natural resources such as hydropower (water), sun, wind and geothermal are both renewable and clean energy sources, despite fossil fuels, which are burning and non-renewable energy sources. The advantages of wind energy are listed below:  Contributes to the solution of the climate change problem,  It does not contribute to the problem of air pollution,  It diversifies the energy supply,  Fuel-free,  It helps prevent interstate disputes for national resources,  It develops electric network in rural areas,  It provides employment and regional development,  It is not affected by the price variability of fossil fuels,  It is modular and can be installed quickly,  There is no risk of fuel price,  No carbon emissions,  There is no resource depletion - the global wind resource is bigger than the global energy demand.  land- friendly- Agriculture / industry activities can be carried out in or around the wind farm  It has application flexibility - large scale commercial power plants or home applications are possible.  Provides national benefit- Unlike traditional fuels, it is a domestic and always available resource that removes dependence on other countries in terms of economic, political, and procurement risks, which are fueling energy costs and long-term fuel price risks.

Therefore, Turkey should be a gradual transition to the use of renewable energy sources (Ediger and Kent 1.1999). There are various technical alternatives to generating electricity from energy sources. The use of renewable energy sources should be encouraged as much as possible to cope with global warming threats. This project aims to contribute Turkey's energy production by using wind energy, which is known as a renewable energy source. This project will not

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7.2. Alternative Areas Wind Power Plants are the most precious information source of wind atlas in site selection. In these atlas, measurements at a height of at least 10 m and above the ground surface has long-term statistics of wind speeds and directions obtained. The General Directorate of Mulga Electricity Works Administration has evaluated the records of the stations belonging to the State Meteorological Stations with potential of natural wind energy 1970-1980 and the distribution of natural wind energy in the whole country has been determined in general. As a result of these studies, the following "Turkey Wind Map" was prepared.

FIGURE 16: TURKEY WIND MAP As you can see in the above figure, wind potential is medium level in Bursa and Yalova provinces. The proposed project site was selected to benefit from the wind potential in this region. The reason for choosing the area as the location of the project was that it was located in a position where the area has sufficient wind speed. In addition, wind data collected on the site revealed the potential of the wind in the region.

8. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT MANAGEMENT PLAN

The "Environmental and Social Management Plan" prepared within the scope of the project is given in Table 22 below. The on-site health and safety program is given in Table 23.

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ENVIRONMENTAL TIMING STATUS DEFINITION OF EFFECT ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS REGULATIONS TO BE APPLIED AND SOCIAL SUBJECT POTANTIAL RISK LEVEL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Hazardous wastes will be stored in containers according to the leak-proof standards and Oil absorbing material (sawdust etc.) will be kept ready in case of possible oil spillage in the Waste Storage Area. Hazardous wastes will be transported by licensed and competent disposal facility employees and vehicles of the appropriate category in accordance with the category of waste. Non-hazardous wastes Construction- During machine-equipment Low risk Operation Phase (turbine) maintenance-repair work - Measures such as prevention, reduction and re-use of and construction phase, also non-hazardous wastes will be taken by the activity during the installation of the owner. turbines, hazardous waste will occur. -Construction materials will be collected according to iron parts, paper box, wooden parts, cement parts categories and will be given to licensed recycling firms.

- Non-hazardous non-recyclable wastes will be disposed of at the municipal landfills.

-It will be stored in containers suitable for paper, plastic, glass, metal categories as separately and will be given to licensed recycling companies.

Domestic wastes will be collected in the garbage cans and disposed to the garbage dump area of the nearest municipality.

Measures to be Taken During Operation The mechanical noise is minimized by the acoustic isolation in the design stage. The mechanical noise will be corrected during operation, with acoustic isolation curtains and anti- vibration supports. Aerodynamic noise will be corrected by appropriately designing the wings.

AIR QUALITY Dust emission Construction phase Dust emission will be occurred Low risk - The working area will be humidified, especially in Industrial Air Pollution from land and turbine dry and windy weather, so that the dust will not Control Regulation construction. spread around the construction site. 20km\h speed limit will be applied to the work Emissions to air from vehicles and machines where are worked in the construction field. machinery used during The tarpaulin will be covered on to the excavation construction work truck.

AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS -Topsoil will be greened against dust. - During material loading and unloading, work will be done without blowing -Service routes between the turbines will be kept short

Gas emission Construction phase - Limit values shall be provided for the Regulation on the Control of Industrial Air Pollution. - It will be ensured that the Gas Emissions are at minimum level and the Work Machines will be maintained regularly. - Work Machines will not be run unnecessarily, engines will be turned off ENVIRONMENTAL TIMING STATUS DEFINITION OF EFFECT ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS REGULATIONS TO BE POTANTIAL RISK APPLIED AND SOCIAL SUBJECT LEVEL ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS SOIL QUALİTY Conservation of CONSTRUCTİON Low risk - Vegetable soil to be wasted in turbine Regulation on the Control vegetative soil and PHASE The plant soil will be separated locations in land works shall be stored of Excavation Soil, storage of excavated from the area where the turbines regularly in the field to be used in Construction and soil are located. landscaping studies by taking necessary Demolition Wastes precautions. Storage of excavated soil - Excavated soil will be used for land levelling and filling. - Excavation soil will not dumped in to the forest, creek area etc.

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Wastewater discharge Construction and Discharge of domestic wastewater Medium risk Domestic waste waters to be formed within the scope Water Pollution Control operating phase to the environment of the project shall be stored in the leak-proof septic Regulation and Regulation tank determined by the provisions of the "Regulations on pits to be built in places Regarding the Pits to be Built in Places Where the where sewage shed Sewerage Construction is Not Possible". construction is not possible Periodically by the owner of the activity will be disposed of according to the provisions of the Water Pollution Control Regulation by renting Gemlik, Çınarcık Municipality and / or nearest municipality sewage trucks. Protection of River Construction phase Installation of turbines and Maximum risk The necessary engineering measures shall be taken in Water Pollution Control Bed intervention of the creek beds in relation to the protection of the bed, which passes Regulation the field during the construction through the area boundaries, as much as possible phase during construction works.

Regular Storage of Construction and Storage of machinery and mineral Maximum risk The maintenance and replenishment of the plant shall Waste Management Hazardous Wastes Operation Phase oil be carried out by the authorized persons by taking Regulation necessary precautions on the site (pans, tarpaulins, etc.), preventing the waste oil from falling into the ground. Waste oils and oily wastes resulting from the oil changes will be disposed of in licensed recycling or disposal companies in closed bins.

Waste Water Construction and If the necessary sealing is not Maximum risk During the construction phase of the project, Regulation on the Control Discharge Operation Phase achieved while constructed the necessary checks will be carried out to ensure that the of Water Pollution and cesspool, the wastewater septic leachate is activated. Regulation on the Pits to be discharges into the nature. Built in Places Where the Sewerage Construction is Not Possible

FLORA-FAUNA

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Cutting of trees Construction Phase Cutting of remaining trees in Medium risk turbine location - Despite the risk of direct damage to wild fauna components during the cutting of shrubs and tree forms, the area and the tree will be closely watched, the animals that are encountered will be kept carefully using gloves, will be carefully transported to appropriate habitats. ENVIRONMENTAL TIMING STATUS DEFINITION OF EFFECT ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS REGULATIONS TO BE APPLIED POTANTIAL RISK AND SOCIAL SUBJECT LEVEL ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS FLORA-FAUNA Cutting of trees Construction Phase Cutting of remaining trees in Medium risk turbine location Care should be taken to cut off the shrubs and trees, especially before the onset of the egg-laying / reproductive activity, or after the dates on which the offspring can look after themselves. Collision (Crash Effect) Operating phase Birds hit the propeller Maximum risk The fact that the risks that may arise from the wind turbines can be removed altogether and that the most dangerous hazards that can be experienced and achieved firstly by the fact that turbines and rotor blades can be seen from distant distances for birds which are most affected by them. Wind turbines will generally be painted in white and near colors.

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This practice spreads around the world scale and allows turbines to be easily selected in the terrestrial environment. For this purpose, orange color will be used first.

Since the color does not matter in any way during flights in the dark, in this case both the arrangement of the turbines and the lighting will be red. Hunting Activities Construction and Collection of hunting activities Medium risk - The hunting of animals and the collection Operation Phase and fauna elements in the field of birds' nests will be banned. - Employees will be prohibited from hunting in the area. - The necessary training will be given to the employees of the company who will do construction work on flora-fauna. - Turbines will be designed not roost and perch on them. - During the stripping and weeding, fauna elements will be separated from the field.

ENVIRONMENTAL TIMING STATUS DEFINITION OF EFFECT ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS REGULATIONS TO BE APPLIED POTANTIAL RISK AND SOCIAL SUBJECT LEVEL ENVIRONMENT EFFECT VISUAL LANDSCAPE EFFECTS Cutting of trees Construction Phase Cutting of remaining trees in Maximum risk During the preparation of the site for the installation of turbine location wind turbines, the trees to be removed from the area will be kept minimum.

AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS Relocation of Plants Construction Phase If endemic fluoride is encountered Medium risk during the opening of the path Since species such as Sorbus sp (rowan berry) and between the turbines Crataegus sp (hawthorn) in the field are necessary species to be protected, they will be planted in various areas with transplants from the field.

The bulbous or lumpy species to be protected must be dismantled and transported out of the turbine area.

Visual Pollution Construction Phase Excavation and waste disposal in Medium risk Wastes will be stored regularly in the Waste the facility will result in visual Warehouse. Excavated land will not be sprinkled on pollution related to the non- forests, creeks, etc., and regular storage will be regular storage in the site. provided in such a way that it will not create a visual effect in the field. CULTURAL ASSETS Cultural and Construction Phase Finding archaeological remains in Low risk Archaeological construction activities In the event that any archaeological findings are Resources encountered during the construction works to be carried out within the scope of the project, The work will be stopped and the museum directorate and other institutions and organizations will be informed immediately by the project authorities. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Destruction of Construction Phase Maximum risk A letter of guarantee will be issued to the Yalova Village Roads After Turbine deliveries, will be Provincial Administration for the repair of village deterioration in the village road. roads that will be damaged after turbine dispatching Compensation of Operation Phase Achieving the electricity need of Low risk Electrical Needs Gemlik district In order to meet the electricity need of the Gemlik District Municipality, a protocol was signed on the construction and electrical infrastructure works of a wind turbine to be built near the RES site

AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 Internal migrationTURBINES) Construction AND ADJACENT and Employment MANASTIR opportunities - ESENKOY willWPP be (15 Low TURBINES) risk PROJECTSThe project will create employment for the local Operation Phase created during the construction and people in the long run. Occupational health and safety operational phases of the project. trainings and technical trainings will be provided for However, if skilled workers cannot workers who will work in the project. be found in the region at the operational stage, skilled workers will migrate from nearby settlements.

Presentation of the Construction and The local people have sufficient Low risk - According to the results of the survey, project Operation Phase knowledge about the Wind Power 86% of the local people have a positive Plant view of the project. - 96% of the local people considered wind energy as the most environment-friendly and clean energy source. - 90% of the local people have information about Wind Power Plant. - 55% of the local people are aware that Kürekdağı RES and Manastir-Esenköy RES projects are adjacent RES projects. - But half of the villagers do not know about the power plants because the area of RES is remote from the villagers. Social responsibility Construction and Local residents have social - 30,000 TL financial support will be projects Operation Phase expectations within the scope of provided to support the vehicle needs of Kürekdağı RES and Manastir- the Teşvikiye village cooperative. Esenköy RES projects. - The Esenköy-Karlık highway road stabilization covering material made by Yalova Special Provincial Administration will be covered by the activity owner. - Advisory services will be provided for wind turbines near the wind farms to HEALTH AND Importance MEASURES TO BE TAKEN Responsibility meet the Monitoringelectricity used forMONITORING irrigation in / COST SUPERVISION SAFETY Yalova province villages FREQUENCY PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD / EFFECT

AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS INSIDE AREA HEALTH AND SAFETY PROGRAM- Construction and Operation Period working at height Maximum Safety belts shall be used in all situations in which the Contractor Operator Supervision to ensure Continuous Under the best turbines come down to the rotor parts which have danger that mitigation working of falling. Safety belts and safety hooks will be used practices during landing, exit and inside stairs of the tower. During measures are effective the construction and operation of the plant, all necessary precautions related to working at high will be taken and applied. The Manastir-Esenköy WPP and Kürek Mountain Project will be in compliance with all Occupational Health and Safety Regulations and IFC / DB Guidelines.

Emergency exit Low-Medium An emergency exit with emergency landing gear for the Contractor Supervision to ensure Included to the generator system of wind turbines will be installed. The that mitigation emergency exit section will be located behind the rotor. design measures are effective

Noise Low-Medium The windows and doors of the heavy machines used Contractor Daily Under the best during construction with the purpose of protecting the Supervision to ensure working drivers will be insulated with good rubber. practices that mitigation measures are effective Low-Medium Ear protection equipment will be used to prevent the Contractor Daily Under the best effects of potential high noise sources. Supervision to ensure working practices that mitigation measures are effective Hazardous wastes Medium- Operator Supervision to ensure When necessary Under the best and chemicals Max. that mitigation working Material Safety Data Sheets of all materials used in the practices test shall be kept ready at the site for easy access by field measures are effective personnel. Employees will be trained in the correct use and risks of chemicals. These data sheets will contain safe operating instructions.

HEALTH AND Importance MEASURES TO BE TAKEN Responsibility Monitoring MONITORING / COST SUPERVISION SAFETY FREQUENCY PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD / EFFECT Accidents Medium The first aid box will be placed on the wind turbines for Operator Supervision to ensure When necessary Under the best use in minor injuries. that mitigation working measures are effective practices

AGAOĞLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS Medium, max A "Safety Guide" will be prepared for construction and Operator Supervision to ensure When necessary Under the best operation activities. that mitigation working measures are effective practices

Fire danger Medium, Max. There will be two fire extinguishers in the wind turbine Operator Supervision to ensure When necessary Under the best generator system. One of the fire extinguisher will be that mitigation working mounted on the lower tower connection at the base of the measures are effective practices turbine, and the other will be installed on the top box in the nacelle. Employees will be trained in the use of firefighting systems and equipment. Fire danger Max. Turbines will have a lightning protection system that Constructor Supervision to ensure When necessary Included in changes the direction of the lightning currents and that mitigation design transfers the energy to the ground. There will be receivers measures are effective on the turbine blades that will sense the lightning current and transfer it to the ground through the turbine shell.

SG Management Max. A detailed public health and safety program will be Operator program developed before the project begins. Supervision to ensure Under the that mitigation best working measures are effective practices PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY - Construction and Operation Period

PUBLIC HEALTH Min.Max. Information signs related to the actual situation will Operator When necessary AND SAFETY threaten the public health, emergency contact information, Supervision to ensure Under the best shall be found at the project site. that mitigation working measures are effective practices

Medium, Max. Transport of equipment, turbines and materials shall be Constructor When necessary Operator carried out in an appropriate manner. Supervision to ensure that mitigation Under the best measures are effective working practices Min.Medium All vehicles and equipment used within the scope of the Constructor When necessary Under the best Operator project will be maintained regularly and the speed limits Supervision to ensure working practices of the vehicles will not be exceeded. that mitigation measures are effective

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9. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY

9.1. Objectives of the Study

In this chapter, social impacts of Kürek Dağı WPP, Manastır-Esenköy WPP project on the immediate surrounding are described. Close residential areas are located within a certain distance of the project site and it is not expected that such will be adversely affected by the project. These residential areas were informed about the project and a study had been conducted regarding socio-economic characteristics of these residential areas.

The main objective of this study is to determine the basic impacts, anticipated to take place during the construction and operation of the proposed project. This social assessment has been conducted in order to determine whether the proposed project has the desired impacts on the individuals, households and the organizations. Furthermore, this study will also describe all unforeseen positive or negative outcomes of the project on local residents. In this section, following questions will be tried to be clarified such as; "How will the project have an impact on the local community?", "Will there be any developments as the direct outcome of the Project?"

Main objectives of this study are as follows;

• to identify the current social and economic conditions of the people living in the residential areas around the project site, • to evaluate socio-economic impacts of the interventions, proposed to be carried out under the project on the households within immediate surroundings and ascertain whether or not some social groups will be affected adversely, • to eliminate adverse impacts, minimize, reduce and recover such effects in case where it is impossible to eliminate the impacts.

9.2. Methodology

Many methodologies were used during this social impact assessment study. These are listed below.

• Measurable sampling surveys (household interview surveys); • Focus group interviews; • Interviews with local authorities

9.2.1. Household Interview Surveys

Surveys were conducted with randomly selected households between 4-6 May 2017. The aim of these surveys is to gather information about the households around the project site. Surveys focus on the following issues such as fundamental sources of income and the attitudes of the people within the territory against the proposed project. Esenköy, Haydariye, Narlı, Selimiye, Şenköy and Teşfikiye quarters are the residential areas which are likely to be affected by the project. The populations of these quarters and the number of survey participants are included in Table 24.

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Table 23 Gender-based distribution of rates within the Township/Village/Quarters where the study was performed The name of the Township/Village/Quarters where the study was performed Gender Esenköy Haydariye Narlı Selimiye Şenköy Teşfikiye Total n % N % n % n % n % n % n % Male 62 77,5 60 100,0 120 75,0 140 95,2 126 93,3 225 89,3 259 86,3 Female 18 22,5 0 0,0 40 25,0 71 4,8 9 6,7 27 10,7 41 13,7 Total 80 100,0 60 100,0 160 100,0 147 100,0 135 100,0 252 100,0 834 100,0

In total, 834 participants were interviewed within the scope of the survey. Participants consist of 669 males and 165 females.

9.2.2 Focus Group Interviews

Under the study, focus group interview was also made in the project area. Focus group discussion is a process, conducted with a structured group in order to obtain detailed information about a specific issue. Focus group discussions are used for determining the attitudes and thoughts of people about an issue and making good at the issues, which are strange for the researcher. Focus group study for the proposed project was conducted with a group of males on the project site.

9.2.3 Interviews with Local Authorities

Interviews were made with the local authorities and background information was obtained about the current situation in the close quarters through the surveys.

9.3 Fundamental Characteristics of Residential Areas

Information was collected about the villagers during the interviews with the local authorities. Research team interviewed with the local authorities of Esenköy, Haydariye, Narlı, Selimiye, Şenköy and Teşfikiye quarters. In the proposed project, four residential areas are expected to be affected. Residential areas likely to be affected by the project are Esenköy, Haydariye, Narlı, Selimiye, Şenköy and Teşfikiye quarters. Population information for these villages are presented in Table 24.

In total, 834 participants were interviewed within the scope of the survey, 669 of whom are males and 165 are females.

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100

60 86

Gender 40

20 14

00 Male Female

Graphic 1 Participant and gender distribution

As can be seen in Graphic 1, respectively 86,3% and 13,7% of the respondents in the surveys, conducted in villages consist of males and females.

30 25

25 19 20 17 15 14 15 09 10

Age Distributions Age

00 Between 18‐24 25‐34 35‐44 45‐54 55‐64 65 +

Graphic 2 Participant Age Distribution

In consideration of age distributions of participants in Graphic 2, it is seen that surveys are made with people from all age groups. 9.3% of the participants are included in the age group of 18-24, which is qualified as young population, 16.7%, 15.3%, 19.3%, 25.3% of them are included in the age groups of 25-34, 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 respectively. And 14.0% of the participants are included in the age group of 65 years and over.

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Status 40

Educational Educational 30 57

20 26 10 14

00 01 1 01

nd...

chool/Primar

Literate... Literate Primary S Education y High School Academy University a Graphic 3 Distribution of Educational Status of Participants

In view of Graphic 3, it is found out that 57.3%, 26,3%, 1%, and 13.7% of the participants were graduated from primary school, high school, academy, and university respectively, and the 1% of the remaining participants aren't literate.

Adequacy of Infrastructure

Under this title, adequacy in the following issues regarding electrical infrastructure, water supply and water infrastructure, water supply, sewage system, telephone infrastructure and internet infrastructure were tabulated and interpreted in the light of answers by the participants in the villages.

40 70

Electrical

nfrastructure

I 30

10 13 16

1 00 Adequate Moderately Inadequate None Adequate

Graphic 4 Electrical Infrastructures

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Whereas 70% of the participants think that electrical infrastructure in the villages is sufficient, 16% of them think it is inadequate according to Graphic 4.

(Mains 40 74

) 20

Water supply and Infrastructure Water 10 12 03 00 Adequate Moderately Inadequate None Adequate

Graphic 5 Water Supply and Infrastructure (mains water)

In view of Graphic 5, while the rate of the participants, who think that water supply (mains water) and water infrastructure in the respective villages is adequate, is 74%, the rate of those, who think that water supply and infrastructure (mains water) is inadequate is 12.3%.

(Spring 60

/transport /transport

/Village /Village

Infrastructure

40 76

ater

w 30

fountain

water) supply Water 20

10 09 10 05 00

Adequate Moderately Inadequate None Adequate

Graphic 6 Water supply (Spring water/Village fountain/transport water) Infrastructure

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In view of Graphic 6, while the rate of the participants, who think that water supply (Spring water/Village fountain/transport water) infrastructure in the respective villages is adequate, is 75.7%, the rate of those, who think that water supply (Spring water/Village fountain/transport water) infrastructure is inadequate is 10%.

80 70

em 50

s 40 74

sy Sewage Sewage 30

20 10 16 05 05 00 Adequate Moderately Inadequate None Adequate

Graphic 7 Sewage System

In view of Graphic 7, while the rate of the participants, who think that sewage system infrastructure in the respective villages is adequate, is 74.3%, the rate of those, who think that sewage system infrastructure is inadequate is 15.7%.

phone

e 65 l

e 30

T infrastructure 20

10 16 09 11 00 Adequate Moderately Inadequate None Adequate

Graphic 8 Telephone Infrastructure

In view of Graphic 8, while the rate of the participants, who think that telephone infrastructure in the respective villages, is adequate, is 65%, the rate of those, who think that telephone infrastructure is inadequate, is 15.7%.

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e 50

ern

n nfrastructure

I I 40 75

10 11 10 03 00 Adequate Moderately Inadequate None Adequate

Graphic 9 Internet Infrastructure

In view of Graphic 9, while the rate of the participants, who think that internet infrastructure in the respective villages, is adequate, is 75.3%, the rate of those, who think that internet infrastructure is inadequate, is 10.3%.

9.3.2 Income and Employment While 56.3% of the participants state that they are employed, 23.7% of them are retired, 7.3% of them are housewives and 3.3% of them are students, 9.3% of them seem to be unemployed in Graphic 10.

56 60

Employment Employment

Status 40

30 24

20 09 07 03 10

Employed Retired House Student Unemployed Wife (if looking for a job)

Graphic 10 Distribution of Employment Status of Participants

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20 33

10 15 18 09 11 Profession 07 07 00

Agriculture/ Husbandry... Agricultural Labourer Forest Employee Self Employment Tradesman Civil Servant Other

Graphic 11 Distribution of Professional Status of Participants

In Graphic 11, professional distribution of participants is presented based on the types of the occupations. In view of the graphic, it is seen that the rate of tradesmen is the highest with a rate of 33.1% and the forest employees has the lowest rate with 6.5%.

9.3.3 Sources of Income Sources of income of the survey participants in the villages are classified as agriculture/husbandry, forestry, greenhouse cultivation, fishing, olive groove, tourism and construction and the results are presented as follows.

40.00 35.00

30.00 25.00

20.00 39.943 33.908 15.00

10.00 11.782 5.00 7.471 4.023 .575 2.299

.00

Source of Income

griculture

live groove, groove, live

ourism Graphic 12 Sources of Incomeishing, of Villages

A /husbandry, Forestry, Greenhouse cultivation, F O T Construction

In view of Graphic 12, it is seen that forestry with a rate of 39.9% and agriculture and husbandry with a rate of 33.9% are the two most important sources of income in the villages in which survey is conducted. Based on the responds of participants, it is remarkable that construction and green housing are the least preferred sources of income in the related villages.

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9.3.5 Major Problems in the Project Site

Significance level of the following issues for the participants such as unemployment, low income, marketing problems, low agricultural production, health services, domestic water supply, irrigation water supply and lack of sewage system in the related villages is analyzed under this title. The participants were asked how important the respective titles are for them and obtained responds are summarized and interpreted in the following graphics.

80 70 60

50 40 71 30 Unemployment 20 20 10 09 00 Very important Important Moderately important

Graphic 13 Unemployment

In view of Graphic 13, 71.3% of the participants consider unemployment as a very important issue.

30 55

20 Low Income 24 21 10 Graphic 14 Low Income 00 In view of Graphic 14, 55.3% of the participants consider low income as an important issue. Very important Important Moderately important

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30 54

Problems 20 Marketing Marketing 33

10 13

00 Very important Important Moderately important

Graphic 15 Marketing Problems

In view of Graphic 15, 53.8% of the participants consider marketing problems as a moderately important issue.

30 51

production

Low agricultural agricultural Low 20 28 21 10

00 Very important Important Moderately important

Graphic 16. Low agricultural production

In view of Graphic 15, 51.1% of the participants consider marketing problems as a moderately important issue.

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50 45 40

35 Health Services 30

25 47 43 20 15 10 10 05 00 Very Important Moderately important important

Graphic 17. Health Services

In view of Graphic 17, whereas 43.3% of the participants consider marketing problems as an important issue, 46.7% of them consider it as a moderately important issue.

40 68 30

19 Domestic water supply water Domestic 10 13

Very important Important Moderately important

Graphic 18 Domestic water supply

In view of Graphic 18, 67.7 % of the participants consider domestic water supply as a moderately important issue.

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60 supply 50

water Irrigation 40 68 30

23 10 09

00 Very important Important Moderately important

Graphic 19. Irrigation water supply

In view of Graphic 19, 68.2 % of the participants consider irrigation water supply as a moderately important issue.

30 50

System 28 22 10 Sewage of Lack 00 Very Important Moderately important important Graphic 20 Lack of Sewage System

In view of Graphic 20, 50 % of the participants consider lack of sewage system as a moderately important issue.

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9.3.9 Opinions about the Project

WPP (Wind Power Plants)

Participants in the respective villages are asked about whether or not they have heard about wind power plants (WPP) in advance and their responds are summarized in the following Graphic.

100

WPP 60 90 40

20 10 00 YesGraphic 21 WPP systems No

As can be seen in Graphic 21, 90% of the villagers are informed about WPP, because Yalova WPP was commissioned in the territory last year..

Adjacent WPP

Participants in the respective villages are asked about whether or not they are informed about adjacent wind power plants (WPP) to be installed in Karlık high land and Kürekdağı territory and their responds are summarized in the following Graphic 22.

30 56 44 20

Adjacent WPPs

00 Yes No

Graphic 22 Adjacent WPP

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In Graphic 22, it is seen that 55% of the villagers are informed about WPP projects. Although access road and drilling works started last year, half of the villagers are nor informed about the plants as the WPP site is away from the villages.

WPP Projects

Opinions of the participants are asked about the WPP projects to be installed in their territories and the distribution of obtained responds based on Positive, Partially Positive and Negative options are presented in Graphic 23.

40 70

Opinion

E 20

R 16 14 00 PositiveGraphic 23 OpinionPartial on WPP projects Negative

Based on the distributions, included in Graphic 23, 86% of the participants stated that they have favourable opinions about the WPP projects to be executed in their territories.

Source of Energy Participants are asked questions about whether or not the utilized sources of energy are clean and eco- friendly and the distribution of obtained responds is summarized in the following Graphic.

100

96 93 friendly 40 - and lean 20 C eco of source energy 30

00 04 02

Energy

Nuclear Energy Coal Energy Wind Solar Energy Hydroelectric ... Graphic 24 Eco-friendly and Clean Source of Energy

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In view of Graphic 24, 96% of the villagers considered wind power as the most eco-friendly and clean source of energy. Thus, it can be concluded that opinions of 96% of the villagers are positive about WPP.

WPP Investment Support

Participants are asked whether or not they support the WPP investments within their territory and the obtained responds are summarized in the following Graphic.

40 77

WPP WPP Support

20 11 12 00 GraphicYes 25 WPP investmentsPartial backup No

Based on the data in Graphic 25, 88% of the villagers support WPP installation in their territory.

WPP environmental impacts

The participants were asked about how the wind power plants would affect the area in which they are located and the answers are summarized in the following Graphic, on the basis of “Positive”, “Negative”, “No idea” options.

40 70 WPP 20

Environment 16 14 00 PositivGraphice 26 WPP EnvironmentalNegative Impact No idea

Based on the data in Graphic 26, 69.7% of the participants think that wind power plants have a positive impact on the area in which they are located.

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9.3.10 Expropriation

Project area is located in forest land. As there are no personal lands within the project site, no land will be expropriated. Nobody will lose their lands due to the project and they won’t have to settle again.

9.4 Socio-Economic Impacts of the Project

9.4.1 Social Impacts

Wind power projects have several social impacts. Wind power plants contribute to the development of national economy and this contribution is for lifetime. However, they also have some negative influences. Therefore, it is essential to identify social impact and how such impacts will affect the people living in the territory. Wind power plants may affect one or more of the issues listed below:

• Life styles, • Cultures, • Societies, • Natural Environment, • Health and well-being and • Anxieties and wishes of people (Vanclay)

Positive and negative, social and economic impacts and the cost of the projects seldom show a balanced distribution. As the affected communities, themselves, are heterogeneous, there are significant differences among the impacts encountered in different socio-economic groups and societies in particular.

All potential impacts of the projects; i.e., positive/negative, long-term/short term, planned/unplanned, expected/unexpected, should be considered together under social impact assessment. Interdependence and interaction of all impact types make it difficult to evaluate the impacts individually.

Criteria regarding the social impacts are listed below:

• Duration of the impact: short term, long term, construction period and operation period. • Importance: Positive or Negative • Intensity: severe, major, medium, small, and ignorable.

As there are no personal land usage within the project site, no land will be expropriated. Nobody will lose their lands due to the project and they won’t have to settle again.

It is considered that demographic structure of the local community may be affected during construction and operation periods of the project. Development in the project activities may directly influence population increase and the activities. However, such growths will include the permanence of current tendencies. Following demographic processes are expected to take place:

Migration: It is thought that people from other places will come to the area for recent work opportunities. However, it is not anticipated to result in a migration to the region as the work opportunities offered under the project are limited.

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9.4.2 People Influenced by the Project

Many researchers identify the people, affected by the projects in different manners. When the influenced communities are analyzed, it is seen that diversity of likely-to be influenced groups or the categories is wide. Adams (2000) emphasized that, "related and influenced parties" concept is better in terms of identification of all winning or losing parties due to the project. These groups are heterogeneous and with different genders. It is likely that below listed residential areas be affected by the project activities:

• Esen Quarter • Haydariye Quarter • Narlı Quarter • Selimiye Quarter • Şenköy Quarter • Teşfikiye Quarter

The closest residential area to the Manastır-Esenköy WPP site is Delmece Highland, which is located approximately 1 km in the south. The settlement sites in Selimiye territory, which is at a distance of 4 km from air in the southwest and Teşvikiye territory, which is at a distance of 5.400 m from air in the northeast are the residential areas, closest to Kürekdağı WPP Plant site.

Although the air distances from the villages to the closest turbine is below 10 km, access road distances are above 10 km due to the fact that villages are located in the coastline. Plant sites are located at an elevation of 850- 900 m, Teşvikiye, Esenköy, Şenköy and Narlı are located at an elevation of 0-50m, Haydariye is located at an elevation of 400 m and Selimiye village is located at an elevation of 600 m.

9.4.3 Economic

Around 35 personnel will be employed during Manastır-Esenköy WPP construction works. As for Kürekdağı WPP, 30 people are planned to be employed during construction period. . A prefabricated container shall be provided for any and all needs of the personnel, most of whom are planned to be selected from the close settlement areas and this container will be removed at the end of the construction works. As to the operation phase, number of the personnel to be employed is anticipated to be 10-15.

 Wind power creates employment

40 64 30

20 27 10 09 00 Agree Disagree No idea 64.3% of the participants think that wind power creates employment. 149

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9.4.5 Socio-Cultural Problems

Socio-cultural processes are the procedures that affect the culture of a society i.e., all ways of living together.

Disputes: There may be risks of disputes between the employees, who will live together and those living in the region during the construction period.

9.4.6 Noise and Traffic

During the construction period, the Project may influence the life style in the territory due to reasons such as air quality (i.e., pollutants owing to dust and vehicles), noise (noise of vehicles) aesthetic or increase in vehicle density.

It is anticipated that close settlement areas will not be adversely affected by the traffic of heavy equipment and the noise to arise during construction phase of the plant.

This ESIA report indicates that these impacts are at an ignorable level for all of the 6 residential areas around the project site.

9.4.7 Noise and Visual Effects

The impact of the Project on the landscape is one of the most significant negative social issues. Noise and the shadow impact on the neighboring lands are the most widely mentioned effects of wind power plants.

This ESIA report indicates that these impacts are at an ignorable level for all of the 6 residential areas around the project site.

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SURVEY STUDY PHOTOGRAPHS

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9.5. Informing Public and Participation Plan

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report under Kürekdağı RES (10 Turbines) and Adjacent Manastır - Esenköy RES (9 Turbines) project will be sent to Agaoglu Group web site in order to be released to public. Although the number of households, directly affected by the project is relatively low, Agaoglu Group supports constant availability of the information regarding the project for all parties. Agaoglu Group aims to develop feedback instruments to enable all parties so that they can communicate their interpretations, concerns and suggestions. All shareholder participation programs will be made through Agaoglu Group Public Information and Participation Plan in the future

Agaoglu Group will be accessible and respond to the complaints within the shortest time possible. Site employees are responsible for collecting the written complaints, and forwarding these to the Complaint Department, located in Istanbul, which is in charge of recording and coordination of all of the responds to the complaints. Both the written and oral complaints will be recorded in the Complaint Form in Annex-C.

9.6 Complaint Mechanism

Under the planned project, a complaint mechanism will be employed so that complaints by the people, who are affected by the project, are considered and that corrective actions would be taken and problems are settled by Agaoglu Group. As part of the complaint mechanism, complaints or suggestions forwarded to any department of Agaoglu Group will be transferred to the respective departments. People may convey their complaints or suggestions to Agaouglu Group by calling the project office through toll-free services or talking to Public Relations official about their concerns. Furthermore, a Complaint/Request Sheet and Complaint/Request Closing Sheet will be prepared so that complaints/requests would be received and closed under the complaint mechanism (See, Annex-C). The personnel, who are in charge of filling in Complaint/Request Sheet are Machine-Operation and Maintenance Engineers for the plants and Corporate Communication Expert on the site or Management Official for the projects.

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In addition, departments are also responsible for sending the related documents to Company Communication Department in order to be ensure that this form be recorded within the system. Company Communication Department shall take required measures so that the complaint or request be taken into consideration. The complaints by the local community will be recorded with the sheet in Annex-C and the corrective actions will be planned. Feedback will be provided to the complaining persons or organizations within 15 days at the latest.

9.7 Conclusions and Suggestions Have you ever heard about WPP (Wind Power Plants) system? Yes No Tota n % n % n l % Do you have any information Yes 449 59,8 14 17,2 465 55,7 about the adjacent WPPs to be No 301 40,2 70 82,8 369 44,3 installed in Karlık Highland and Total 750 100,0 84 100,0 834 100,0 Kürekdağı territory?

In consideration of foregoing table, 59.8% of the participants, who stated that they have heard about Wind Power Plants (WPP) in advance, further declared that they are informed about adjacent WPPs to be installed in Karlık highland and Kürekdağı territory.

Have you ever heard about WPP (Wind Power Plants) system? Yes No Tota N % n % n l % Positive 526 70,1 61 72,4 586 70,3 Partially 127 17,0 6 6,9 134 16,0 How do you think about the WPP Positive projects to be implemented within Negative 97 12,9 17 20,7 114 13,7 your territory? Total 750 100,0 84 100,0 834 100,0

In view of the foregoing table, 70.1% of the participants, who stated that they have heard about Wind Power Plants (WPP) in advance, declared ''positive'' opinion about the WPP projects to be implemented in their region, whereas 17% of them declared ''partially positive'' opinions. As a result, local community mainly supports the WPP projects and have a positive opinion thereof. The ratio of this result is 78,6%. Have you ever heard about WPP (Wind Power Plants) system? Yes No Total N % n % n % Yes 572 76,4 66 79,3 640 76,7 Partial 89 11,8 6 6,9 94 11,3 Do you support WPP investments in your territory? No 89 11,8 12 13,8 100 12,0 Total 750 100,0 84 100,0 834 100,0 In view of foregoing table, 76.4% of the participants, who stated that they have heard about Wind Power Plants (WPP) in advance stated that they support the WPP investments in their territory whereas %11.8 of the same stated that they partially support the investments. Furthermore, 79.3% of the participants and 6.9% of them, who stated that they haven't heard about Wind Power Plants (WPP) in advance, declared their opinions about the investments respectively stating that they ''support'' and ''partially support'' the WPP investments in their regions. As a result, local community mainly supports the WPP projects and have a positive opinion thereof. The ratio of this result is 82,3%.

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Do you have any information about the adjacent WPP to be installed in Karlık highland Kürekdağı territory? Yes No Tota N % n % n l % Positive 570 76,0 53 63,2 587 70,3 Partially 81 10,8 19 22,6 133 16,0 How do you think about the WPP Positive projects to be implemented within Negative 99 13,2 12 14,3 114 13,7 your territory? Total 750 100,0 84 100,0 834 100,0

In view of the foregoing table, 76% of the participants, who stated that they are informed about the adjacent WPPs to be installed in Karlık highland Kürekdağı territory, declared positive opinion the plants to be installed in their territory, whereas 10.8% of them declared ''partially positive'' opinion about the same. Furthermore, even those, who stated that they have no information about the adjacent WPPs to be installed in Karlık highland and Kürekdağı territory, declared ''positive'' opinions with a rate of 63.2% and ''partially positive'' opinions with a rate of 22.6% about the WPP projects to be installed in their territory. As a result, local community mainly supports the WPP projects and have a positive opinion thereof. The ratio of this result is 81,4%.

Do you have any information about the adjacent WPP to be installed in Karlık highland Kürekdağı territory? Yes No Tota N % n % n l % Yes 381 82,0 258 69,9 640 76,7 Partial 37 7,8 58 15,8 94 11,3 Do you support the WPP investments in your No 47 10,2 53 14,3 100 12,0 territory? Total 465 100,0 369 100,0 834 100,0

In view of the foregoing table, 82% of the participants, who stated that they are informed about the adjacent WPPs to be installed in Karlık highland Kürekdağı territory, declared that they ''support'' the WPP investments to be made in their territory whereas 7.8% of them stated that they ''partially support'' the same. However, the rate of the participants, who declared that they ''do not support'' the WPP investments to made in their territory just remained at 13.2% Furthermore, even those, who stated that they have no information about the adjacent WPPs to be installed in Karlık highland and Kürekdağı territory, declared that they ''support'' the WPP investments to be made in their territory with a rate of 69.9% whereas 15.8% of them stated that they ''partially support'' the same. As a result, local community mainly supports the WPP projects and have a positive opinion thereof. The ratio of this result is 85,9%.

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Local community mainly supports the WPP projects and they have a positive opinion about the project. As a result, the investment of Manastır-Esenköy and Kürek Dağı WPP project is supported by the local community by 85,9%.

In consideration of the socio-economic condition of the territory, it is observed that agriculture and husbandry is the most important industry within the region. Unemployment is a major problem. This is why; the residents of the territory will support the activities to create employment in the territory. They pay sufficient attention to the fact that WPP project will contribute to the employment within the region. Local community should make use of the construction and operation phases of the project as much as possible.

In order to eliminate the intellectual ambiguity of some of the local community about the objective and necessity of WPP projects, it is important to raise awareness of the community. Their participation to the implemented activities will be low unless they are sufficiently informed about the issue.

Under the planned project, a complaint mechanism will be employed so that complaints by the people, who are affected by the project, are considered and that corrective actions would be taken and problems are settled by Agaoglu Group. The complaints by the local community will be recorded with the Complaint Sheet in Annex-C and the corrective actions will be planned. .

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1. Adams, W. (2000) The Social Impacts of Large Dams: Equity and Distribution Issues. Thematic Review I.1 prepared as an input to the World Commission on Dams, Cape Town.

2. AWEA, 2001, Facts about Wind Energy and Birds, American Wind Energy Association.

3. Bamberger, Michael. 2000. Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Development Research. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

4. Manastır-Esenköy WPP, Kürek Dağı WPP Ecosystem Assessment Reports

5. Elphick, J., 2007, Atlas of Bird Migration, Tracing the Great Journeys of the World’s Birds, Firefly Book (U.S) Inc., Buffalo, New York.

6. Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, 2007, Wind Energy, IFC.

7. Frankfort-Nachmias, C. and Nachmias, D. 1992. Research Methods in the Social Sciences. St. Martin Press, New York.

8. Gençyılmaz, N., Varol, Gülçin. Turkish Electric Energy, Projection for 10-Year Production (2009- 2018). Türkiye Elektrik Dağıtım AŞ., Head of APK Office, Turkish 11th Energy Congress and Exhibition, 21-23 October, 2009, İzmir.

9. Gipe, P. (1995) Wind Energy Comes of Age , New York.

10. GIS Website of General Directorate of Forest, 2016, http://orbisgenel.ogm.gov.tr

11. Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment (1994) Prepared by The Inter- organizational Committee on Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment.

12. Kılıç DT, Eken G., 2004, Türkiye’nin Önemli Kuş Alanları (Important Bird Areas in Turkey), 2004 Revision, Doğa Derneği, Ankara, Türkiye.

13. Key Biodiversity Areas of Turkey, 2006, Doğa Derneği, http://www.dogadernegi.org/ index.php?sayfa=yayinlarimiz>

14. NWCC, 2001. Avian Collision with Wind Turbines. National Wind Coordinating Committee.

15. NWCC, 2002. Permitting of Wind Energy Facilities, A Handbook. National Wind Coordinating Committee.

16. NWCC, 2004. Wind Turbine Interactions with Birds and Bats: A Summary of Research Results and Remaining Questions, Fact Sheet Second Edition, National Wind Coordinating Committee.

17. NWCC, 1999, Studying Wind Energy/Bird Interactions: A Guidance Document, Metrics and Methods for Determining or Monitoring Potential Impacts on Birds at Existing and Proposed Wind Energy Sites, National Wind Coordinating Committee.

18. Official Website of Kuşbank, < http://www.worldbirds.org/v3/turkey.php>

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AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU 19. KÜREKDAĞIOkan, C., 2004,RES (15 Süzülen TÜRBİN) Kuşların VE BİTİŞİK Göç MANASTIR Rotaları (Migration - ESENKÖY RoutesRES (15 ofTÜRBİN) Soaring PROJELERİ Birds), Kuş Araştırmaları DerneğiÇEVRESEL VE(Society SOSYAL ETKİfor DEĞERLENDİRMESİthe Investigations RAPORU of Birds)

157

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI RES (15 TÜRBİN) VE BİTİŞİK MANASTIR - ESENKÖY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ ÇEVRESEL VE SOSYAL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ RAPORU 20. Rappaport, R. A. (1994) “Human Environment and the Notion of Impact” in Who Pays the Price Socio-cultural Context of Environmental Crisis, Barbara Rose Johnston (ed.), Washington, D.C. & Covelo, California: Island Press.

21. Official Website of Turkish General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration, 2009.

22. Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise (RAMEN), Annex-I http://www.windpower.org

23. Richardson, W. J., 2000, “Bird Migration and Wind Turbines: Migration Timing, Flight Behavior, and Collision Risk”, Proceedings of National Avian - Wind Power Planning Meeting III, LGL Ltd. Environmental Research Associates.

24. http://www.nationalwind.org/publications/wildlife/avian98/20-Richardson-Migration.pdf>

25. SCENIHR, 2009, Possible Effects f Electromagnetic Fields EMF) Human Health. http://ec.euroDa.u/health/Dh risk/committees/04 scenihr/docs/scenihr o 022.pdf

26. S. Damborg, Public Attitudes Towards Wind Power , Danish Wind Industry Association

27. USEPA, AP-42, Emission Factors for Stationary Internal Combustion Sources, 1996

28. USEPA, AP42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I9

29. The World Bank. 2001. Sociological and Beneficiary Assessment of Potential Low-Income Housing Micro-Project.

30. TÜİK, Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi (Address-Based Registration System) 2016, www.tuik.gov.tr

33. Vanclay, F. Social Impact Assessment.

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AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI RES (15 TÜRBİN) VE BİTİŞİK MANASTIR - ESENKÖY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ ÇEVRESEL VE SOSYAL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ RAPORU ANNEXES ANNEX A SITE PHOTOS ANNEX B LETTERS OF APPROVAL FOR ECOSYSTEM EVALUATION REPORT ANNEX C COMPLAINT SHEETS

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AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI RES (15 TÜRBİN) VE BİTİŞİK MANASTIR - ESENKÖY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ ÇEVRESEL VE SOSYAL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ RAPORU

ANNEX A SITE PHOTOS

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AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI RES (15 TÜRBİN) VE BİTİŞİK MANASTIR - ESENKÖY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ ÇEVRESEL VE SOSYAL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ RAPORU

161

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI RES (15 TÜRBİN) VE BİTİŞİK MANASTIR - ESENKÖY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ ÇEVRESEL VE SOSYAL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ RAPORU

162

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI RES (15 TÜRBİN) VE BİTİŞİK MANASTIR - ESENKÖY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ ÇEVRESEL VE SOSYAL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ RAPORU

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AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI RES (15 TÜRBİN) VE BİTİŞİK MANASTIR - ESENKÖY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ ÇEVRESEL VE SOSYAL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ RAPORU

164

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI RES (15 TÜRBİN) VE BİTİŞİK MANASTIR - ESENKÖY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ ÇEVRESEL VE SOSYAL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ RAPORU

ANNEX B ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT REPORTS APPROVAL STATEMENTS

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AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI RES (15 TÜRBİN) VE REPUBLICBİTİŞİK MANASTIR OF TURKEY - ESENKÖY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ ÇEVRESELMINISTRY VE SOSYAL OF FOREST ETKİ ANDDEĞERLENDİRMESİ WATER AFFAIRS RAPORU Natural Preservation and National Parks General Directorate Number: 8481 5980-499-158776 Subject: Esenköy and Manastır RES License 29.07.2015 About Unification And Turbine Relocation MARMARIS ELEKTRIK URETİM A.Ş. (Ataşehir Barbarous Mah Ihlamur Sok No:4A-No 1) İSTANBUL Reference: ENTERPRISE’S Written Statement dated 26.05.2015 and number 2013 Based on the reference written statement, located in Yalova province, Çınarcık sub-province and situated in juxtaposition to each other and previously as per the date of 12.06.2012 and number 27308 approved by our General Directorate under the scope of Esenköy and Manastır RES Projects license combination transaction and informing to perform displacement of the location of the turbines –subject to preservation at license district- our General Directorate’s insight is requested. As a result of the review of the associated appeal project’s locations remain unchanged, entire area size and unification found unchanged. On the other hand about the project: -In association with the allocated data upon the event of diagnosing the activity’s potential to threat the possibly reproducing sorts and immigrating sorts; in accordance with number 4915 Land Hunting Law Article 4 and related “Preservation of Wild Animals and Life Areas, Prevention of Their Detrimental Effects Procedures and Basics Regulation” as per article 7 section d “Any type of interference destruction of wild animal’s reproduction, inhabitation, winter residence and eliminating for reuse is prohibited” and based on section e “During the wild animal’s reproduction, immigration and winter residence periods preventing biological cycles is prohibited” upon these declarations withdrawal of turbines stated over the project site and prohibitions during the reproduction and immigration periods, -Natural life monitoring programs (especially for birds and mammalian types) and every six months surveillance reports submission at the disposal of our General Directorate and II. District (Bursa) Directorate, -On the date of 12.06.2012 and number 27308 organized by our General Directorate identified at the statement written provision entire proposals and precautions, at the end of the surveillance and during the progress all requested additional precautions and proposals shall have been allowed, in accordance with the derived data that shall be compiled upon the completion of the monitoring turbine that threats the birds during the immigration period and upon the completion of the observation process all risky turbines are undertaken to be dismantled, -Width of the roads that shall be opened under the project scope (excluding excavation and filling end points and angles) must be shorter than 6 meters, -In the undertaking to include the sophistication of areas requiring landscape Maintenance or transformation to their previous form, forestation over the region compatible to the landscape, That document electronically signed up as per number 5070 Electronic Signature Law Document approval address http://ebys.ormansu.gov.tr/Dogrulama.aspx?d=ıhW 166

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU -KÜREKDAĞIConsidering the RES new (15 undertaking TÜRBİN) VE sample BİTİŞİK compiled MANASTIR for the -project ESENKÖY and that RES shall (15 be TÜRBİN) allocated PROJELERİ from our General Directorate ÇEVRESELand by the owner VE SOSYAL firm of the ETKİ application DEĞERLENDİRMESİ presentation of RAPORUapproved undertaking and natural life monitoring program to our General Directorate (to the Natural Life Unit Presidency) and II. Region (Bursa) Directorate, -Given out from our General Directorate accordingly filling out the “Noah’s Ark” Database Form” to the attachment of surveillance reports presentation to our General Directorate, Natural Life Unit Presidency, Stipulation the foregoing terms the actualization of the interference have been found compatible. I request your information and to take necessary actions. Nurettin TAŞ Deputy chairman Associate General Manager ALLOCATION: Purpose: Information: Marmarares Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. II District Directorate

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AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI RES (15 TÜRBİN)ESENKOY VE BİTİŞİK-MANASTIR MANASTIR RES UNDERTAKING - ESENKÖY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ ÇEVRESEL VE SOSYALREPUBLIC ETKİ OF DEĞERLENDİRMESİ TURKEY RAPORU MINISTRY OF FOREST AND WATER AFFAIRS NO 24602 TO THE ATTENTION OF NATURAL PRESERVATION AND NATIONAL PARKS DIRECTORATE 17th August 2015 Yalova province, Çınarcık Sub-Province, established at Esenköy Karlık Valley region and planned to be reserved under conservation by Marmarares Elektrik Üretim A.Ş., related to the wind station activities associated permission for 30.45 MW power and constituted by 15 units turbines; 1. As per Environmental Law number 2872 and issued by that law all of the regulations shall be fulfilled by us, 2. In association with our Esenköy-Manastır RES station project by Prof Dr Levent Turan, Doç Dr Galip Akaydın and Dr Muharrem Karakaya constituted by April 2012 identified under Ecosystem Assessment Report, we admit that all proposals and preventions shall have been met by us, 3. We admit that Surveillance report shall be prepared in compliance with the insight statement foreseen to us according to Natural Preservation and National Parks General Directorate dated 29.07.2015 and number 158776, 4. Covering 2 years in the light of results generated at the project site associated monitoring during the plant activation (operation) period related to operation of the turbines, upon the possibility of cancellation in some specific periods during the throughout year and experienced significant threatening conditions covering the dismantling the high risk turbines all precautions during the operation shall be taken by us, 5. To install additional safety necessities concerned by the Natural Preservation and National Parks Directorate, 6. If turbines numbers, turbine coordinates or project area are displaced we admit that recommendations from Natural Preservation and National Parks Directorate shall be followed up, 7. In the event of foreseeing to transfer the activations by any means by one single entity or by the enterprise, following notification to our General Directorate upon the presentation of warranty for the fulfilment of all issues encompassed in that written contract by the transferee at the disposal of our General Directorate, we hereby guaranty to commission transfer transactions, 8. We guarantee to satisfy Wet Area Preservation Provisions and as per that regulation to wet areas to all water supply feeding the wet areas or connected to the system to dry lakes by no means we promise to avoid penetrating unrefined home or industrial waste water, 168

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI9. Under RES the (15project TÜRBİN) scope, VE we BİTİŞİK guarantee MANASTIR to eliminate - ESENKÖY home based RES (15 solid TÜRBİN) waste PROJELERİmaterials ÇEVRESEL VE SOSYAL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ RAPORU as per “Solid Waste Materials Inhibition Regulation” stipulations, 10. We admit to discharge liquid wastes originated due to the project scope in accordance with Regulation on Water Pollution Control and associated Notifications, 11. We admit to prevent the delivery of the wastes due to applied work machines and to eliminate the according to the provisions of “Regulations on Waste Oil Control”, 12. Searching out to alleviate the sound magnitude originated from the applied work machines we admit to take the precautions as per “Number 4857 Business Law”, “Noise Regulation” and “Regulation of Assessment of the Environmental Noise and Control”, 13. Pertaining to the dust formation occurring over the project field at the construction and operational stage in pursuant to the provisions of “Air Quality Assessment and Control Regulation” and “Regulation on Industrially Originated Air Contamination Control” we admit to provide essential precautions, 14. As a result of the activations that shall be actualized under the project scope further to the rust formation, construction and collapse wastes in strict compliance with the provisions of “Hardware Soil, Construction and Collapse Materials Wastes Control Regulations” providing the required precautions, we admit to avoid any waste formation on the site, 15. To avoid the width of the roads that shall be opened under project scope not to excess 6 meters (slopes excluded), 16. As a result of production actions terminating the production efforts on site if the site is anticipated to be evacuated we admit to rehabilitate the field, 17. Incorporated for Esenköy-Manastır RES Wind Energy Station project aspired in Landscape Maintenance Schedule; lands requiring vitalization, in conformity with the strategies foreseen in the plan shall be reinvigorated and necessitated measurements and preventions we admit that shall be installed up to the end of subsequent maintenance process, 18. We admit that we will provide all requested terms as per the insight written statement issued to us by Natural Preservation and National Parks General Directorate dated 29.07.2015 and number 158776, 19. We admit that we will make up that proposal in two forms, we will deliver one copy to the authorized Natural Preservation and National Parks District Directorate, one copy of the form in combination with one digital copy to Natural Preservation and National Parks General Directorate,

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AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU WeKÜREKDAĞI admit and accept RES (15 to meetTÜRBİN) the aforementioned VE BİTİŞİK MANASTIR terms to fulfil. - ESENKÖY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ ÇEVRESEL VE SOSYAL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ RAPORU

REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF FOREST AND WATER AFFAIRS 170

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI RES NATURAL (15 TÜRBİN) PRESERVATION VE BİTİŞİK MANASTIR AND NATIONAL - ESENKÖY PARKS RES DIRECTORATE (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ Number. 84815980-ÇEVRESEL499-195626 VE SOSYAL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ RAPORU18.09.2015 Subject: Displacement and Number Renewal of Kürekdağı RES Turbine BAKIR ENERJİ ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. (Ataşehir Barbarous Mah Ihlamur Sok No:4A-No.1) İSTANBUL Subject: AĞAOĞLU ENERJİ GRUBU Written Correspondence dated 07.08.2015 and number 2191 As per the associated written correspondence, planned to be settled in Bursa province, Gemlik sub- province under the scope of Kürekdağı RES Project for previously approved 17 turbines by coordinate amendment and pointing out capacity increases on 11 pieces turbines an insight from our General Directorate has been requested. Under the aforementioned project content encompassing the entire turbines at the operation phase also covering the 2 (two) years reproduction period during the winter and immigration periods at least 15 (fifteen) days each auditing, to commission the auditing process in association with technical personnel of Province Branch Directorate and investigation pertaining to the influences on birds are all required. During the entire surveillance attempts, during the observatory process regularly constituting 6 (six) months reports land surveys must be pointed out on the basis of their days, time, number of points conducted. In pursuant to the carried out report; inhabiting bird species categories and threat classifications, purpose of determined bird species to occupy the habitat, diversification of immigrant species over the district with the long time habituating species, flying heights of the bird species according to the turbines, distances of fly coordinates to the turbines, thermal air flows over the region, regional climate data and accumulation segments according to the birds, populations of the bird types occupied over the region and variation magnitudes found at the end of bird types, data allocation of wintering and diagnosed over the entire year, purpose of the species to occupy the region, population dimension, reproduction status, reproduction spaces and properties, reproducing couple numbers, wintering districts, nutritional fields etc., in these concerns, bio-ecology of the species must be set forth. Additionally, since the region is a forestry place bat detection efforts constituting in 2-3 different locations by means of applicable technologies (automatic acoustic devices) planned to incorporate on 15 March-15 May and 1 June-15 July in 2 days each (on every points during the entire night) and bat species must have been specified. At the end of the mentioned surveillances in the organized observatory report bat species occupied over the project site and over the circumferential area and conservation status, species occupation densities over the region, habitation hours, time of habitations based on densities must be diagnosed and if exist mortality rates must be set forth. On the other hand considering the project; -In association with the provided data when the attempts are found to impose threat on the reproducible species and immigrant species; number 4915 Land Hunting Law Article 4 and associated “Hunting and Natural Animals and Habituation Regional Preservation, Strive With Detriments Procedures and Terms Regulation” as per Article 7 paragraph d “Natural animals habitation and reproduction, wintering and damages of important immigration routes biological commissioning is prohibited” petitions regarding turbines over the project site and these turbines are charged to be shut off during the reproduction and immigration of these species, 171

AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU -KÜREKDAĞIAs a result of theRES constituted (15 TÜRBİN) final VE Landscape BİTİŞİK Maintenance MANASTIR Plan - ESENKÖY all proposals RES defined (15 TÜRBİN) on Ornithological PROJELERİ and Ecologic AssessmentÇEVRESEL Report, VEsubmission SOSYAL of ETKİ the entire DEĞERLENDİRMESİ additional precautions RAPORU and proposals during and at the end of the observation, in compliance with the provided findings at the end of the surveillance turbines that are dangerous for bird species shall be turned off during the immigration period and upon the completion of surveillance detrimental turbines are deemed to have been eliminated, -Under the project content, the planned road platform (excavation and filling ends and bevels excluded) shall be constrained with 6 meters, -Actualization of Landscape Maintenance Plan shall be processed, at the highway edges considering the issues of Landscape Maintenance Plan the districts requiring Maintenance shall be sophisticated or shall be returned back to their previous form, to the species compatible with the area forest cultivation shall be promised under the scope of undertaking, - Considering the constituted for the project and the new undertaking sample that shall be provided from General Directorate the future and contemporary undertaking (pressed and digital undertaking) is deemed to have been forwarded to our General Directorate and II. District (Bursa) Directory, -Filling out compatibly the “Noah Ark’s Data base Form” that shall be conferred by our General Directorate subject to presentation to our General Directorate as an attachment to the survey reports the actualization of the project is found not detrimental for implementation. I hereby request your information and to complete the required attempts. Nurettin TAŞ Deputy Chairman General Manager ALLOCATION: Purpose: Statement. Bakır Enerji Elektrik Üretim A:Ş: II. District Directorate

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AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU stageKÜREKDAĞI in pursuant RES to the(15 provisionsTÜRBİN) VEof “Air BİTİŞİK Quality MANASTIR Assessment - ESENKÖYand Control RES Regulation” (15 TÜRBİN) and “Regulation PROJELERİ on Industrially OriginatedÇEVRESEL Air Contamination VE SOSYAL Control” ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ we admit to provide essential RAPORU precautions, 14 As a result of the activations that shall be actualized under the project scope further to the rust formation, construction and collapse wastes in strict compliance with the provisions of “Hardware Soil, Construction and Collapse Materials Wastes Control Regulations” providing the required precautions, we admit to avoid any waste formation on the site, 15 To avoid the width of the roads that shall be opened under project scope not to excess 6 meters (slopes excluded), 16 As a result of production actions terminating the production efforts on site if the site is anticipated to be evacuated we admit to rehabilitate the field, 17 Incorporated for Kürekdağı Wind Energy Station project aspired in Landscape Maintenance Schedule; lands requiring vitalization, in conformity with the strategies foreseen in the plan shall be reinvigorated and necessitated measurements and preventions we admit that shall be installed up to the end of subsequent maintenance process, 18 We admit that we will provide all requested terms as per the insight written statement issued to us by Natural Preservation and National Parks General Directorate dated 18.09.2015 and number 195626, 19 We admit that we will make up that proposal in two forms, we will deliver one copy to the authorized Natural Preservation and National Parks District Directorate, one copy of the form in combination with one digital copy to Natural Preservation and National Parks General Directorate, We admit and undertake to provide all foregoing issues.

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AGAOGLU GROUP OF COMPANIES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR KUREKDAĞI WPP (15 TURBINES) AND ADJACENT MANASTIR - ESENKOY WPP (15 TURBINES) PROJECTS AĞAOĞLU ŞİRKETLER GRUBU KÜREKDAĞI RES (15 TÜRBİN) VE BİTİŞİK MANASTIR - ESENKÖY RES (15 TÜRBİN) PROJELERİ ÇEVRESEL VE SOSYAL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ RAPORU

ANNEX C

COMPLAINT SHEETS

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Manastır-Esenköy and Kürek Dağı WPP ESIA

Complaint Sheet

Complaint No: Forward the copies: Name of the recorder White (Original)-Receiver Province/District/Village Blue (Copy)- Official Date: Green (Copy)-to the related department Pink (Copy)-Complainant Information about the Complaint Identify the complaint:

Information about the complainant: Delivery way of complaint: Name-Surname: Telephone Telephone Number: Information Meetings Address: Mail Village/Quarter: Unofficial ways District/Province: Other Signature: Details of the Complaint 1. Access to Land 2- Damage 3- Damage to 4- Decrease or loss in 5-Traffic Accident and sources public property and life quality infrastructure a. Forest a. Residence a. Highway/Railway a. Agriculture a. Injury

b. Land b. Land b. Bridge/passages b. Husbandry b. Damage to property c. Pasture c. Livestock c. Electric c. Beekeeping c. Damage to Livestock /Telephone Lines d. Residence d. Means of living d. Water d. Trade (small scaled) d. other supplies, channels, irrigation and water infrastructure for the animals e. Trade zone e. other e. Domestic water e. other f. other f. Sewage line h. other 6- Employment and 7-Worksite and 8- Other (Specify) recruitment relations with local community A. Disturbance from dust B. Disturbance from noise C. Improper acts of project personnel

D. Ongoing Complaint E. Other 176

Manastır-Esenköy and Kürek Dağı WPP ESIA

COMPLAINT/REQUEST SHEET

Complaint/Request Sheet Record No:

Recorder:

Province/District/Village

Date

Information about Complaint /Request

Identify the Complaint/Request:

Information about the owner of the Complaint /Request: Type of Notification:

Name-Surname: □ Telephone □ Meeting Telephone number: □ Communication Desk Address: □ During the visit □ Internet Village: □ Other District/Province

Signature of the owner of the complaint/request: Signature is only requested if the complaint/request is informed through meeting, communication desk or during the visit.

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Details of the Complaint 1. Difficulty to access Land and 3- Kamu malı ve altyapısına Sources 2- Adversely impacted zarar Property/Commodity a. Residence a. Forest a. Highway/Railway b. Land b. Land b. Bridge/passages c. Livestock c. Pasture c. Electric /Telephone Lines d. Means of Living d. Residence d. Water supplies, e. other channels, water infrastructures e. Trade zone for irrigation and animals, f. Other e. domestic water f. sewage system etc.

4. Reduction or loss in means of 5. Health and Safety Living Including traffic accidents)

a. Agriculture a. Injury b. Husbandry b. Damage to property c. Beekeeping d. Trade (small scaled) c. Damage to live stock

e. Other d. Other

7. Environmental 8. Worksite and relations with local 9. Other (Please specify) community a) Problems due to dust a) Improper acts of worksite b) Problems due to noise personnel/employees

c) Vibration due to construction b) Other

d) Problems due to wastes

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Manastır-Esenköy and Kürek Dağı WPP ESIA

Complaint /Request Closing Sheet

Complaint/Request Sheet Record No: (Record no should be same with that of the Complaint/Request Sheet) Recorder:

Date:

Is the complaint/request due to Agaoglu Group of Companies? Yes No | Please specify what should be done in the short-term

Please specify what should be done in the long-term (if need be)

Is indemnification requested? Verification and Closure for Corrective Action

Stages of Corrective Action Date of Closure Contact Person / Department

7 Closing the Complaint/Request This section will be filled in and mutually signed by Agaoglu Group companies and the owner of the Complaint/Request once the compensation is granted and/or the file is closed (Complaints received via internet will be answered via e-email without signature). Notes:

Date: ..../ ...... /.....

Name-Surname and For Agaoglu Group of Companies

Signature of the Title-Name-Surname and Signature Person with the Complaint/Request