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De La Lutte Biologique À L'invasion : La Coccinelle Harmonia Axyridis

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De La Lutte Biologique À L'invasion : La Coccinelle Harmonia Axyridis Délivré par le Centre international d’études supérieures en sciences agronomiques Montpellier Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences et Environnement (SIBAGHE) Et de l’unité mixte de recherche : Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (CBGP) Spécialité : Evolution, Ecologie, Ressources Génétiques, Paléontologie De la lutte biologique à l’invasion : la coccinelle Harmonia axyridis comme espèce modèle. Présentée par : Ashraf TAYEH Soutenue le 17 décembre 2013 devant le jury composé de Patrice David : Directeur de recherche, CNRS-Montpellier (France) Président Marc Kenis : Directeur de recherche, CABI- Delemont (Suisse) Examinateur Alain Roques : Directeur de recherche, INRA-Orléans (France) Rapporteur François Verheggen : Professeur, Université de Liège (Belgique) Rapporteur Arnaud Estoup : Directeur de recherche, INRA-Montpellier (France) Directeur Benoit Facon : Chargé de recherche, INRA Montpellier (France) Co-Directeur Délivré par le Centre international d’études supérieures en sciences agronomiques Montpellier Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences et Environnement (SIBAGHE) Et de l’unité mixte de recherche : Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (CBGP) Spécialité : Evolution, Ecologie, Ressources Génétiques, Paléontologie De la lutte biologique à l’invasion : la coccinelle Harmonia axyridis comme espèce modèle. Présentée par : Ashraf TAYEH Soutenue le 17 décembre 2013 devant le jury composé de Patrice David : Directeur de recherche, CNRS-Montpellier (France) Président Marc Kenis : Directeur de recherche, CABI- Delemont (Suisse) Examinateur Alain Roques : Directeur de recherche, INRA-Orléans (France) Rapporteur François Verheggen : Professeur, Université de Liège (Belgique) Rapporteur Arnaud Estoup : Directeur de recherche, INRA-Montpellier (France) Directeur Benoit Facon : Chargé de recherche, INRA Montpellier (France) Co-Directeur ¦ŶººººƷ¤ ¦żºººººƗLJ¦ƾºººŝ¢ƾºººƯ¢ ¿¦źººººƨƫ¦ƮººººƸţLjŗŚƗÂƾººººƳ¦ƺų¦ƾººţ¦ƺų¢ ƾºººººººººƫ±LJ¦ƶººººººººƤƄƗŚºººººººƴǀƟŖºººŞŴƿƲººƏƺƫ¦ƺººººƷ Un jour, je serai ce que je veux être. Ƽ ư ƀ ţ ©°ŚƇƲǀƐƀƬºƟƼưƀţŢƳŚƧ©ŚƿŚƸƴƫ¦¿¢©Śƿ¦ŶŞƫ¦¿¢µ°ǃ¦¨Ŷǀſµ°ǃ¦ƵŸƷƼƬƗÌ ¨ŚǀŰƫ¦Ì ƢŰŤƀƿŚƯµ°ǃ¦ƵŸƷƼƬƗË ´Ɣñ¯¯Ãƈţƈ ¨ŚǀŰƫ¦ƢŰŤſ¢ƾţŶǀſƦƳǃƢŰŤſ¢ƾţŶǀſƲǀƐƀƬºƟ Sur cette terre, il y a ce qui mérite vie : sur cette terre, se tient la maîtresse de la terre, mère des préludes et des épilogues. On l’appelait Palestine. On l’appelle désormais Palestine. Mahmoud Darwich Remerciements Mes remerciements vont en premier lieu à les stagiaires Léa, Elsa et Imad et les techniciens Arnaud Estoup et Benoit Facon pour les années Bruno et Anne. passées sous leur direction durant cette thèse. Je tiens également à adresser un grand merci à J’aurais appris énormément à vos côtés, que ce soit Guillaume avec qui j’ai partagé ces trois ans de thèse aux niveaux scientifique, technique, et humain. et en particulier les périodes de rédaction et le travail Merci de m’avoir fait profiter de votre expérience et de week end (merci pour tout). de votre pédagogie pour me transmettre une partie Je tiens à remercier très chaleureusement les de votre savoir. Je vous suis profondément gens qui m’ont aidé pendant les échantillonnages de reconnaissant de votre présence et votre disponibilité la petite coccinelle, en particulier Gérald et Shady. tout au long de mes travaux. Cette dernière année a Un grand merci également à toutes les personnes été très stimulante, notamment durant la phase avec qui j’ai pu interagir et discuter de mes résultats d’écriture de ce mémoire, et cela grâce à vous. en particulier Simon et Denis. Il serait illusoire de tenter d’établir une liste des Je tiens également à remercier Patrice David, chercheurs, techniciens ou étudiants du CBGP avec Marc Kenis, Alain Roques et François Verheggen qui j’ai passé de très bons moments au fil de ces d’avoir accepté d’évaluer mon travail en participant à dernières années. Donc merci à tout le CBGP, mon jury de thèse. notamment Alexandre, Philippe, Mathieu, Raphael Les membres de mon comité de thèse, Denis Jean-Pierre, Réjane, Nathalie, Sophie, Anne-Laure, Bourguet, Nicolas Ris, Julien Foucaud, Eric Marie, Caroline, Marie-Pierre … et aussi Adrien et Lombaert et Elodie Chapuis m’ont été d’une grande Bertrand, fondateurs de la Coupe du Monde aide et je leur en suis très reconnaissant. montpelliéraine de Ping-Pong et de l’équipe de Un merci tout particulier à Anne Loiseau, volley du CBGP. Merci à vous tous. Maxime Galan, Eric Bazin, Gaël Kergoat et (encore Je souhaite également remercier l’équipe BPI de lui) Julien Foucaud pour leurs efforts de correction l’INRA de Sophia-Antipolis, en particulier Eric et de mon français durant la rédaction de ce mémoire. Thomas avec qui j’ai interagi plus particulièrement, mais également Nicolas et Thibaut qui m’ont Je n’oublie pas Emmanuelle Jousselin, Armelle accueilli durant 3 semaines dans leur laboratoire. Cœur d’Acier et Gauthier Dobigny avec qui j’ai eu la J’ai également une pensée chaleureuse pour mes chance de travailler avant de débuter mes travaux sur camarades, Tareq, Anis, Mahmoud, Muiz, Ahed, Harmonia. Habash, Azzam, Raed, Mousleh, Hadeel, Nebal, J’ai également une pensée chaleureuse pour Soumaya, Salma, et Essya, ……. toutes les personnes qui ont partagé avec moi le Merci enfin aux collaborateurs qui ont permis de grand bureau B1.14. du CBGP et en particulier compléter mon échantillonnage pour ce travail, ainsi Olivier et Emmanuel avec qui j’ai cohabité durant que Julie Turgeon et Ruth Hufbauer. mes deux premières années de thèse et Nadine et Je suis sûr que nos interactions et notre amitié Marion qui leur ont succédé. perdureront bien au delà de cette thèse. Merci à toutes les personnes qui ont travaillé de manière plus temporaire avec moi et en particulier SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION GENERALE I. Lutte biologique et invasion biologique. 1. Lutte biologique………………………………………………………………………………………………………..15 2. Invasion biologique…………………………………………………………………………………………………..19 II. Impacts écologiques et socio-économiques de la lutte biologique et des invasions biologiques. 1. Lutte biologique …………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..22 2. Invasion biologique…………………………………………………………………………………………………..24 III. Principaux processus évolutifs en jeux dans les contextes de lutte et d’invasion biologique. 1. Processus évolutifs liés aux introductions accidentelles (bioinvasions) ou volontaires (lutte biologique)……………………………………………………………………………………..……………….27 2. Processus évolutifs liés à la domestication (phase d’élevage en lutte biologique)…………29 IV. Modèle biologique étudié au cours de cette thèse: la coccinelle asiatique Harmonia axyridis. 1. Biologie ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..31 2. Utilisation en lutte biologique…………………………………………………………………………..……….33 3. Répartition géographique……………………………………………………………………………....…….…..35 4. Impacts écologiques et socio-économiques de la coccinelle asiatique………………...……….37 5. Etat des connaissances en écologie et biologie évolutive……………………………………..……..41 V. Objectifs et structure de la thèse……………………………………………………………………………..……42 CHAPITRE I : Populations de lutte biologique : évolution en conditions d’élevage et impacts potentiels sur les populations envahissantes. I. Objectifs…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….47 II. Principaux résultats………………………………………………………………………………………….........47 III. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….50 IV. Articles associés………………………………………………………………………………………………………50 Article 1…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………....51 Evolution in biocontrol strains: insight from the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis. Article 2…………..………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..61 Experimental evidence for the phenotypic impact of admixture between wild and biocontrol Asian ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) involved in the European invasion. Article 3……. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………73 Cannibalism in invasive, native and biocontrol populations of the harlequin ladybird. CHAPITRE II : Evolution des stratégies de vie dans les différents compartiments (natif, envahissant américain, envahissant européen et lutte biologique) de la coccinelle asiatique Harmonia axyridis. I. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….……….……………………………103 II. Matériel et Méthodes ……………………………………………………………………………………………105 III. Analyses statistiques ……………………………………………………………………………………………109 IV. Résultats………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….111 1. Analyse factorielle discriminante (AFD)………………………………………………………………111 2. Analyse de variance (ANOVA)………………………………………………………………..……………111 3. Corrélations entre traits …………………………………………………………………………..………...119 V. Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………………....…..121 1. Comparaison entre les différents compartiments populationnels…………….…………121 2. Différentes variables étudiés cheZ H. axyridis …………………………………………………....122 3. Corrélations entre traits……………………………………………………………… .………….………123 Chapitre III: Etude d’un trait phénotypique clef : la résistance au froid I. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………….………127 II. Déterminisme génétique de la résistance au froid……………………………………..………..129 1. Expérience 1: Croisements populationnels…………………………………………………..……..….129 1.1 Attendus théoriques…………………………………………………………………………………....129 1.2 Protocole expérimental………………………………………………………………………………..131 1.3 Analyses statistiques……………………………………………………………………………..……..133 1.4 Résultats et discussion ………………………………………………………………………………...135 2. Expérience 2 : Tests basés
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