DOCSLIB.ORG

Occupational Infection to Brucella Abortus B19 Vaccine Despite Antimicrobial Prophylaxis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Occupational Infection to Brucella Abortus B19 Vaccine Despite Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ORIGINAL ARTICLE Occupational infection to Brucella abortus B19 vaccine despite antimicrobial prophylaxis Infecção ocupacional pela cepa vacinal de Brucella abortus B19 apesar de profilaxia antimicrobiana Alexandre Sampaio Moura1 , Letícia Mattos Menezes2 , Marcelle Amaral de Matos3 , Cynthya Magalhães Costa3 , Bruna Arantes Borges3 ABSTRACT The authors report the case of a veterinarian who acquired brucellosis infection by accidental exposure to Brucella abortus vaccine (BRUCEL-VET B19) while performing animal vaccination. Antibiotic prophylaxis with doxycycline and rifampin for six weeks was indicated, but rifampin was discontinued after 10 days due to gastrointestinal in- tolerance. Despite prophylaxis, the patient seroconverted after 30 days, but was asymptomatic and did not require additional antibiotic therapy. Post-exposure prophylaxis of Brucella is not free from side effects and asymptomatic seroconversion can occur despite prophylaxis. Keywords: Brucellosis; Occupational Exposure; Post-Exposure Prophylaxis. RESUMO Os autores relatam o caso de um veterinário que adquiriu infecção por brucelose por exposição acidental à vacina Brucellaabortus (BRUCEL-VET B19) durante a vacinação animal. A profilaxia antibiótica com doxiciclina e rifampici- na por seis semanas foi indicada, mas a rifampicina foi descontinuada após 10 dias devido à intolerância gastroin- testinal. A profilaxia pós-exposição de Brucella não está isenta de efeitos colaterais e a soroconversãoassintomática pode ocorrer apesar da profilaxia. Palavras-chave: Brucelose; Exposição Ocupacional; Profilaxia Pós-Exposição. INTRODUCTION in about 20 to 30% of the cases1,3. There is fre- quent involvement of bones and joints resulting in Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis responsible focal complications such as sacroiliitis, spondylitis, for more than half a million new human cases annu- peripheral arthritis and osteomyelitis1. The most ally, mainly in developing countries1. Ingestion of serious complication is infectious endocarditis contaminated food and occupational contact remain that occurs in 1% of the cases and is responsible the major sources of infection, and accidental expo- for most of the 5% mortality rate of human bru- sure rarely results in human brucellosis2. cellosis1,3. Blood culture is the gold standard for Fever, sweating, arthralgia and myalgia diagnosing brucellosis, but serological tests are are common clinical manifestations in brucellosis also very useful1. Rose Bengal test (a rapid slide- with hepatomegaly and splenomegaly occurring type agglutination assay) is commonly used as a 1 Doctor, Hospital Eduardo de Menezes. Department of Infectious Diseases, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil. 2 Medical resident, Hospital Eduardo de Menezes. Department of Infectious Diseases, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil. 3 Graduate student, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7262.rmrp.2021.168000 Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) 2021;54(1):e-168000 Moura AS, Menezes LM, Matos MA, Costa CM, et al screening test and positive results are confirmed Five days after beginning PEP, the patient by the serum agglutination test4. sought medical attention complaining of nausea, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay epigastralgia, myalgia and headache, which he (ELISA) has become more commonly used and it attributed to the medications. The patient was seems to have good sensitivity but lower specificity advised to take the medications with food to avoid compared to agglutination tests1. Polymerase chain gastrointestinal distress and suspend rifampin if reaction (PCR) tests also have high sensitivity, but there was no improvement. After 7 days of use, the their higher costs limit their use in clinical practice5. patient discontinued rifampin with complete resolu- Treatment of brucellosis requires the use of tion of gastrointestinal symptoms and maintained at least two drugs and the most effective dual com- doxycycline as prescribed for 42 days. The patient bination seems to be a tetracycline (doxycycline or was asymptomatic at the end of the prophylaxis but tetracycline) with an aminoglycoside (gentamycin showed seroconversion (IgM 43 U/ml - cut-off value: or streptomycin)6. Rifampicin may be used in com- 20 U/ml; IgG 47 U/ml - cut-off value 30 U/ml). bination with doxycycline as an alternative treat- Conventional blood culture with prolonged incuba- ment6,7. Regarding prevention, effective vaccines tion time (30 days) was performed (three samples), are only available for cattle and goats. In Brazil, which showed no bacterial growth. Polymerase the National Program for Control and Eradication chain reaction for Brucella was not available. During of Brucellosis / Animal Tuberculosis (PNCEBT) was the 6-month follow-up period the patient remained established in 2001 and recommended vaccina- asymptomatic. This study was approved by the tion of female bovine animals with B19 vaccine8. Hospital Eduardo de Menezes Institutional Review This vaccine contains live-attenuated strains of Board (protocol number 3.847.964). The require- Brucella abortus. Therefore, accidental exposure ment for the investigator to obtain a signed consent poses a potential risk for human infection8-10. This form was waived by the IRB. risk of infection seems to be low but appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis is recommended11. Here, we report on a case of accidental exposure DISCUSSION to brucellosis vaccine with seroconversion despite prophylaxis. Brucella abortus (strain B19) vaccine is part of the mandatory sanitary measures recom- mended by the National Program for Control and CASE REPORT Eradication of Brucellosis and Animal Tuberculosis in Brazil, and the reported patient was exposed while A 28-year-old male, veterinarian, presented routinely vaccinating cattle. Accidents during the to an infectious disease clinic with a history of per- administration of live attenuated brucellosis vac- foration of the left hand while vaccinating cattle cines with dermal inoculation are of high risk for 12 hours earlier. The vaccine involved in the expo- human infection and post-exposure prophylaxis is sure was BRUCEL-VET, a lyophilized suspension of indicated9-11. In the medical literature there are few live germs of Brucella abortus (sample B19). The studies describing the outcome of accidental expo- patient was asymptomatic. Previous medical his- sure to brucellosis vaccine. In a series of 26 cases tory included the use of pantoprazole (40 mg/d) exposed to Brucella abortus (strain RB51) vaccine, for treatment of epigastric pain two months 81% were associated with needlestick injury, 15% before. The vaccination schedule was complete. with conjunctival spray exposure and 4% reported A regimen of doxycycline (100 mg twice a day) direct contact with an open wound, and at least and rifampin (600 mg once a day) for 42 days was one systemic symptom was reported by 73% of the prescribed for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). exposed workers12. Baseline ELISA immunoglobulin (Ig) serology for The need for post-exposure prophylaxis is Brucella was non-reactive (5 U/ml; cut-off value: called into question by studies that show a low 30 U/ml) and liver and renal profile were within rate of active brucellosis (0 to 2%) in laboratory normal range. employees exposed to B. melitensis even among Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) 2021;54(1):e-168000 7 Occupational exposure Brucellosis those not receiving PEP2. Since PEP may be asso- evidence on how to proceed. The different recom- ciated with side effects, more research is needed mendations for the management of brucella expo- to assess the potential effectiveness of PEP after sure reinforce the need for more studies. In our brucellosis exposure. experience, we have observed that PEP is not In Brazil, there are two different recom- free from side effects, and a risk-benefit analy- mendations for PEP after accidental exposure to sis should be considered. In our reported case, Brucellosis. The Santa Catarina State Protocol early use of antibiotics may have been beneficial for Surveillance and Clinical Management of as seroconversion suggests that the patient was Human Brucellosis11 proposes a more conserva- indeed infected, and we expect that the combi- tive approach and does not recommend antimi- nation of doxycycline and rifampin may prevent crobial prophylaxis after percutaneous exposure to future complications. Our study is relevant to the vaccine. It recommends following up with the public health in the interface between human and exposed patient for 2 years in a reference medical animal health.The vaccination is an important pre- center where non-specific laboratory tests should ventive measure against bovine brucellosis, but be performed (aminotransferases and inflamma- accidental human exposure to the vaccine strain tion blood tests). Treatment is recommended for can bring serious health problems. The reported patients presenting brucellosis-related symptoms case contributes to a better understanding of the or with altered blood tests. On the other hand, the subject by showing that prophylaxis can prevent Paraná State Protocol9 recommends immediate PEP the disease, but does not prevent infection from for occupational exposures to Brucella vaccine, occurring. The risk of future reactivation of the regardless of the strain. For needlestick injuries, microorganism in those exposed to the vaccine the protocol recommends the use of doxycycline strain should be assessed with long-term follow- 100 mg twice a day for 42 days. In the United -up
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Medical Management of Biologic Casualties Handbook
    USAMRIID’s MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CASUALTIES HANDBOOK Fourth Edition February 2001 U.S. ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES ¨ FORT DETRICK FREDERICK, MARYLAND 1 Sources of information: National Response Center 1-800-424-8802 or (for chem/bio hazards & terrorist events) 1-202-267-2675 National Domestic Preparedness Office: 1-202-324-9025 (for civilian use) Domestic Preparedness Chem/Bio Help line: 1-410-436-4484 or (Edgewood Ops Center - for military use) DSN 584-4484 USAMRIID Emergency Response Line: 1-888-872-7443 CDC'S Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Center: 1-770-488-7100 John's Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense: 1-410-223-1667 (Civilian Biodefense Studies) An Adobe Acrobat Reader (pdf file) version and a Palm OS Electronic version of this Handbook can both be downloaded from the Internet at: http://www.usamriid.army.mil/education/bluebook.html 2 USAMRIID’s MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CASUALTIES HANDBOOK Fourth Edition February 2001 Editors: LTC Mark Kortepeter LTC George Christopher COL Ted Cieslak CDR Randall Culpepper CDR Robert Darling MAJ Julie Pavlin LTC John Rowe COL Kelly McKee, Jr. COL Edward Eitzen, Jr. Comments and suggestions are appreciated and should be addressed to: Operational Medicine Department Attn: MCMR-UIM-O U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5011 3 PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION The Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, which has become affectionately known as the "Blue Book," has been enormously successful - far beyond our expectations. Since the first edition in 1993, the awareness of biological weapons in the United States has increased dramatically.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook
    USAMRIID’s MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CASUALTIES HANDBOOK Sixth Edition April 2005 U.S. ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES FORT DETRICK FREDERICK, MARYLAND Emergency Response Numbers National Response Center: 1-800-424-8802 or (for chem/bio hazards & terrorist events) 1-202-267-2675 National Domestic Preparedness Office: 1-202-324-9025 (for civilian use) Domestic Preparedness Chem/Bio Helpline: 1-410-436-4484 or (Edgewood Ops Center – for military use) DSN 584-4484 USAMRIID’s Emergency Response Line: 1-888-872-7443 CDC'S Emergency Response Line: 1-770-488-7100 Handbook Download Site An Adobe Acrobat Reader (pdf file) version of this handbook can be downloaded from the internet at the following url: http://www.usamriid.army.mil USAMRIID’s MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CASUALTIES HANDBOOK Sixth Edition April 2005 Lead Editor Lt Col Jon B. Woods, MC, USAF Contributing Editors CAPT Robert G. Darling, MC, USN LTC Zygmunt F. Dembek, MS, USAR Lt Col Bridget K. Carr, MSC, USAF COL Ted J. Cieslak, MC, USA LCDR James V. Lawler, MC, USN MAJ Anthony C. Littrell, MC, USA LTC Mark G. Kortepeter, MC, USA LTC Nelson W. Rebert, MS, USA LTC Scott A. Stanek, MC, USA COL James W. Martin, MC, USA Comments and suggestions are appreciated and should be addressed to: Operational Medicine Department Attn: MCMR-UIM-O U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5011 PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION The Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, which has become affectionately known as the "Blue Book," has been enormously successful - far beyond our expectations.
    [Show full text]
  • Order in Council 1243/1995
    PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ORDER OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR IN COUNCIL Order in Council No. 12 4 3 , Approved and Ordered OCT 121995 Lieutenant Governor Executive Council Chambers, Victoria On the recommendation of the undersigned, the Lieutenant Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Executive Council, orders that Order in Council 1039 made August 17, 1995, is rescinded. 2. The Drug Schedules made by regulation of the Council of the College of Pharmacists of British Columbia, as set out in the attached resolution dated September 6, 1995, are hereby approved. (----, c" g/J1"----c- 4- Minister of Heal fandand Minister Responsible for Seniors Presidin Member of the Executive Council (This pan is for adnwustratlye purposes only and is not part of the Order) Authority under which Order Is made: Act and section:- Pharmacists, Pharmacy Operations and Drug Scheduling Act, section 59(2)(1), 62 Other (specify): - Uppodukoic1enact N6145; Resolution of the Council of the College of Pharmacists of British Columbia ("the Council"), made by teleconference at Vancouver, British Columbia, the 6th day of September 1995. RESOLVED THAT: In accordance with the authority established in Section 62 of the Pharmacists, Pharmacy Operations and Drug Scheduling Act of British Columbia, S.B.C. Chapter 62, the Council makes the Drug Schedules by regulation as set out in the attached schedule, subject to the approval of the Lieutenant Governor in Council. Certified a true copy Linda J. Lytle, Phr.) Registrar DRUG SCHEDULES to the Pharmacists, Pharmacy Operations and Drug Scheduling Act of British Columbia The Drug Schedules have been printed in an alphabetical format to simplify the process of locating each individual drug entry and determining its status in British Columbia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Live Vaccine for Vaccination of Human Beings Against Brucellosis in the USSR
    Bull. Org. mond. Santeh 1961 2 85-89 Bull. Wld HIth Org. J The Use of Live Vaccine for Vaccination of Human Beings against Brucellosis in the USSR P. A. VERSHILOVA, M.D.1 The great majority of human brucellosis cases in the USSR are caused by contact with infected sheep and goats. Extensive action has been taken to prevent human infection and to reduce the incidence among farm animals, the main prophylactic measure in recent years being vaccination with live brucellosis vaccine. The author summarizes the steps leading to the development of a satisfactory vaccine and gives a brief description of the method of preparation. Discussing the results obtained, she states that there has been a nearly 60 %,0 reduction in the number of human cases over the period 1952-58. The subcutaneous route of administration is usually resorted to, but preliminary figures suggest that cutaneous vaccination is equally effective immunogenically, although in persons who have sujJeredfrom active brucellosis it causes strong reactions and may lead to exacerba- tion of the disease. Research is going forward into the development ofa cutaneous vaccine capable ofgeneral use. INTRODUCTION and at the same time measures of prophylaxis have been organized to prevent human infection. Since Epizootiological and epidemiological data now 1953-54, wherever there is a risk of human infection available show that brucellosis is distributed quite with brucellosis of goats and sheep, the main pro- widely in many countries. In the USSR brucellosis phylactic measure taken has been the vaccination of of all three types is encountered, but the bovine and human beings with live brucellosis vaccine.
    [Show full text]
  • The Landscape of Vaccines in China: History, Classification, Supply, and Price
    Zheng et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2018) 18:502 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3422-0 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access The landscape of vaccines in China: history, classification, supply, and price Yaming Zheng1, Lance Rodewald2, Juan Yang3, Ying Qin1, Mingfan Pang1, Luzhao Feng1 and Hongjie Yu1,3* Abstract Background: Vaccine regulation in China meets World Health Organization standards, but China’s vaccine industry and immunization program have some characteristics that differ from other countries. We described the history, classification, supply and prices of vaccines available and used in China, compared with high-and middle-incomes countries to illustrate the development of Chinese vaccine industry and immunization program. Methods: Immunization policy documents were obtained from the State Council and the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC). Numbers of doses of vaccines released in China were obtained from the Biologicals Lot Release Program of the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC). Vaccine prices were obtained from Chinese Central Government Procurement (CCGP). International data were collected from US CDC, Public Health England, European CDC, WHO, and UNICEF. Results: Between 2007 and 2015, the annual supply of vaccines in China ranged between 666 million and 1,190 million doses, with most doses produced domestically. The government’s Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) prevents 12 vaccine preventable diseases (VPD) through routine immunization. China produces vaccines that are in common use globally; however, the number of routinely-prevented diseases is fewer than in high- and middle- income countries. Contract prices for program (EPI) vaccines ranged from 0.1 to 5.7 US dollars per dose - similar to UNICEF prices.
    [Show full text]
  • Results of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Tests of Organic Hydroxyapatite As Adjuvant of Bacterial Vaccine
    Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences Research Article Results of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Tests of Organic Hydroxyapatite as Adjuvant of Bacterial Vaccine VALERY ALEXANDROVICH AGOLTSOV, OLGA MIKHAILOVNA POPOVA, STEPAN YURIEVICH VESELOVSKY, ALEXEI ALEXANDROVICH CHASTOV, ALEXANDER MEFODIEVICH SEMIVOLOS, NATALIYA VICTOROVNA SOLOTOVA* Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov, Russia, 410012, Saratov, Teatralnaya square, Russia. Abstract | Vaccination continues to be one of the most effective ways to protect against infectious diseases; therefore, there is a need to develop new vaccines that have low cost and are used either once or for long periods of time.The current study aims to test organic hydroxyapatite in bacterial vaccines on laboratory and farm animals and determine its adjuvant and immunogenic properties. In pre-clinical tests, white mongrel mice weighing 18-20g and rats weighing 250-300g were used. Adjuvant (organic hydroxyapatite) separately and as part of vaccines was administered subcutaneously, intraperitoneally and intramuscularly at a dose of 0.5 ml. Clinical tests of adjuvant were carried out on Holstein-Friesian cows and calves. Experimental vaccines were used: 1) a split-conjugated vaccine against animal brucellosis (as antigens it included the components of brucella (Br. Abortus); 2) a vaccine against mastitis of cows. Results showed that PhA, neutrophils and monocytes in the blood smears of the control group were 1.4 times lower, and twice as much compared to the vaccine without the adjuvant. The maximum PhI(FI) was observed in animals immunized with a split-conjugated vaccine against brucellosis of animals with the adjuvant. The disappearance of vaccine antibody titer in the blood after 30 days was stated, which is positive in the diagnosis of brucellosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Vaccines Against Especially Dangerous Bacterial Pathogens
    Emerging Microbes and Infections (2014) 3, e86; doi:10.1038/emi.2014.82 OPEN ß 2014 SSCC. All rights reserved 2222-1751/14 www.nature.com/emi REVIEW Russian vaccines against especially dangerous bacterial pathogens Valentina A Feodorova1, Lidiya V Sayapina2, Michael J Corbel3 and Vladimir L Motin4 In response to the epidemiological situation, live attenuated or killed vaccines against anthrax, brucellosis, cholera, glanders, plague and tularemia were developed and used for immunization of at-risk populations in the Former Soviet Union. Certain of these vaccines have been updated and currently they are used on a selective basis, mainly for high risk occupations, in the Russian Federation. Except for anthrax and cholera these vaccines currently are the only licensed products available for protection against the most dangerous bacterial pathogens. Development of improved formulations and new products is ongoing. Emerging Microbes and Infections (2014) 3, e86; doi:10.1038/emi.2014.82; published online 17 December 2014 Keywords: anthrax; brucellosis; cholera; pathogens; glanders; plague; tularemia; vaccine INTRODUCTION veterinary measures to control these diseases. Although some are History of especially dangerous bacterial pathogens (EDP) in Russia now of reduced importance, many of these vaccines still play a role The Russian Empire and subsequently the Former Soviet Union (FSU) in public health programmes and protection of individuals in high comprised an enormous continuous land area extending across two risk occupations. For the past three decades these vaccines have continents. Even today the Russian Federation covers a vast area been included in the national human immunization schedule for extending across Europe and Asia and including diverse environments use according to the epidemiological situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf 695.43 K
    Iran. J Biotechnol. January 2021;19(1): e2618 DOI: 10.30498/IJB.2021.2618 Research Article Efficient Immunization of BALB/c Mice against Pathogenic Brucella melitensis and B. ovis: Comparing Cell-Mediated and Protective Immune Responses Elicited by pCDNA3.1 and pVAX1 DNA Vaccines Coding for Omp31 of Brucella melitensis Naser Harzandi1*, Haniyeh Aghababa2,3, Nima Khoramabadi2, Termeh Tabaraie4 1Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. 2Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 3Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 4Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany. *Corresponding author: Naser Harzandi, - Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Tel:+98-2634182637, Fax:+98-2634418156, E-mail: [email protected] Background: Brucella spp. are intracellular pathogens, therefore cell-mediated immunity is the main response to inhibit survival and growth of the bacteria in vertebrate host. Objective: Many eukaryotic plasmid vectors are being used in setting up DNA vaccines which may show different efficiencies in same conditions. This is important in designing the vaccines and immunization strategies. We looked into the probable differences of immune responses induced by different eukaryotic DNA plasmid vectors (pcDNA3.1 and pVAX1) harboring the same Omp31 gene of B. melitensis. Materials and Methods: Female BALB/c mice were immunized with pcDNA-omp31 and pVAX-omp31 and further boosted with recombinant Omp31. Subclasses of specific serum IgG against the rOmp31 were measured by ELISA. Cytokines responses to rOmp31 in Splenocyte cultures of the immunized mice were evaluated by measuring the production of IL- 4, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-γ.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Was Launched in 1988
    October 2007, Volume 20, Issue 5, pp.449-559 Editorial introductions vii Editorial introductions. Tropical and travel-associated diseases 449 Etiology of travel-related fever. Mary E Wilson; David O Freedman 454 Meningococcal vaccine in travelers. Annelies Wilder-Smith 461 Preerythrocytic malaria vaccine development. Sebastian A Mikolajczak; Ahmed SI Aly; Stefan HI Kappe 467 Asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine development: facing the challenges. Blaise Genton; Zarifah H Reed 476 Mosquito stage, transmission blocking vaccines for malaria. Allan Saul 482 Immune reconstitution disease associated with parasitic infections following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Stephen D Lawn 489 Zoonotic helminth infections of humans: echinococcosis, cysticercosis and fascioliasis. Hector H Garcia; Pedro L Moro; Peter M Schantz 495 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Regina Vorou; Ioannis N Pierroutsakos; Helen C Maltezou Gastrointestinal infections 501 Rotavirus vaccines: entering a new stage of deployment. Osamu Nakagomi; Nigel A Cunliffe 508 The normal intestinal microbiota. Julian Marchesi; Fergus Shanahan 514 The second century of Campylobacter research: recent advances, new opportunities and old problems. Nick Dorrell; Brendan W Wren 519 Below the belt: new insights into potential complications of HIV- 1/schistosome coinfections. W Evan Secor; J Bruce Sundstrom 524 Intestinal cestodes. Philip Craig; Akira Ito Current World Literature Bibliography 533 Current World Literature. Editorial introductions Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases was launched in 1988. entitled ‘‘Endemic Infectious Diseases of the Peruvian It is part of a successful series of review journals whose Amazon’’. His research is supported by grants from the unique format is designed to provide a systematic and United States Public Health Service, National Institutes critical assessment of the literature as presented in the of Health.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis.Pdf (732.5Kb)
    INTRODUCTION The first disease for which a bacterial agent was found to be the cause was anthrax (Greek meaning coal for the characteristic eschars found on the skin) (11,19). The disease is thought to have been the cause of the fifth and sixth plagues that attacked the livestock and people of Egypt in Exodus 9 (5,11,17). Casimir Davaine first isolated the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis, in 1850 (11). In 1876, Robert Koch developed a method for culturing pure B. anthracis and in 1881, Louis Pasteur created the first major vaccine against the disease in livestock (5,11). Despite the existence of vaccines against the disease since the 1870’s, anthrax remains a serious threat to livestock and even humans in the developing countries of Asia, Africa and South America (19). B. anthracis, the causative bacterial agent of anthrax, is believed to be part of the biological arsenals of at least ten nations. With the current world environment and the unpredictable threat of terrorism, it would seem prudent to include biological warfare defense measures into our national defense arsenals (8,11). The bacteria in the genus Bacillus are characterized as large, gram-positive, rod- shaped organisms (31). B. anthracis occurs singly or in pairs in tissue, and in culture appear in long strings giving a classic “boxcar” look. The anthrax bacterium is never motile (19). B. anthracis is a spore-forming bacterium whose spores can survive in dry form for indefinite periods of time and then be released into the atmosphere with the capability of causing disease (8). Spore formation occurs after host death.
    [Show full text]
  • Bovine Brucellosis Vaccine Strain S19 Detected in Calves Before Vaccination
    Bovine brucellosis vaccine strain S19 detected in calves before vaccination C. Mantovani1,2, C.O. Soares2, L.R. dos Santos2 and G.M.S. Rosinha2 1 Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade Rede Pró-Centro-Oeste, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil 2 Laboratório de Engenharia Genética Animal, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Gado de Corte, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária- EMBRAPA, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil Corresponding author: G.M.S. Rosinha E-mail: [email protected] Genet. Mol. Res. 19 (3): gmr18659 Received June 05, 2020 Accepted August 03, 2020 Published August 27, 2020 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/gmr18659 ABSTRACT. Bovine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that has considerable economic impact on the market of products such as meat and milk. As Brazil has one of the largest cattle herds in the world, this disease is a significant agricultural and public health concern. In 2001, Brazil launched the National Program of Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis. This program included the vaccination of 3-8 month old calves using the smooth and attenuated S19 strain, as well as monitoring with serological tests. There have been reports of excretion and persistence of S19. In this context, the objective of this study was to monitor the persistence of the S19 vaccine strain in blood samples from vaccinated calves. Seroconversion was investigated to evaluate the vaccine immunogenicity. PCR assays of blood and serum were run at at: "day zero" (before vaccination), 1 to 15 days after vaccination and every month until 12 months, totaling 28 collections for each of 10 calves.
    [Show full text]
  • BRUCELLOSIS (Undulant Fever, Malta Fever, Mediterranean Fever, Bang's Disease)
    BRUCELLOSIS (Undulant Fever, Malta Fever, Mediterranean Fever, Bang's Disease) REPORTING INFORMATION • Class B: Report by the close of the next business day after the case or suspected case presents and/or a positive laboratory result to the local public health department where the patient resides. If patient residence is unknown, report to the local public health department in which the reporting health care provider or laboratory is located. • Reporting Form(s) and/or Mechanism: o The Ohio Disease Reporting System (ODRS) should be used to report lab findings to the Ohio Department of Health (ODH). For healthcare providers without access to ODRS, you may use the Ohio Confidential Reportable Disease Form (HEA 3334, rev. 1/09 http://www.odh.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/odh/know-our-programs/ infectious-disease-control-manual/forms/form-confidential-reportable- disease) • The CDC Brucellosis Case Report Form is required for completion by the local health department. Information collected from the form should be entered into ODRS and faxed to the Ohio Department of Health (ODH) Outbreak Response & Bioterrorism Investigation Team (ORBIT) 614-564-2456. The mailing address for this form is: ODH Outbreak Response & Bioterrorism Investigation Team (ORBIT), 246 N. High St., Columbus, OH 43215. • Key fields for ODRS reporting include: import status (whether the infection was travel-associated or Ohio-acquired), date of illness onset, and all the fields in the AGENTSEpidemiology module. Brucella abortus, Brucella canis, Brucella ceti, Brucella melitensis. Brucella pinnepedialis, and Brucella suis. CASE DEFINITION Clinical Description An illness characterized by acute or insidious onset of fever and one or more of the following: night sweats, arthralgia, headache, fatigue, anorexia, myalgia, weight loss, arthritis/spondylitis, meningitis, or focal organ involvement (endocarditis, orchitis/epididymitis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly).
    [Show full text]