KE N TA RC H A E O LO G I C A LS O C I E T Y

newnewIssue number 57ss ll ee tt tt ee Summerrr 2003 RI N G L E M E R E2 0 0 3 Inside 2-3 n March 2003 archaeolo- served to trap evidence of earli- Faversham Museum gists returned to Ringle- er activity below and it can & Time Team mere, near Sandwich, to now be seen that a major late Library Notes continue excavations at Neolithic settlement had exist- 4-5 the site where the spec- ed on the site of the barrow tacular early Bronze Age around 700-1000 years earlier. Lectures, Courses, gold cup was discovered The inhabitants of this settle- Conferences & Events in November 2001. This year’s ment used highly decorated 6-7 programme was again possible Grooved ware pottery and the Bayford Castle through the generosity of the assemblage of such pottery Anglo-Saxon & landowners, the Smith broth- from Ringlemere is now by far Medieval Conference ers of Ringlemere Farm. The the largest from Kent and one fig 1 8-9 work was funded by substan- of the largest from anywhere Notice Board tial grants from the KAS, the in south-east England. 10-11 BBC and the British Museum. Whether this coincidence of ‘Ideas & Ideals’ Progress of the excavation was location is purely fortuitous filmed throughout by a profes- remains to be considered in Baptists, sional team from the BBC (fig. the light of further excavation Independents & 1) and this should be screened, but some sort of link presently Separation from the as part of the new ‘Hidden seems possible. State in Kent Treasures’ series, sometime In order to set the site into 12-13 during September. its local context, field-walking New Books The excavations were and metal-detecting of the Civic Trust Heritage headed by members of adjacent field was undertaken, Open Days Canterbury Archaeological in search of evidence for any 14-15 Trust but the bulk of the fig 2 settlement associated with the Letters to the Editor digging was undertaken by barrow. This has confirmed Victorian Art in a a team from the that a spread of prehistoric Medieval Church Dover Archaeological Group, Top: The BBC film progress as the top-soil over the Bronze Age struck flints and calcined flints assisted by members from occurs across the entire area. 16 barrow is carefully cleared away. Photo by Tina Parfitt The Cantiaci Thanet, Lenham, Maidstone Below: The Iron Age brooch. Photo by Richard Hoskins Metal-detector surveys have and Otford Archaeological also revealed a light scatter of Societies, as well as a number of other can now be confirmed as being 41.50 Roman coins but the most significant volunteers. The entire operation metres (136 feet). Excavation of the discovery was a rare early Iron Age served as a splendid example of what ditch revealed that it was over 2 brooch probably imported from France can be achieved by amateurs and pro- metres (6 feet) deep and in times of (fig. 2). This represents an important fessionals working in close co-opera- wet weather had sometimes held new find for Kent but belongs to a peri- tion and should serve as a model for water. The ditch seems to have been od not previously represented at other projects being undertaken in the completely silted and invisible by the Ringlemere. County. Roman period. As part of the TV programme, some The main aim of this year’s inves- Many centuries of ploughing experimental archaeology was under- tigation was to re-examine the central have removed all but the base of the taken. In an attempt to ascertain the part of the round barrow previously barrow mound; originally it might possible uses of the numerous calcined identified and to try and determine have stood to a height of around 5 flints (‘pot-boilers’) which occur in the exact diameter of its enclosing metres (16 feet). Such dimensions large numbers across the site, fish and ditch. The great ditch was located in would have made the barrow one of meat were cooked in a pit using heated roughly its expected position and the the very largest in southern Britain. overall diameter of the enclosed area Survival of the mound had continued on page 2

Summer 2003 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk 1 continued from page 1 carefully removed from the site in the same field. The field-walking too order not to contaminate the area and will be continued as the crop rotation flints. The resulting cooked food was bias the results of any future field- allows. The general impression is that entirely edible and the waste material walking exercise. the entire Ringlemere area has a very left-over consisted of calcined flints Ploughing continues to erode the high archaeological potential and more identical to those found in the Ringlemere barrow and it is intended important discoveries are anticipated. Ringlemere excavations and on many to fully excavate the complete monu- Anyone wishing to assist in the other prehistoric sites in Kent. Details ment over the course of the next few September excavations should contact of this interesting experiment will be years. Hopefully, we will also be look- the writer. FAVERSHAM written up in due course. NB:- the cal- ing at some of the other, smaller bar- ACTIVITIES cined flints from the experiment were row sites known from crop-marks in Keith Parfitt FAVERSHAM ACTIVITIES FAVERSHAM ACTIVITIES NE WD I S P L AY SATFAV E R S H A MM U S E U M FAVERSHAM oused within the Fleur de Lis phone kiosk with a ‘Press Buttons A ACTIVITIES Heritage Centre, Faversham’s and B’ mechanism, complete with a Museum has recently been stock of old pennies for its use. FAVERSHAM updated to include several The repatriation and restoration of ACTIVITIES new displays. Visitors begin a beautiful Georgian Fa v e r s h a m FAVERSHAM their visit by seeing what shopfront which had found its way to archaeology has revealed, a Chicago Museum 75 years ago, will ACTIVITIES from the earliest Iron Age beginnings lead to eventual display in front of a FAVERSHAM of the area through to Faversham’s garden laid out in formal Georgian development in the medieval period, style. ACTIVITIES particularly the role played by its two The Museum is open from 10am FAVERSHAM monasteries, Faversham Abbey and to 4pm on Monday to Saturdays and Davington Priory. from 10am to 1pm on Sundays with ACTIVITIES This is followed by the new an admission charge of £2 (conces- FAVERSHAM Elizabethan Room, illustrating the rise tre’. “Not exactly Bluewater” says sions £1). in prosperity of the town after the John Culmer, Senior Honorary ACTIVITIES Dissolution. The development of the Curator, “but a vivid evocation of how FAVERSHAM explosives industry is traced in a spe- High Street shops used to be in our ACTIVITIES cially-commissioned video. grand, or great-grandparents, day”. A Upstairs is a Victorian Schoolroom barber’s, a chemist’s, a sweet shop, a FAVERSHAM and a late Victorian kitchen, as sub-post office and lending library, ACTIVITIES authentic as possible in style, with a and a drapers’ are all recreated in peri- selection of Victorian ‘entertainment’ od style with almost everything on FAVERSHAM such as lantern-slide shows and wind- show being authentic. ACTIVITIES up gramophones also on display. Displays on Faversham’s other Both World Wars are remembered, industries, such as brewing and brick- FAVERSHAM with memorabilia from the work of making, are planned when finance for ACTIVITIES ‘Dad’s Army’ and the Air Raid upgrading the available space is FAVERSHAM Wardens. A hand-operated air raid found. Pride of place will surely go to siren sits silently nearby – too incredi- an old fashioned electro-mechanical ACTIVITIES bly noisy to operate! (Strowger) automatic telephone FAVERSHAM The town’s civic and ceremonial exchange, of which there are only two life and sporting scene are also shown. or three left in the country. Engineers ACTIVITIES The virtually extinct local sports of will install lines around the Fleur de goal running and rink hockey take Lis complex and visitors will be able to Top left: The centre’s attractive frontage and pride of place. call each other on old-fashioned above, two of the display areas: the late Finally comes the ‘shopping cen- phones. There is even an old tele- Victorian kitchen and Wartime display. TI M ET E A MC O M E ST OFAV E R S H A M ver 60 people from Time Team when the programme is aired in descended on Syndale recently January 2004. A dig is currently to explore and film recent dis- underway to build on Time Team’s dis- coveries. Paul Wilkinson’s theo- coveries, ending August 3rd. To partic- ry was that there was evidence ipate phone 01795 532548; cost £35 of a Roman fort from the per day or £25 for members of Kent Claudian invasion of Britain buried Archaeological Field School. under the 18th century estate at Picture shows (from left) To n y Syndale, just to the west of Faversham. Robinson, Paul Wilkinson, Guy de la They were not disappointed, and dis- Bedoyere, Phil Harding, Malcolm Lyrie coveries were made which can be seen and Carenza Lewis. Summer 2003 2 will be invited to embark, is to Trust Yearly Reports 1997-1998, provide a summary of the con- 1998-1999, 1999-2000, 2000- LI B R A RY tents of each file. It is no part of 2001. this exercise to attempt an in- Kent Family History Vol. 10 NOTES depth academic study of the 2003. content of the files—Hussey Derbyshire Archaeological will already have drawn on Journal Vol. 123 2003. NEW KAS WEBSITE them in his published articles— Archaeologia Aeliana Vol. XXXI and the extent to which new (Roman Fort at Newcastle on GRANTS & The new KAS website, thoughts may be derived from Tyne.) LIBRARIES www.kentarchaeology.ac is now his basic material is a matter for Lancashire and Cheshire fully operational, offering access expert historians and genealo- Historic Society Vol. 150 2003. GRANTS & to the KAS Library book index; gists to determine, if they so Shropshire Arch. and Hist. LIBRARIES to the KAS index of Vi s u a l wish. However, they, and family Society Vol. LXXVI 2001. Records; to the index of the history researchers, might have Netherlands Archaeology Vol. GRANTS & Gordon Ward collection of pam- an easier task in using the files 45 2002. LIBRARIES phlets, booklets and ephemera if we were able to provide a use- Past and Present Newsletter GRANTS & on Kent towns, villages and ful summary of the contents of (Sussex) no.99. places; and providing for the each file. Bridges of Eynsford and LIBRARIES publication on the website of It is intended that work on Farningham – E. and F. Local GRANTS & articles on the history and the files should start in the History no.33. archaeology of Kent. The autumn, and that sometime Dartford Hist. and Arch. Soc. LIBRARIES Gordon Ward index is in the towards the end of 2004 or early Newsletter no.40 2003. GRANTS & process of final completion, and in 2005, the results should be Lower Medway Research Group should be fully available on the posted on the website. Transactions 2003. LIBRARIES website by the end of this year. Greater London Quarterly GRANTS & Articles for publication are Review, January to March invited; full details on how to CORRESPONDING 2003, English Heritage. LIBRARIES submit for publication are post- SOCIETIES’ Archives Vol. no.25 2003, GRANTS & ed on the website or see page 13 PUBLICATIONS Orpington and District Society. LIBRARIES of this Newsletter. Members may not be aware GRANTS & of the range of publications of LIBRARIES HUSSEY FILES other UK historical and archae- ological associations that the DO YOU GRANTS & On completion of the Library holds. For information, RECOGNISE THIS LIBRARIES Gordon Ward index, it is following are some of the asso- intended to turn the attention ciations, runs of whose publica- SPOT? GRANTS & of the Volunteers working in the tions are held in the Library—- LIBRARIES This cavern entrance is one of many images Library to the Hussey Files. Newcastle , R.S.Antiquaries of GRANTS & Arthur Hussey, who died in Ireland, Dorset Nat, Woolhope held in the KASlibrary collection which 1941, at the age of 79, was for Field Club, Buckinghamshire, have no provenance. Do you recognise the LIBRARIES fifty years a member of the KAS, Montgomeryshire, Lancashire place or the man? GRANTS & for 32 years a member of the and Cheshire, Leicestershire, If you do know the identuty of either please Council, and from 1927 to his Worcestershire, Lincolnshire, LIBRARIES death, a Vice President. During R.S. Antiquaries of Scotland, contact the editor at 55 Stone Street, GRANTS & that time, according to his obit- Derbyshire, Surrey, Sussex, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU uary notice, he was ‘a most dili- Cornwall, Essex, Bristol and LIBRARIES gent student of wills in the Gloucestershire, Birmingham GRANTS & Canterbury Probate Re g i s t r y, and Warwickshire, Durham, and of various MSS in the Suffolk, Cumberland and LIBRARIES Chapter Library, and his contri- Westmoreland, Somersetshire, GRANTS & butions to Archaeologia Norfolk, Cambridge. All these LIBRARIES Cantiana were most valuable.’ are on our mailing list for Arch Between 1911 and his death in Cant. in exchange for their GRANTS & 1941 he published over thirty yearly journals. LIBRARIES articles in Arch. Cant. He left his Research notes to GRANTS & the society, and these are con- PUBLICATIONS LIBRARIES tained in 300 files in the Library. RECEIVED The files are of two main types, both arranged alphabetically; Some new publications one type concerning the history received in the KAS Library, of a particular family, the other April to June concerning places and the peo- ple connected with them. The Archaeometry Vol. 45 p.1 2003. existing index to the files lists Fornvannen 2002/2, 2002/3, the names of the files, but gives 2002/4. little or no information as to Dictionary of County Durham contents. The purpose of the Place Names I. work on which the Volunteers Canterbury Archaeological

Summer 2003 3 Le c t u res, Conferences, Courses and Events

s.a.e. please), available from CKA, 7 Sandy KAS EVENTS Ridge, Borough Green TN15 8HP.

Booking forms for KAS events appear on page 5 LECTURES opposite. They can be photocopied if you do not want Horton Kirby & South Darenth Local History EVENTS to cut up your Newsletter. Society Monday 14th July ~ Tonbridge Castle by Pat CONFERENCES KAS Churches Committee Outing ~ Monday Mortlock & COURSES 28th July Monday 8th September ~ The P e a s a n t s The Churches Committee invites you to visit Revolt by John Mercer LECTURES Bethersden Baptist Church and Pluckley Pa r i s h Monday 10th November ~ Memories of EVENTS Church. We meet at 6.45pm at Bethersden Baptist Schooldays by Marion Baldwin Church and at about 8pm at Pluckley Church. Charge All talks take place in South Darenth Village Hall at CONFERENCES for the tours is £2 per person plus £1 for tea and bis- 8pm. Admission £1 on the door for visitors. & COURSES cuits. Money for both visit and tea should be paid in LECTURES advance. EVENTS Isle of Thanet Archaeological Society CONFERENCES KAS ‘Lectures in the Library’ series. All held in the Thursday 18th September ~ The Jutes in KAS library in Maidstone Museum. Kent: Myth or Reality? by Andrew Richardson. A & COURSES Saturday 27th September at 11am. Leeds Priory review of present theories and the archaeological evi- LECTURES Dig 1973-76 by Albert Daniels, using slides from the dence. St.Georges School, Westwood Ro a d , Peter Tester Archive Broadstairs at 7.45pm (doors open 7.15pm). Tickets EVENTS Saturday 11th October at 11 am. Investigation of £3.50 on the door or £3.00 in advance from Events CONFERENCES a Potential Site: Fieldwork Methodology by Simon Secretary, TAS, Crampton Tower Yard, High Street, Miles BA Broadstairs CT10 2AB (cheques to Thanet Arch. Soc. & COURSES Saturday 25th October at 11 am. Researching the with s.a.e. please) LECTURES History of a Parish by Dr. Jacqueline Bower. Tickets £2 EVENTS each; reservations may be made by telephone to Denis Anstey, 01634 240015 or email [email protected], COURSES CONFERENCES to pay on arrival, or prepaid using the form & COURSES opposite. Reservations are held until 15 minutes before the advertised start of the lecture. Members are Certificate in the Theory and Practice of Local LECTURES reminded that they will be asked for their membership History at the University of Kent EVENTS card at the museum reception and are asked to sign in Students who register for the Certificate in the and out. Theory and Practice of Local History are introduced to CONFERENCES both the ways that local history is written and how to & COURSES do it themselves, through a wide range of modules which also provide opportunities for: LECTURES KAS Christmas Lunch will take place on * working with original sources EVENTS Saturday 29th November in the Hop Farm, Beltring. * field work CONFERENCES Further details will appear in the October Newsletter. * pursuing individual interests (within particular topics such as family, oral or maritime history) & COURSES The certificate is a two year programme which runs LECTURES at Canterbury, Tonbridge and Chatham and the only qualifications required are enthusiasm and an interest EVENTS OTHER EVENTS FROM AROUND in local history. On successful completion of the cer- CONFERENCES THE COUNTY tificate students may progress to the next stage of either the part-time or full-time degree programme. & COURSES Further information from the Programme Director, LECTURES Dr Elizabeth Edwards (01227 827859, email: [email protected]) or visit the School of History EVENTS LECTURES website: www.ukc.ac.uk/history/ CONFERENCES & COURSES Discovering our Saxon Past ~ Council for OTHER EVENTS Kentish Archaeology on Saturday 1st November from 2 – 5.30pm at Christ Church University College, North Holmes Road, Canterbury. Sheppey Local History Society ~ Heritage Speakers: Walks in Sheerness, Minster and Queenborough. * New Work from Sutton Hoo by Angela Care Available to groups and at various advertised times to Evans, British Museum the general public. Leisurely strolls of two hours or so, * The Discovery of Saxon Dover by Brian Philp, focussing on the history and development of the area Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit and stories of the inhabitants. Problems of conserva- * Investigating Dark Age London by Bob Cowie, tion are examined. London Museum and Birkbeck College The next public walks, organized as part of the Ti c kets £3.00 (cheque payable to CKA with Swale Festival period are:

Summer 2003 4 Sunday 20th July & Sunday 27th July, Minster - & bookstall. Admission free. on-Sea Park in St Paul’s Wood Hill and take the public foot- 2pm from Minster Gatehouse Museum: bus from path between house nos. 12 & 14. Alternatively, limited Sheerness station connects. £1.50 including light refresh- car parking available close to the site but by ticket only, ments and museum admission. from ODAS, 27 Eynsford Close, Petts Wood BR5 1DP. Wednesday 23rd July, Blue Town area of Sheerness 2pm from Sheerness station. £4.25 including after- Finds Day at Hythe Library ~ Saturday 11th noon tea. October Thursday 24th July, Seafront, Sheerness Andrew Richardson, Finds Liaison Officer for Kent LECTURES 6.30pm from Sheerness station. £1.50. will be attending the library to identify and record archae- EVENTS Just turn up on the day and meet your guide. For ological objects found by members of the public. group bookings or queries write to Jonathan Fryer, 10 CONFERENCES Coronation Road, Sheerness ME12 2QN enclosing SAE & COURSES please. Isle of Thanet Archaeological Society Saturday 15th November ~ Meet the Local LECTURES Archaeologists EVENTS Finds Day at Folkestone Museum ~ Saturday Displays, slide shows, make a mosaic, bookstall & CONFERENCES 19th July refreshments. St Peter’s Church Hall from 2.30-4.30 Andrew Richardson, Finds Liaison Officer for Kent, Admission £2.00 on the door. & COURSES will be attending the Museum to identify and record LECTURES archaeological objects found by members of the public. EVENTS KAS CHURCHES COMMITTEE OUTING CONFERENCES National Archaeology Days ~ 19th & 20th July . A Monday 28th July. I would like to meet at Bethersden Baptist Church at weekend of events across Britain initiated by the Council 6.45pm. & COURSES for British Archaeology and their junior branch, the Young LECTURES Name/s……………………………………………………………...... Archaeologists’ Club. EVENTS Ad d r e s s … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … North Downs Young Archaeologists’ with The CONFERENCES Museum of Kent Life, Sandling nr Maidstone on ………………………………………………………………………...... Sunday 20th July from 11am-4pm. Theme is ‘A & COURSES Phone………………………………………………………………………….. Century of Change’; the 1st century AD when native LECTURES culture encountered Roman. A host of activity stalls for I enclose £…………………...for the visits. EVENTS children (from 3 to 93!), living history and re-enactment groups, information stands about archaeology in Kent, CONFERENCES I enclose £…………………....for tea finds identification table, real artefacts of the period to Cheques to the Kent Archaeological Society & COURSES handle plus all the usual attractions of a great museum. Replies to Phillip Lawrence, Barnfield, Church Lane, East Peckham, Museum admission £3.50 children, £5.50 adults, family LECTURES Tonbridge TN12 5JJ (01622 871945). tickets £16.00, all YAC members free. Further information: 01732 810556 or 01892 533661.

Young Archaeologists’ Day at Crofton Roman Villa on Sunday 20th July from 10am-5pm in hourly KAS ‘LECTURES IN THE LIBRARY’ SERIES sessions. Wash & draw Roman finds, play Roman games, make mosaics, do a Roman Villa trail quiz, dress as Saturday 27th September ~ Leeds Priory Dig by Albert Daniels Romans. For 5-12 year olds, accompanied by an adult. Please supply…………..tickets @ £2.00 each £1.00 each, all YAC members free. Further information: 020 8462 4737. Saturday 11th October ~ Investigation of a Potential Site by Simon Miles Please supply……….….tickets @ £2.00 each Open Days at Cobham Hall During this month and the next, the girls’ school Saturday 25th October ~ Researching the History of a Parish by Dr which occupies this great house is allowing visits. Open Jacqueline Bower days are 16th, 20th, 23rd , 27th & 30th July and 3rd, 6th, Please supply…………..tickets @ £2.00 each 10th, 13th, 17th, 20th, 24th, 25th, 27th & 31st August from 2-5pm with guided tours of 1 hour 20 minutes by the Friends of Cobham Hall Heritage Trust. Sights include the Name/s……………………………………………………………...... Cobham Mausoleum, the Gothic Dairy and the Pump Ad d r e s s … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … House. Last tour leaves 4pm and cost is £3.50, concessions £2.75. Please ring to confirm opening - 01474 825925. ……………………………………………………………......

Please enclose a SAE with your cheque (payable to the Ke n t Orpington & District Archaeological Society Archaeological Society) Saturday 13th & Sunday 14th September ~ and send to Denis Anstey, 86 Malling Road, Snodland ME6 5ND. Excavations at Scadbury Moated Manor, Chislehurst open to the public from 2 – 4.30pm. Self-guided trail to show the work currently being carried out on the site as well as the remains of foundations associated with the Walsingham family. Members of O.D.A.S. will be on hand to answer questions. Photographic display, refreshments

Summer 2003 5 THE ENIGMA OFB AY F O R DC A S T L E ittingbourne once had a cas- tle. It stood at the head of Milton Creek and although pinpointed since the earliest THE ENIGMA of times on OS maps, no trace of it now remains. Despite OF BAYFORD extensive research, we have CASTLE no record of its history. We know it existed, as it was THE ENIGMA included on Christopher Saxton’s OF BAYFORD map of the manors of Bayford and Goodmanston dated 1590. He Left: (fig 1) A plan of the earthworks CASTLE showed it to cover an area of over first noticed by I C Gould. THE ENIGMA four acres. It should not however be Above: (fig 2) The plans of two typical OF BAYFORD confused with Bayford Court, a Roman forts on Hadrian’s Wall. The moated manor house, the original of plan of each fort was likened to a CASTLE which is thought to predate to c1368, playing card, ie rectangular with THE ENIGMA and which lays a short distance to rounded corners. Note the similarity the south. to part of Gould’s sketch. OF BAYFORD Saxton’s map describes the site CASTLE of Goodmanston manor house as C a n t e r b u r y, Durolevum (now “castle ruffe”, which gave rise to con- thought to be Ospringe) and THE ENIGMA fusion about the true site of Ro c h e s t e r. Could it be that OF BAYFORD Haesten’s Viking fortress. Bayford Sittingbourne was the overnight and Goodmanston were originally resting place between the latter two? CASTLE separate manors but from c1368 The castle site lies on the line of the THE ENIGMA were held by the same person, the ancient trackway they would have OF BAYFORD first being Robert de Nottingham. He used and the earthworks noticed by resided at Bayford Court, as several Gould look very similar to the lines CASTLE documents attest, and he allowed Court. (See fig.1) Following consid- of a standard Roman encampment. THE ENIGMA Goodmanston manor to become erable industrial activity in this area Roman encampments, even derelict. in the late 19th century, these earth- those used for an overnight halt, OF BAYFORD All we now have is the charming works and any other traces of the were elaborate, laid out to a stan- CASTLE local legend that recalls, when the castle, no longer exist. dard uniform pattern. (See fig.2) Vikings under the leadership of Sittingbourne stands astride After the troops moved on, they THE ENIGMA Haesten landed at Castle Ro u g h , Watling Street, the old Roman road were left intact ready for the next OF BAYFORD Kemsley in AD 892, King Alfred that leads from Richborough and occupants. Many became way sta- CASTLE marched his troops here and built a Dover to London and beyond. It no tions where those travelling on offi- fortress on the opposite bank of the longer follows its original line how- cial business could change horses, THE ENIGMA Creek from where he could keep his ever. Local historian Sydney Twist get a meal and find overnight OF BAYFORD eye on the invaders. This is a legend realized this when he wrote his book accommodation. These way stations, perpetuated by such early antiquari- ‘Murston Village & Parish’ in 1981. In or mutationes, and inns, mansiones, CASTLE ans as Hasted and Ireland. Perhaps it he suggested, in addition to were established at intervals of THE ENIGMA Gough also heard of this legend as in Watling Street, there was another approximately 16 miles along all the his ‘Camden’s Britannia 1’, 1789, he Roman road lying slightly to the principal highways throughout the OF BAYFORD suggested a building date of AD 893 north, connecting Reculver to empire. They were similar to the CASTLE for the castle, but it has no basis in Rochester. Parts of this road can still later inns that served the stagecoach fact. be seen as the Lower Road and you industry. As Sittingbourne was to THE ENIGMA There is no evidence of Alfred can easily trace its route. I now later become a renowned overnight OF BAYFORD ever coming to Sittingbourne and believe this to be not a Roman road, halt for pilgrims, travellers and CASTLE when the Sittingbourne & Swale but an even earlier Celtic trackway stagecoaches, it seems likely that Archaeological Group carried out an traversing the county. this was a trend started earlier in THE ENIGMA excavation of Castle Rough in 1972, At first I presumed when the Roman times. OF BAYFORD they found absolutely no evidence of Romans landed at Richborough, they In conclusion therefore, my the- former Viking occupation. It could be built Watling Street as they pro- ory about Bayford Castle is that it CASTLE the original site was buried within gressed across the southeast towards began as an overnight encampment the foundations of the paper mill Colchester; London did not exist at for the Roman army travelling to that stands a few hundred yards that time. What I now think hap- and from the Channel ports. After away on the higher ground. pened was that to begin with the the southeast had been subjugated, From what I’ve recently learned Romans used existing Celtic track- the encampment became an through my studies with the ways to move across Kent and it was overnight halt, or way station, for University of Exeter, I believe the site only after the local tribes had been those on official business, but after of Bayford Castle is much earlier subdued that the Romans decided the Romans left Britain in AD 410 it than was originally thought. I believe they needed a direct and fast route fell into disuse and was finally it predates to Roman times, a theory back to the Channel ports. This was destroyed with any masonry left on drawn from I.C.Gould’s ‘Vi c t o r i a n when Watling Street was built. site being used to build the two County History of Kent’, 1908. Gould The Roman army marched on manor houses. noticed some earthworks extending average sixteen miles a day. There from St Michael’s church to Bayford were overnight halts at such places as John Clancy Summer 2003 6 CH A R I N G ’ SVA M P - H O R N his strange object appeared Willoughton in Lincolnshire; East in the last issue and we asked L e a ke and Brybrooke in if anyone could make an Nottinghamshire; Harrington in identification. Mrs Pa t Northamptonshire; Ashurst in Winzar wrote to say that it is Sussex. Apparently these instru- the rare vamp-horn from ments were used to amplify the MORE SPOT S Charing Church and that it is best sounds of the voices or to supply a AND FINDS described by the late Allen Grove missing part of the church band. FSA in an article on page 3 of the According to Canon MacDermott, MORE SPOT S Journal of Kent History no.12, an old Sussex parish clerk who AND FINDS March 1981. used the Ashurst vamp-horn stated “Kent still retains a rare instru- that he merely sang or shouted MORE SPOT S ment which I hesitate to call musi- down the instrument to make more AND FINDS cal. It is the vamp-horn in Charing sound for the singing.” Church. There are some half-dozen MORE SPOT S other vamp-horns in England – at Right: The Vamp-Horn AND FINDS MORE SPOT S AND FINDS MORE SPOT S SH A R PE Y E SI NT H EB I GA P P L E AND FINDS his old photograph which MORE SPOT S appeared in the April issue was AND FINDS instantly recognisable to many as the bridge at Eynsford, one MORE SPOT S of Kent’s best-known scenes. AND FINDS Its appearance prompted a phone call from Michael MORE SPOT S Barber, a resident of New York and a AND FINDS recently-joined member of the KAS. MORE SPOT S Michael’s maternal great- g r e a t- grandmother was said to have lived in AND FINDS the present day ‘Tudor House’ and he MORE SPOT S sent the Newsletter a photo of per- haps even earlier date than that previ- AND FINDS ously shown, which normally hangs MORE SPOT S on his wall at the family home in New A view recognised from across the Atlantic! Inset is our original picture. York. Michael was put in touch with AND FINDS the Farningham & Eynsford LHS, and pation of the house. It is nice to prompted such transatlantic corre- MORE SPOT S enquiries have ensued over the occu- know that the Newsletter has spondence! AND FINDS MORE SPOT S AND FINDS or discussed. The wide theme for the day MORE SPOT S AN G L O - S A X O NA N D attracted a capacity audience, even AND FINDS late arrivals being squeezed in to fill the well-appointed lecture theatre. MORE SPOT S ME D I E VA LC O N F E R E N C E The venue also provided an opportuni- AND FINDS ty for archaeologists and historians he third history and archae- examples of late Saxon and early from around the County and beyond MORE SPOT S ology conference organised Norman churches in East Kent and a to get together and I am pleased to AND FINDS jointly by KAS and comparison of the ecclesiastical capi- report that several attendees have MORE SPOT S Canterbury Christ Church tals of Canterbury and Rouen between taken the decision to become members University College was held the ninth and eleventh centuries. The of KAS. AND FINDS on Saturday, 26th April 2003. day also included a short report from As usual the conference was ably MORE SPOT S This conference focussed on Church the chairman of the KAS Churches organised by Alan Ward and Professor and Monastery in Anglo-Saxon and Committee and an overview of the Sean Greenwood. All attending were AND FINDS Medieval Society. new KAS website. given a useful handout containing The morning topics spanned the The lectures were illustrated by details of the lecturers and their sub- geology of building materials, the slides which helped to explain the jects plus a bibliography. interaction of Rochester Cathedral complexities of organisation and con- The 2004 conference will take and its precincts, monastic life and an struction of many of the magnificent place on Saturday 1st May, so keep a overview of recent archaeological buildings and their associated com- vigilant eye out for full details which work on ecclesiastical sites in Kent munities. This conference, as part of will appear in the Newsletter nearer and possibilities for the future. The an ongoing series, achieved its aim of the time. afternoon session covered Medieval giving an insight into aspects of building methods and materials, church studies not normally described Shiela Broomfield Summer 2003 7 Renn spoke on New Light on Kent ANNUAL GENERAL C a s t l e s . He put forward some MEMBERSHIP MEETING aspects of castles in and around MATTERS Kent that are not always consid- ered such as displaying their own- NOTICE An innovation at the A.G.M. ers’ status as well as dominating Please send all matters con- was a report on the work of the their communities. cerning membership, including BOARD Fieldwork Committee. Its chair- changes of addresses, to me NOTICE man, Chris Pout, used a and not to Mrs Lawrence! Powerpoint presentation and ROVING REPORTER If you renew your subscrip- BOARD concentrated on the Society’s tion later than June you are not NOTICE equipment which is available for I still require more ‘roving entitled to the current year’s members to borrow (after train- reporters’ to inform the copy of Archaeologia Cantiana BOARD ing) and the last season’s excava- Newsletter of events within your unless you send an additional NOTICE tions at the Roman villa at area which might be of interest to £5. BOARD Minster in Thanet. other KAS members. Areas now Remember to take your The meeting took place at the covered are Tonbridge, Rochester, membership card with you to NOTICE Angel Centre in Tonbridge and Sittingbourne, Sevenoaks & the KAS Library as this is essen- BOARD there were over 50 members pre- Otford – thank you to those who tial if you wish to use it. If you sent. Before and after the meet- responded to my previous request. have mislaid the card please NOTICE ing they were able to look at dis- Being geographically distant from send your request to me for a BOARD plays by the Centre for Kentish my base, the east of the county in replacement, with a stamped Studies and some local societies particular would benefit from addressed envelope. NOTICE and stalls selling books. someone who could keep an eye All correspondence relating BOARD The elections to the Council on local libraries, museums, clubs to membership to – Mrs Shiela saw Chris Pout elected as a new and similar, to find out about Broomfield, KAS Membership, NOTICE member and the retirement of exhibitions, talks or other ‘hap- 8 Woodview Crescent, BOARD two long-serving members, Alec penings’. My contact details are Hildenborough, To n b r i d g e , NOTICE Miles and Ray Rolinson. There on the back page and I would be TN11 9HD tel: 01732 838698 was no change to the other pleased to hear from anyone that email: membership@ke n t a r- BOARD Council members and officers. can help. c h a e o l o g y.org.uk or s.broom- NOTICE In the afternoon Dr Derek The Editor [email protected]. BOARD NOTICE ALLEN GROVE LOCAL HISTORY FUND BOARD NOTICE The Fund made five grants this the Horsebridge, Mrs M M Scott for Application forms for grants can BOARD year totalling £1,050. printing a second instalment of be obtained from the Hon. General NOTICE These were made to Mrs M J the Leeds Millennium Project on Secretary and the applications Chapman for research into the lives the history of houses in the vil- must reach him by 31st March. BOARD of men and women of Loose who lage, and Mr D C Vicerey-Weekes The trustees will be willing to con- NOTICE gave their lives in the two world wars, for printing a book on All Saints sider suggestions for projects Mr J Owen for a history and guide of Church, Foots Cray. which could be commissioned by BOARD Throwley Church, Mr G Pike for pub- The next grants will be made the Society and funded by grants NOTICE lication of a book Whitstable: History at in about June next year. from the Fund. BOARD NOTICE ABBEY FARM EXCAVATION BOARD NOTICE BOARD Enrolment for the first week of the excavation by the KAS and the Trust for Thanet Archaeology at Minster (24th – 30th August) is NOTICE almost full. There are still some places left for the second week (31st BOARD August - 6th September) but prompt booking is advised. Fee for KAS NOTICE or Thanet Archaeological Society members is £25 for one week or £40 BOARD for two weeks, non-members £35 and £50 respectively. NOTICE To enrol please contact David Bacchus, Telford Lodge, Roebuck Road, BOARD Rochester ME1 1UD tel: 01634 843495 email: [email protected]

Summer 2003 You and Your Society 8 KAS COMMITTEE ROUND-UP

Publications Committee Recording. sues its way into the 17th centu- ry in the current edition. NOTICE There are at present eigh- The Kent Underground Philip Lawrence (Chair) teen members on the Research Group are recording BOARD Committee. Good progress is tunnels at Snargate Street, Membership Committee NOTICE being made in preparing an D o v e r. Their project at Historical Atlas of Ke n t, which Chislehurst Caves is on going. Thirty members joined together BOARD promises to be a fine publica- Anthony Thomas is writing for the Spring Social event to NOTICE tion. The next volume of up the site of Bexley Manor. Great Chart Church and Archaeologia Cantiana is well on Godinton House near Ashford. BOARD schedule. Metal Detecting. The pleasure of Godinton House NOTICE Jointly with the Ke n t even surpassed the pleasure of BOARD History Federation the The southern region of the unusual summer sunshine. The Committee administers the National Council for Metal superb example of the Toke fam- NOTICE Kent History Fund, awarding Detecting have set up a support ily’s medieval hall house and its BOARD grants to support historical unit in Kent. The unit when later development was greatly research and publication. requested will work with appreciated. NOTICE During 2002 seven grants were archaeological groups and Margaret Lawrence (Sec) BOARD awarded totalling £2,150. member clubs of the NCMD Recently it has been resolved SR. Education Committee NOTICE that applications can be submit- BOARD ted and considered at any time Fieldwork Contacts. Ian Coulson was appointed within a year, provided that the new Chair to the Education NOTICE total sum allocated by the Chris Pout. Committee. Ian has extensive BOARD Council is not exceeded for that Sunnydene, Boyden Gate experience working in the educa- NOTICE year. £2000 has been allocated Corner, Roebuck Road, tion field, in particular as schools for 2003. Details concerning Marshside, Nr. Canterbury, Lead History Advisor for the BOARD applications appear in the CT3 4EE. Tel 01227 860207. Kent Advisory Service at Kent NOTICE Newsletter. County Council. The Committee John Whyman (Chair) agreed a grant of £5000 towards BOARD David Bacchus. the work of Canterbury NOTICE Fieldwork Committee. Telford Lodge, Rochester, Archaeological Trust’s Education Kent, ME1 1UD. Service for the current year. A BOARD Excavation. Tel 01634 843495 further grant of £200 was given NOTICE email:[email protected] to the North Downs Yo u n g Fremlins Site Maidstone: Archaeologists Club to stage a BOARD development here has already Churches Committee National Archaeology Day Event NOTICE revealed Roman features; inhu- in July at the Museum of Kent BOARD mation burials and post- The Churches Committee Life. medieval buildings. The site is welcomed some fifty people on Marion Green (Sec) NOTICE being excavated by the A.O.C. the Spring visit to Hoo BOARD unit. Allhallows and St.Margaret’s Margate Football Ground: High Halstow - both likely to be NOTICE the rebuilding of the stadium affected by any future Cliffe CONTACT BOARD has exposed a ditch containing Airport. ADDRESSES bone, shell and Iron-Age pot- The data bank being built NOTICE tery. The site is being excavated up of all places of worship in BOARD by the Trust for Thanet the county still requires input Hon.General Secretary NOTICE Archaeology. from a number of areas. Andrew Moffat Dartford Priory Site: earth Information should be Three Elms, Woodlands Lane BOARD works here have revealed walls addressed to the Hon. Sec. KAS Shorne , Gravesend , DA12 3HH NOTICE that were once part of the prio- Churches Committee, The [email protected] ry. The site is being excavated by L i b r a r y, Maidstone Museum, BOARD the Wessex Archaeological Unit. S t . Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Hon.Treasurer NOTICE Young Archaeologists: the ME 14 1LH. Robin Thomas North Downs Group have car- Local churches continue to 1 Abchurch Yard, BOARD ried out excavation work on a benefit from our advice on Abchurch Lane NOTICE windmill site at Stelling Minnis. guidebook planning and inter- London The project was done in con- pretation of architecture. The EC4N 7BA BOARD junction with the K.C.C. ‘Ideas and Ideals’ series pur- [email protected]

You and Your Society Summer 2003 9 ‘IDEAS and IDEALS’ This is the seventh of a series of articles describing formative movements and ideas in the history of the church. These were the crises of thought and conviction which brought us to where we are.

BAPTISTS, BAPTISTS, INDEPENDENTS INDEPENDENTS & SEPARATION AN DS E PA R AT I O NF R O M FROMTHE STATE INKENT TH ES TAT EI NK E N T BAPTISTS, n 313 Constantine issued the authority was to be given to each con- stances. The Vicar of Marden, Francis INDEPENDENTS Edict of Milan which gave gregation to govern themselves as Cornwell, had spent time in Christianity full legal equality.1 independent religious bodies, with Maidstone jail for nonconformity and & SEPARATION However in 380 an edict decreed each individual congregation electing during this time accepted Baptist FROMTHE STATE that “all the peoples” of the empire and supporting its own ministry. beliefs and was baptised by immer- should “practice…the Christian reli - From these congregations came the sion at the hands of William Jeffrey, INKENT gion”. This move created a structure Pilgrim Fathers. an active General Baptist preacher BAPTISTS, that would quickly depart from its James 1 on his accession would who was responsible for planting original purity, a church beholden to allow no changes and stated “ h e over twenty churches in Kent.7 When INDEPENDENTS the state. From that day to this would have them conform or harry them Cornwell was released in 1644, he & SEPARATION groups of Christians have sought to out of the land”. Dissent was harshly was appointed to preach a visitation FROMTHE STATE return to New Testament simplicity suppressed resulting in many arrests sermon in the parish church at and purity. Often they have had to do and the exile of whole congregations Cranbrook. He boldly took the oppor- INKENT this in the teeth of opposition from to Holland and then America.4 John tunity to expound his new views of BAPTISTS, the official faith of the state in which Lothrop, the Curate of Egerton, left the church and preached from Mark they lived. there in 1623, to join London’s oldest 7:7. ‘They worship me, teaching for doc - INDEPENDENTS In Medieval England the first independent congregation. In 1632, trines the commandments of men.’ Such & SEPARATION defined group to be dissatisfied with as he met for worship in Blackfriars, o u t s p o kenness caused an outcry the established order of a state Laud’s warrant officer broke in and followed by a public debate. FROMTHE STATE enforced faith were the followers of arrested 42 people; John was held Christopher Blackwood, the Curate of INKENT John Wycliffe. Known as Lollards, until he agreed to go into exile and so Rye [1606 – 1670] was present and they emphasised the need for people in 1635 Lothrop with thirty-four of he calmed the tumult promising to BAPTISTS, to read the Bible in the vernacular his friends landed at Scituate Mass. answer these arguments at an open INDEPENDENTS and the need for personal religion. Within weeks many more sympathis- public meeting. However, he himself & SEPARATION They were particularly numerous in ers arrived from Kent,5 so that the became convinced Cornwell was the Weald of Kent with a very strong main thoroughfare of the settlement right. FROMTHE STATE following for several generations in was named Kent Street.6 Blackwood’s studies were printed INKENT Tenterden. Their doctrines found The most numerous dissenters in in 1644 as ‘The Storming of Anti-Christ expression in other later dissident Kent however were to be the Baptists. …… Of Compulsion of Conscience and BAPTISTS, voices and groups. A group of English exiles in Infants’ Baptism.’8 This little book was INDEPENDENTS On the continent in the wake of Amsterdam formed a church under primarily a powerful plea for liberty the reformation arose a more radical the leadership of John Smyth (c.1554 of conscience to worship God accord- & SEPARATION movement called Anabaptism. This - 1612) and Thomas Helwys. In 1611 ing to ones own personal convictions. FROMTHE STATE taught separation of the Church and Helwys led the group back to The other half of the book was a pow- State and drew fierce opposition with England, and wrote ‘The Mistery of erful array of the arguments against INKENT the result that many fled to England. I n i q u i t y ’, the first English printed the practice of peodobaptism. BAPTISTS, As Henry Dosker states, ‘in the turbu - book to plead for full religious free- Blackwood wrote that ‘infant baptism INDEPENDENTS lent times of the great persecution in the dom. In this he argued for freedom of upholds a national church, for it is hereby Lowlands, refugees by the thousand left religion for all, specifically including that all nations become (pseudo Christians & SEPARATION Holland for the harbour of refuge in the in this Islamic, Judaic, and atheistic many of them) Christians, not from any FROMTHE STATE great island kingdom.’2 A n a b a p t i s t s belief. W S Wyles in his Fragment of national multiplication of disciples.’9 found in England kindred spirits Baptist History suggested that there Blackwood argued powerfully against INKENT among Lollard communities and had been a meeting of Anabaptists at the evil of persecution and showed BAPTISTS, Kent was regarded as a hot bed of Smarden before 1603, but it is more that the Old Testament is not a pat- activity, so much so that in 1547 likely that this was a Lollard meeting. tern for the relationship between INDEPENDENTS Bishops were appointed to deal with Eythorne in East Kent had a meeting state and church. He believed that & SEPARATION them.3 Joan of Kent was the most at an early date but was not officially ‘the godly may rest their cause confi- FROM THE STATE well known radical who was con- organised as a Baptist meeting until dently in the vast power of God’s demned to be burned at the stack in the late 17th century. truth’,10 and ‘that even as we do not cut INKENT 1550. The Elizabethan Settlement in Nonconformity flourished during off persons infected with pox, leprosy or England brought little relief for those the Commonwealth period, especially pestilence, neither should the magistrate who disagreed with the status quo. so in Kent after 1653 when Baptist cut off heretics. It is not possible for God’s Those who separated themselves evangelists came from London. The elect to be deceived but it is possible for from the Church of England were Smarden Baptist church is the coun- heretics to be converted.’11 Blackwood labelled as Brownists after Ro b e r t ties oldest with records dating from accepted that absolute freedom Browne (1550-1633), the father of its inception. This church began should be permitted to all, provided Congregationalism. He taught that through an unusual chain of circum- they did not endanger the state or Summer 2003 10 violate civil peace. Even Catholics he for worship, the penalties being £20 the nation’s religious life. At long last bravely advocated should be at com- each on the preacher and household- the State recognised the right of plete liberty until such times as they er, 5/- on each hearer with half to go Nonconformists to have their own threaten the stability of the state. to the informer. In 1670 the penalties preachers and places of worship. These were radical views and far were stiffened and included trans- Thus dawned a new day that many ahead of their time. Blackwood was portation. The Test Act of 1673 was previous generations of dissenters baptised by Jeffrey along with the final injustice and denied all had longed to see. Their faith in God Richard Kingsnorth and with others employment, civil, naval or and the strength of their convictions who then began to meet in military under the government to are cause for thankfulness. Today we BAPTISTS, Kingsnorth’s house, named Spillshill Nonconformists. It was not until enjoy liberty of conscience hard won INDEPENDENTS near Staplehurst. In 1640/44 over 80 1812 that the limited Toleration Act for us by these folk. For generations people met and covenanted together of 1689 was extended and finally in they were an underground church & SEPARATION to constitute a church after the New 1828 the Test and Corporation Acts suffering fines, imprisonment and FROMTHEST ATE Testament pattern. This pioneer were repealed. Full access to the even martyrdom. We are deeply in group met in Spillshill until 1677, by Universities of Oxford and their debt. INKENT which time they had meetings all Cambridge did not come until 1871. N L Hopkins – Whitstable BAPTISTS, around the Weald and a membership The ‘meeters’ often had to pay the drawn from over thirty parishes. fines for others who could not pay for Norman Hopkins is the author of INDEPENDENTS Months in advance of Charles II themselves. Warrants of distress were ‘The Baptist’s of Smarden and the Weald of & SEPARATION arrival on these shores, four Baptist granted to informers, to levy the Kent - 1640-2000’. 216pp with over 80 FROMTHE STATE leaders in Kent - Jeffrey and Reeve of amount on the possessions of the illustrations, £11 post-free. Available Sevenoaks with Hammon and accused; and the constables were from the author at 9, Strangford INKENT Blackmore of Biddenden - were in charged to relieve the ‘meeters’ of Road, Whitstable, CT5 2EP. BAPTISTS, Maidstone jail from where they pub- property to three times the value of lished a tract in 1660 entitled ‘A the fine. Shops were plundered, INDEPENDENTS Humble Petition of several innocent sub - homes were stripped and cattle were & SEPARATION jects called Anabaptists now prisoners in driven off their owners’ lands to sat- Maidstone jail ... together with an isfy these disgraceful laws.14 FROMTHEST ATE acknowledgement of the kings authority in Little is recorded of how our INKENT civil things … with their reasons meriting Kentish people fared, but we do know BAPTISTS, the King’s protection in their civil and an attempt was made to arrest spiritual rights.’ They expressed their George Hammon, the pastor of the INDEPENDENTS hopes that Charles would keep to his Biddenden meeting. On his way to & SEPARATION promise given at Breda when he take a meeting, he was caught in a declared he ‘would give liberty to ten- storm. As he sheltered under a tree, a FROMTHEST ATE der consciences, and that no man stranger from a nearby house called INKENT shall be disquieted or called in ques- out saying ‘I hear there is to be a meeting tion for differences of opinion in mat- nearby and I am an informer’ George BAPTISTS, ters of religion’1 2. This plea and replied, ‘I am a man taker also, will you INDEPENDENTS another by the main Baptist body was come with me to the same place?’ So they ignored and thirty-five years of hard- w a l ked together to the assembled & SEPARATION ship and persecution lay ahead for all gathering and waited. Whereupon FROMTHEST ATE nonconformists. George said to the spy ‘There is no min - INKENT Complete religious toleration was ister, so it cannot be a conventicle unless viewed as a threat to the stability of someone preaches, so let you or I preach.’ BAPTISTS, the state by the establishment of the The spy declining, Hammon to his 1 Williston Walker. History of the Christian INDEPENDENTS day. In the words of W. K. Jordan, a great surprise spoke with such power Church, T&T Clark 1986 p125 leading authority - They held as a mat - and effect that the informer became a 2 Henry Dosker. The Dutch Anabaptists. & SEPARATION ter of principle that the State and Church changed man.15 The minister of Philadelphia. (1921),pp.284-285 3 R.J.Smithson. The Anabaptists. ( 1935), FROMTHEST ATE must be completely disassociated. They Eythorne, John Knott, had his goods pp.198-199 INKENT required no assistance from the civil mag - seized and offered for public sale but 4 Clarence M Waite. Congregationalism in istrate in the formation of their church or he was so well respected nobody Scituate. (Scituate, 1967), p.11 BAPTISTS, 16 in the maintenance of its discipline and would bid for his property. In 1672 5 Samuel Deane. History of Scituate. INDEPENDENTS hence could view with equanimity any an indulgence was granted and many (Boston, 1831), p.9 political order, which invested them with men took the opportunity to license 6 ibid., p.8 & SEPARATION religious freedom. They found in the their homes or those of their support- 7 Rudge, op. cit. Introduction. FROMTHE STATE Cromwellian settlement of religion a large ers for preaching. Fifty-three licences 8 Printed 1644. “written by C.B. out of his measure of freedom and accordingly were were granted in Kent but this relief earnest desire he hath to a thorough INKENT reformation , having formerly seen the inclined to support the civil government was short lived and within the year mischief of half reformation” BAPTISTS, 13 with all the means at their disposal. persecution was renewed. In 1676 9 C.Blackwood. Apostolicall Baptism. P.31 Very soon fines, distraint and Smarden alone had one hundred 10 Blackwood Storming of Anti-Christ INDEPENDENTS imprisonment were being meted out nonconformists and this shows that op.cit., pp.24 -26 & SEPARATION liberally to those who held unautho- persecution did little to change their 11 Blackwood Storming of Anti-Christ op.cit., rised meetings. Firstly the views. pp.24 -26 FROMTHEST ATE Corporation Act of 1661 prevented The coming of William and Mary 12 Tracts on Liberty of Conscience, ( Knolly’s INKENT any Nonconformist from holding was a welcome relief to all noncon- Society, 1847), p.289 office in any municipal body, and formists. Parliament speedily passed 13 W.K. Jordan, Development of Religious Toleration in England 1640-1660. (1938), then the Act of Uniformity of 1662 The Toleration Act of 1689, which p.460 forbade all gatherings for worship was the first statutory grant of reli- 14 T. R. Hooper, A Surrey and Sussex Border which did not conform to the new gious toleration in England and Church. 1925, .p66 prayer book. Then the Conventicle extended religious liberties to 15 A. Taylor, op. cit., Vol. I, p.286 Act of 1664 forbade more than five Catholic and Protestant alike, ending 16 A.C. Millar, Eythorne - The story of a persons other than the family to meet the Church of England’s monopoly of Baptist church. (1924), p.17 Summer 2003 11 tel: 01322 862864 Price £3.00 + p&p.

NE WB O O K S The Long Gone Cinemas of Becket’s Relic – Two Boys and Swale by John Clancy. Mercia Cinema a Murder by Marjorie Lyle. 0-9529383- Society 0-946406-54-5 £4.50 2-4 £4.99 The cinematic history of Swale, The origin of this book was an Faversham and the Isle of Sheppey, invitation by the KAS in 1999 to the from its beginnings in 1910, through BOOKS & author to re-run the Society’s first the golden years of the ‘30s and ‘40s to excursion of 1869 (‘In the steps of the gradual decline which growing LIBRARIES Becket’) in the light of 130 years of competition from television and bingo BOOKS & archaeology. The work undertaken for in the ‘50s brought. This 70 page book that walk threw up the name and job has been warmly received by both cin- LIBRARIES of Robert Shinbone, Archbishop’s ema buffs and those with an interest in BOOKS & scullion, who appears in contempo- local history in general. rary accounts of the events of 29th Available by post from Stuart LIBRARIES December 1170 as being made to help Smith, 100 Wickfield Ro a d , BOOKS & FitzUrse arm for the murder. This is H a c kenthorpe, Sheffield, Yorks S12 LIBRARIES the author’s fourth Canterbury histo- 4TT, tel: 0777 1554605 or from various ry literary venture and is billed as ‘for outlets in Sittingbourne and BOOKS & 11-12’s of any age!’ The ‘What is Faversham. LIBRARIES census and civil registration systems, parish maps of the 30 Kent registra- The 1500 year History of Holy BOOKS & tion districts with adjacent districts, Trinity Church, Milton R eg i s b y LIBRARIES the current registrars and their old John Clancy. Court Hall Management registers of Births, Marriages and Committee £3.50. BOOKS & Deaths; the PRO census piece A fully illustrated booklet which LIBRARIES numbers; all available street and not only charts the development of the church but also explores new theories BOOKS & surname indexes; master index to all Kent parishes; tips on how to search and interpretations of long-accepted LIBRARIES the records; district and county stories and legends surrounding it, BOOKS & statistics etc… such as the supposed Roman villa Available from 71 Island Wa l l , beneath the graveyard and the death LIBRARIES Whitstable, CT5 1EL tel: 01227 of Queen Sexburga in the church door- BOOKS & 275931 web: www. c a n t e r h i l l . c o . u k / way. davideastkent/ Available from Mr N Elkin, 58 Park LIBRARIES Also available if ordered together, Road, Sittingbourne ME10 1DY. Please BOOKS & this book and a previous work by the add 50p postage. same author, East Kent Parishes LIBRARIES 0-9517580-1-2 (featured in BOOKS & Newsletter no 54) at the special price LIBRARIES of £20.00 inland, abroad £22.00 sur- face or £24.00 airmail, or £17.50 in BOOKS & person. LIBRARIES true?’ section at the end of the book provides historical facts on which the The Bridges of Eynsford and BOOKS & book is based. Fa r n i n g h a m by W G Duncombe. LIBRARIES Available in Canterbury in the Farningham & Eynsford Local History Cathedral giftshop, the V.I.C. & Albion Society publication no.33 (2003); BOOKS & Bookshop or order through the ISBN 23pp. incl illus and maps. LIBRARIES from bookshops elsewhere. There were stone bridges across the River Darent in the two parishes BOOKS & The Kentish Census Returns from the 16th century or even LIBRARIES 1801-1901 by Dr David Wright. 0- earlier. This account uses some hun- BOOKS & 9517580-2-0 £6.50 to include p&p dred documents in the Centre for inland, £8.00 abroad or £6.00 in per- Kentish Studies, as well as other LIBRARIES son. sources, and charts the use, repair and BOOKS & This book will tell you all you rebuilding of the bridges across the need to know on a century of these centuries. LIBRARIES indispensable records; history of the Available from R A Nightingale

are Eric Green from Gravesend, T Hughes (Tempus Publishing CO M P E T I T I O N Edward James from Shoreham, £11.99). The answer to the Matt Maytum from Etchinghill question ‘which ship, featured Congratulations to the four and Mrs S Pittman from in the book, was a survivor winners of our book competi- Swanley. Each winner receives from the time of the tion featured in the April edi- a copy of Sheerness Naval Napoleonic wars?’ was the tion, Newsletter no.56. They Dockyard & Garrison by David Cornwallis.

Summer 2003 12 THE CIVIC ww w. k e n t a rc h a e o l o g y.ac TRUST Publish your archaeology, history or records paper on the internet with the HERITAGE Kent Archaeological Society OPEN DAYS Your paper must relate to the archaeology and history of the ancient county of Kent* CIVIC Editorial approval TRUST stablished in 1994, this event Refereed HERITAGE is England’s contribution to OPEN DAYS European Heritage Days, in You retain the copyright but authorise that the paper be held for download for private which 48 countries take part. or academic use CIVIC Celebrating England’s archi- TRUST tecture and culture, these Each author accepted is given a page on the site. The page will Open Days allow visitors free include a photograph of the author and a brief biography HERITAGE which the author may ask to be updated at any time access to interesting, and often OPEN DAYS curious, properties that are nor- Short abstract required mally either closed or charge CIVIC entrance. Tours, events and activ- Accepted notation system of your choice TRUST ities focussing on local architec- ture and culture also take place. The website is funded by the Society, an educational charity. Your first submission HERITAGE Organised by volunteers for local should be on floppy disk or CD readable on the PC platform and accompanied by a OPEN DAYS people, and with support and completed submission form. All submissions should be addressed to Joy Sage, KAS CIVIC funding from English Heritage, Internet Publishing, Museum and Bentliff Art Gallery, Museum Street, Maidstone, the Open Days attract some Kent ME14 1LH, England. Once accepted as a contributor, further papers may be sub- TRUST mitted by email. 800,000 visitors each year. HERITAGE From tunnels to temples and Once a paper has been accepted, it will be turned into an Adobe® Acrobat® file for follies to factories, the variety of download. The paper will remain available on the site until withdrawn by you. Special OPEN DAYS places is endless – churches, arrangements may be made to cater for records databases to be searched online. CIVIC industrial sites, castles, windmills, town halls, offices, and contempo- * This effectively means the following local authority areas: Kent, Medway and the TRUST rary buildings all figure in the list London Boroughs of Bromley, Lewisham and Greenwich. HERITAGE of open properties. The event directory, listing all OPEN DAYS participating properties, appears CIVIC this month – log onto www.herita- Carlton House Terrace, London and 21st September. Details can TRUST geopendays.org.uk to discover a SW1Y 5AW. In addition, London be found on www. l o n d o n o p e n- venue near you or ring 020 7930 holds its own special event, house.org or from the previous HERITAGE 0914 or write to The Civic Trust, 17 London Open House, on the 20th contact details. OPEN DAYS CIVIC TRUST DO YOU RECOGNISE THIS SPOT? HERITAGE This idyllic scene is one of many images held in the KASlibrary collection which have no provenance. Do you recognise the house or garden? OPEN DAYS If you do know the location of either please contact the editor at 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU CIVIC TRUST HERITAGE OPEN DAYS CIVIC TRUST HERITAGE OPEN DAYS

Summer 2003 13 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR SUMMER 2003

Dear Editor I cannot easily calculate how many Kent. Much excellent work was done by Tim socketed axes are known from Kent, but a Tatton-Brown for the Dioceses of LETTERS HOLLINGBOURNE HOARD published corpus for Scotland and north- Canterbury and Rochester in the 1990s – TO THE ern England contains over 700 and south- copies of all his surveys are in the May I respond to the letter from the ern England is much richer. So while we Canterbury Archaeological Trust’s library. EDITOR Chairman of the Lenham Archaeological are rightly impressed by the skill of Bronze Tim’s work has been carried on since 2000 LETTERS Society in the Spring Newsletter? In brief, Age craftsmen, axes were probably very by Hugh Richmond, M.A., Dip. Arch. while people in AD 43 could have known common objects at the time as the all-pur- (Cantab), F. S.A., an Historic Buildings TO THE Bronze Age objects, the Hollingbourne pose woodworking tool to which most Consultant who was previously Director of EDITOR hoard had probably been in the ground for adults must have required access. Bronze Architectural Survey for the Ro y a l nearly a thousand years by then. must have indeed have been valuable, so Commission on the Historical Monuments LETTERS To take her last point first, I too hope hoards were not necessarily lost or forgot- of England. TO THE the hoard can be carbon-dated. A recent ten. Of course some hoards might have Hugh surveyed twenty churches in programme of radiocarbon dating for been hidden for later retrieval that never 2002, and a further twenty are planned for EDITOR Bronze Age metalwork – including wood took place, but they were probably a minor- this year. His reports, which include phased LETTERS from sockets - has shown that material i t y. We know from finds of bronzes, building plans, form part of the Sites and TO THE from the Carp’s Tongue phase was in use notably swords, from rivers - including the Monuments Record maintained by K.C.C. around 1000-800 BC. Some writers have Medway, that fine metalwork was deposit- Indeed, K.C.C. was one of the original spon- EDITOR proposed that hoards like Hollingbourne ed in circumstances that must have been sors of the project, as were the two Diocese LETTERS were deposited around 800 BC because deliberate: Francis Pryor’s brilliant excava- and other interested bodies, including the bronze went out of use then. There is tions have revealed how bronzes were K.A.S. and I am glad to have the opportuni- TO THE indeed very little metalwork of the suc- thrown into the water from a causeway ty to publicly thank the Churches EDITOR ceeding Llyn Fawr phase in Kent, but else- linking Flag Fen platform with dry land at Committee in particular for their recent where in southern England bronze hoards Fengate. The point is that people knew very donation towards the costs of the Survey. LETTERS continued to be deposited until about 600 well where those bronzes were being So far we have surveyed almost 50% of TO THE BC. However, we cannot be sure that all deposited, though it would have been Kent churches listed Grade II* or higher, a EDITOR the numerous Carp’s Tongue hoards were impossible to recover them. The same may total of 160, and there are plans to make the deposited at the end of the period and have applied to some hoards on dry land, results widely accessible through a website. LETTERS other factors were probably influential in where law or convention might have Again K.A.S. funding is enabling us to TO THE the transition from bronze to iron. strongly discouraged other people from embark on a pilot study of how this can best Sometimes Bronze Age types were digging them up again. be achieved. However, longer term funding EDITOR deposited even later, notably in the so- Clay Lane Wood, discussed by Paul for the surveys themselves is not yet in place LETTERS called Salisbury hoard probably buried Ashbee in Newsletter no 48, is an intrigu- and the future is uncertain. Nevertheless, I around 200 BC. We also think miniature ing find. But its bronzes might have been cannot agree with Alan Ward’s view that TO THE versions of bronze socketed axes were bright simply because they had been most amateur archaeologists could take part EDITOR made during the Iron Age and the Roman deposited in conditions that did not allow in this type of recording work, albeit under period. This indicates that Iron Age people extensive corrosion or patina to develop. professional guidance. While this may be TO THE knew Bronze Age metalwork, perhaps F i n a l l y, we should congratulate all true of ruined churches such as Stone next EDITOR because they uncovered old hoards as we those involved in recovering the hoard – Faversham and Hope, the recording and, LETTERS do today or perhaps because some Bronze and welcome the belated introduction in more importantly, the interpretation of Age objects were preserved through later England of antiquities legislation to protect standing fabric is an entirely different mat- TO THE centuries, but I understand that metal the integrity of such finds. Our under- ter. This requires specialist knowledge of EDITOR detector surveys revealed no Iron Age finds standing of Bronze Age metalwork and its church architecture, including a detailed at Hollingbourne. deposition can be improved only by study appreciation of style and the development of TO THE Whether any of the axes from of the material and its context. The starting form. It is also essential to have an under- EDITOR Hollingbourne were perfectly good when point for this must be publication, so I standing of changes in liturgical practice they were deposited, the hoard certainly hope that - unlike most hoards from Kent - and the way in which church interiors have LETTERS contains small fragments of axes and other Hollingbourne will be fully and promptly been adapted and changed to accommodate TO THE objects. While it does include copper ingot published. Perhaps the KAS will assist? them. In practice this requires knowledge of fragments, the product of smelting copper the whole range of furniture and other arte- EDITOR ore, the hoard does not appear to contain Brendan O’Connor facts, of all periods, that survive in church- TO THE debris from casting of new bronze objects Edinburgh es, and the ability to place them in a mean- EDITOR and I understand that there was no evi- ingful context. dence of a furnace on the site. This sug- One thing is certain. There must be LETTERS gests Hollingbourne is better described as a effective coordination to avoid duplication TO THE scrap hoard than as a founder’s hoard. Dear Editor of effort. A committee, comprising represen- Whatever the interpretation of the tatives of the two Kent dioceses, English EDITOR metalwork before it was deposited, the KENT CHURCHES SURVEYS Heritage and K.C.C., already exists to plan significance of its deposition may not and oversee the survey work. The secretary, necessarily have reflected the function of I must correct the impression given by Mr Ian Dodd, D. A . C. Secretary, 9 The its contents before they were buried. Alan Ward at the K.A.S. Day Conference, Precincts, Canterbury CT1 2EE will be Hoards on dry land might have been ‘Church and Monastery in Anglo-Saxon pleased to help with any enquiries. deposited to demonstrate the wealth and and Medieval Times’ held on 26th April prestige of the people who buried them, or 2003. He seemed to be suggesting that Leslie A Smith, Chairman for some other reason of the kind archaeol- there are no archaeological surveys of Canterbury and Rochester Diocesan ogists usually call ‘ritual’. churches currently being undertaken in Archaeological Survey Summer 2003 14 VI C T O R I A NA RT INAM E D I E VA LC H U R C H

estoration of rare Vi c t o r i a n wall paintings was cause for celebration in May at the lit- tle North Downs church of SS Peter & Paul in Luddesdown. This unique collection of Pre- VICTORIAN Raphaelite church art is an unusual survival of high quality when ART IN A so many of its contemporaries have MEDIEVAL fallen victim to fire, obliterating CHURCH whitewash and aesthetic disapproval. The 13th/14th century church had VICTORIAN suffered serious fabric damage in ART IN A 1865 with a roof fall, but initial plans to rebuild it as a 19th century church MEDIEVAL were eventually modified to restore CHURCH the church substantially, incorporat- ing most of the original fabric in situ. VICTORIAN The decoration began in 1870, ART IN A fig 1 when a triple lancet east window with MEDIEVAL seven panels depicting the life of Christ replaced a single lancet. Three CHURCH years later a single lancet was added Presentation of the Keys to St Peter and VICTORIAN to the south-east of the chancel. Both Pentecost. were the work of Heaton, Butler and The survival, in as near as possible ART IN A Bayne, leading practitioners of church to their original condition of a com- MEDIEVAL d é c o r, particularly noted for their plete church décor, is remarkable, and stained glass. In the mid-1870’s, fur- is probably due in large part to the CHURCH ther decoration was prescribed on an patronage of the Wigan family. John VICTORIAN allocation of £830, and Heaton, Butler Alfred Wigan of East Malling acquired & Bayne were again contracted for the fig 3 the patronage in 1836, installing his ART IN A work. This was begun in the nave, son, Alfred, in 1856 as Rector. The MEDIEVAL family donated the chancel paintings with biblical inscriptions at ceiling CHURCH height and a dado of sunflowers on a floral motifs (fig 2). Tom Organ of the in memory of him. The overall work red ground to pew height. Wallpaintings Workshop, Faversham, was initiated by the Reverend Alfred VICTORIAN In 1877/8 the west wall was deco- gave a slide presentation describing Wigan, and much of the cost was ART IN A rated with five cusped arches and flo- the delicate and sometimes difficult almost certainly met by him. The last ral panels, and a charming grisaille, work of restoring the original media, member of the family to live in MEDIEVAL Children Being Presented to Christ which took five years to complete. Luddesdown was Miss Eleanor Wigan, CHURCH (fig 1), was added to the south wall of Mrs Eiley Bassett, a local historian, who died in the mid 1950’s. the baptistry. had earlier outlined something of the VICTORIAN history of the church and the circum- ART IN A stances leading to the decoration. Fig 1 – Grisaille, south wall of the Baptistry The last murals to be added were Fig 2 – 13th century Aumbrey, North Wall, Chancel MEDIEVAL two fine paintings occupying the Fig 3 – Detail from Baptistry CHURCH north wall of the chancel, Fig 4 – Half Angel holding text, East Wall VICTORIAN ART IN A MEDIEVAL CHURCH VICTORIAN ART IN A MEDIEVAL CHURCH VICTORIAN ART IN A fig 2 MEDIEVAL CHURC The murals show clearly the Pre- Raphaelite influence. During the morning of the first day of a celebra- tory weekend, Valerie Woodgate, art historian of the Tate Gallery, interpret- ed some of the religious significance fig 4 in the paintings, particularly in the Summer 2003 15 he house in Gillingham looks But disaster struck in August 2001. similar to others nearby – bright A tiny piece of smouldering grass, with flower baskets and modern. TH EC A N T I A C I caught up in a thermal from a distant But step inside and time peels ‘I ron Age Anoraks’ fire, landed on the roundhouse roof. away to reveal the trap- Within 5 minutes everything pings of life some 2000 flammable had disappeared – years ago; there are carded only metallic artefacts were fleeces in the broom cupboard, saved. Grieving for this loss is BACK PAGE wooden spear poles on the stair- still apparent in Chris’s eyes well, metalworking debris in the when she speaks of the desper- PEOPLE garden and natural dyes brewing ate battle to save the house and BACK PAGE in the kitchen. This house is the sense of helplessness as they overflowing with materials and watched. PEOPLE objects used in recreating the Although a great personal BACK PAGE lives of the Cantiaci, the Iron Age loss to the Cantiaci, the destruc- tribe of Kent. tion of the roundhouse did pro- PEOPLE On their own admission, the vide an opportunity to study BACK PAGE occupants, Chris and Joe Toomey, what might remain in the PEOPLE regard their passion for the Iron archaeological record after a fire; Age as that of ‘anorak’ status. a detailed record was made of BACK PAGE The Toomeys, together with associate not without some ‘sticky’ moments - burn patterns. The roundhouse has PEOPLE Carol Wi g l e y, f o r m t h e m a n a g e m e n t “on hot days I’ve nearly dried in the not, however, been rebuilt. Cantiaci’s team of the Cantiaci - an appropriate daub pit several times after climbing in firm belief that education should be BACK PAGE ‘Celtic trio’. Groups such as theirs, ded- to work it well with my feet!” laughs free for all was challenged when PEOPLE icating themselves to living-out past Chris. the Council wanted to charge lives, can be an easy target for intellec- The Cantiaci numbered over 40 admission. The proposition also of an BACK PAGE tual disparagement; but you have only people by now – many of them family ice cream stand nearby ruled out PEOPLE to listen to Cantiaci’s members talking groups. Chris recalls past Cantiaci archaeological authenticity: “We’d be about La Tène metalwork styles or the children, whose involvement with the Disney Cantiaci . . . ”. BACK PAGE survival of Hallstatt salt mine fabrics to community experience has shaped their Having no base now as such, their PEOPLE appreciate the veracity and depth of outlook today. “They learnt their display is presently a mobile one, and it BACK PAGE their knowledge. parents’ skills, just as in the Iron Age, is hoped to raise enough funds to buy a The Cantiaci project has one abiding became ecologically aware and truly suitably large vehicle with which to PEOPLE ethos, that all recreation should be pure- were part of an extended ‘tribal’ transport most of the group. They have BACK PAGE ly on the basis of known archaeological family”. Decisions have always been recently invested in a new computer evidence. But authenticity does not made communally, and all personal dis- system with which to revamp their PEOPLE extend to fanaticism; “reality kicked in putes have to stay firmly within the 21st website, as public access is so impor- BACK PAGE when suggestions were made that I century. tant. Work is progressing on a package wrap my toddlers, as they were then, in Each member of the project has a to offer within schools; Chris fantasises PEOPLE fleece, or leave them bare-bottomed – role to play; specialists in textiles, about a screen-printed instant round- BACK PAGE nappies were a must”. In public the leather, wood, metalwork, basketry and house! However, without the tastes, group eat only food prepared and ancient foodstuffs are constantly smells, textures, sounds and atmos- PEOPLE cooked in accordance with their ethos of reworking ideas to uncover the story phere of their previous ‘home’, the BACK PAGE authenticity, although precautions are behind the manufacture and use of Cantiaci feel that children miss out on PEOPLE taken, such as the sterilization of all pot- artefacts. If possible, Kentish finds are the total experience they previously tery with a steam gun beforehand. recreated; firedogs are based on those offered. BACK PAGE Given that there are many children in with an auroch’s head in Maidstone The Cantiaci can be seen on display PEOPLE the group, some of whom are not over- Museum. If no local example exists, at The Museum of Kent Life on keen on Iron Age fare, the odd packet of style and material are based on the National Archaeology Day on Sunday BACK PAGE crisps is consumed behind a wattle nearest available, hence an exact copy 20th July from 11am-4pm. PEOPLE screen! of a chain from Danebury supports their The Editor The project’s inception arose a cauldron. decade ago when Joe and Chris were The project went from strength to asked to help out at Riverside Country strength. Their professionalism led to Park with school parties. A month TV work and credits include ‘Boudicca’ before an advertised event, ‘A Story to for Cromwell Films, ‘Tales of the Living Tell’, they were told that this was to be Dead’ for Brighton Films (sold to their story, and Cantiaci was born. In Channel 4 and the Discovery Channel September 1993, they became ‘official’, amongst others) and ‘Meet the with a small grant from Gillingham Ancestors’. Borough Council, despite Riverside’s management giving them only 3 weeks to last. Copy deadline for the next issue in October is Monday 1st September After consideration of other groups The editor wishes to draw attention to the fact that neither she nor the Council of the KAS are answerable for also involved in ‘being’ the past, they opinions which contributors may express in their signed articles; each author is alone responsible for the knew what they didn’t want it to do. contents and substance of their work. “Re-enactment, often based on conflict of the time, was not for us – it was more EDITOR : LYN PALMER of a challenge to research and see how 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU people really lived their everyday lives – Telephone: 01892 533661 Mobile: 07810 340831 to be a living history project”. It was Email [email protected] decided to build an Iron Age Village at or [email protected] Riverside. Work began in earnest, but Summer 2003 Published by the Kent Archaeological Society, The Museum, St Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent. ME 14 1LH 16 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk