Winter 2008 Number 70

The ARCHAEOLOGIST

This issue: HERITAGE PROTECTION

Heritage Protection Reform – an English Heritage overview

p15

IfA, the Heritage Protection Bill and planning guidance

p16

Conservation areas – protecting the jewels in Institute of Archaeologists England’s crown SHE’s, University of Reading, Whiteknights PO Box 227, Reading RG6 6AB p34 tel: 0118 378 6446 fax: 0118 378 6448

[email protected] www.archaeologists.net C ONTENTS

1 Contents 2 Editorial 3 From the finds tray 7 View from the Chair Gerry Wait page 15 8 Survey results: Members’ views on Continuing Professional Development Kenneth Aitchison & Kate Geary 9 Pay, quality and the role of IfA Kate Geary 10 Disability and the archaeological profession – call for participants Tim Phillips 11 Building Foundations - a geotechnical standard for soil description Frigga Kruse 12 Outsourcing: Cambridgeshire’s archaeological field unit goes west Adrian Tindall 14 Protection and understanding through earthwork survey – a purely British practice? Kate Page-Smith 15 Heritage Protection Reform – an English Heritage overview Sarah Buckingham 16 IfA, the Heritage Protection Bill and planning guidance Peter Hinton 18 Heritage Protection Reform: a brief history Rachael McMillan 20 HPR: strategies for designation Lucy Oldnall

page 28 21 Training and capacity building in the historic environment Paul Jeffery 22 A Planning Policy Statement for the historic environment Charles Wagner 23 Archaeology under cultivation: reforming Class Consent Vince Holyoak 24 Heritage protection in the English marine zone Mark Dunkley 26 The Queen’s Speech: English Heritage responds Peter Beacham 28 A Scottish perspective on planning reform and the historic environment Jim MacDonald and Malcolm Cooper 30 Protecting archaeological sites on the farmland of Wales: monitoring and management page 32 Gwilym Hughes, Peter Gaskell and Mike Yates 32 Heritage Protection in One Cornwall Nicholas Johnson 34 Conservation areas: protecting the jewels in England’s crown Christopher Catling page 34 36 Protection of waterlogged sites: by whom, for whom? Tim Malim and Ian Panter 38 Objects in the rear view mirror: archaeology and roads Magnus Alexander 40 Protection in action: conserving St Davids Bishop’s Palace Kathryn Roberts 42 Buildings Archaeology Group Update Jonathan Mullis 43 Re-designing IfA Sue Cawood 44 British Archaeological Awards Alison Taylor 46 Review Underwater Archaeology: The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice (2nd ed) Martijn Manders 47 Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 – an update Kate Geary 48 Professional training for ceramic archaeologists Victoria Bryant 50 New members 51 Members news

Winter 2008 Number 70 1 2

Editorialenable ittosignandratify the1954(Hague) of Iraq, nottohave legislationunderdiscussionto and theonlymajorcombatantin2003invasion says, theUK‘willbeonlyinternational power, that ratification isunderway intheUS,asUNESCO to theHagueConvention hasbeenputonhold.Now archaeological resource onaworld scale,accession and moreseriouslyforprotectionofthe downplayed andfinallyabandoned. Alongside this, Bill tobeannouncedintheQueen’s Speech were worse, andexpectationsfortheHeritageProtection improvements forstaffbenefitsastherecessiongets organisations finditimpossibletoplanforsubstantial or have already lostthem),IfA’s registered members arenow seriouslyworried abouttheirjobs archaeologists lostwork, (today atleasthalfour darkened. Buildingschemes werehaltedand As articleswerecollectedover theautumnmood archaeological interests,was expectedin2009. Heritage Bill,withinputfromIfAandother pay andconditions,wewereassuredthatanew steadily, therewas realprogresstowards improving archaeologists was atanall-timehighandgrowing 2007-08 Profiling theProfession Labour Market Intelligence: topical theme.Kenny Aitchison’s report optimistic, andanewway toprotectourpastwas a archaeological world lookedflourishingand When thisissueof TA was plannedlastsummerthe Heritage protection pig Newtechniques for Spring: Themes anddeadlines Notes tocontributors had justshown that themarketfor deadline: 1February 2009 identification prospection, datingand those oftheauthors,andarenotnecessarily thoseofIFA. available fromtheeditor. Opinionsexpressedin 500 kb.MoredetailedNotesforcontributors supplied asoriginals,onCDoremails, ataminimumresolutionof shorten ifnecessary. Illustrations arevery important. These canbe include captionsandcreditsforillustrations. The editorwilleditand preferred. They shouldbesentasanemailattachment, which must include thesewhere relevant. Shortarticles(max.1000words) are Accessed digitally, weblinksareespeciallyusefulinarticles,sodo with any authors,artistsor photographers, please notifytheeditor. digitally available throughourwebsiteandifthisraises copyright issues Contributions andletter/emails Archaeology are always welcome.TA bright. prospects forarchaeology could,justpossibly, be maintain determinedoptimismthatthelonger-term strengthen notweakenheritageprotection,andto we mustfighthardtoensurethatany changes some 98%ofthehistoricenvironment isprotected, similar proposalsin Wales. As itisthroughthesethat early nextyear, updatingPPGs15and16,with historic environment forEnglandwillbereleased new draft PlanningPolicy Statement(PPS)forthe Significantly too,Government hasassuredusthata archaeologists when aneconomicupturnappears. are inplaceforbettertraining andconditionsfor feasible withoutprimarylegislation,andframeworks heritage protection(such asimproved HERs)thatis English Heritageintendstoimplementevery aspectof optimism, butweareatleastassured(p26–7)that This Decemberthereforethereseemfewgroundsfor engaged, thisisadisgraceful situationtobein. current andrecentconflictsinwhich weare destruction ofarchaeological sitesandartefactsin Property intheEvent of Armed Conflict’.Given the UNESCO Convention ontheProtectionofCultural for each issueare The Archaeologist is made [email protected] are The Archaeologist Printers Ltd(Leeds) PRINTED by Duffield by SueCawood DESIGNED and TYPESET READING RG66AB Whiteknights, POBox227 University ofReading, IFA, SHES, EDITED by Alison Taylor, Alison Taylor Mr. Jeremy Hunt(South-West Surrey) (Con): Parliament: the draft HPRBillwithoutprimarylegislation. These andsimilarcommentsprovoked thefollowing exchange in Policy StatementtocombineandreplacePPG1516,which hethoughtcoulddeliver mostofthereformsin did pointtotheprioritybeinggiven toanew Planning programme oftackling financialinstability. However, he dominated by legislationto supporttheGovernment’s session. The nextsession,hardlysurprisingly, willbe Protection BillwillformpartofthenextParliamentary Sport, deliberately lowered expectationsthataHeritage Andy Burnham,SecretaryofStateforCulture,Mediaand Speaking atthelaunch of Will we (ever) getaHeritageProtection Bill? FINDS TRAY FROM THE more years anddecline? ofneglect we Whencan have Isitcondemnedtoyet apositive sector? visionforourheritage all. that wouldbelongstous bettertolookaftertheheritage allow sector theheritage time andnowturn themselves andgyms parliamentary thedenialofvital intocafés theGovernment tellingchurchesto policies? We have money plundered, seenlottery isthatnotthefinalnailincoffinforGovernment’s heritage that isthecase, BillhasbeendroppedfromtheQueen’s protection rumours thattheheritage Speech?If Winter 2008 Number70 former workshop andengineeringworks inSouthwark. sailmakers andchandlers in West IndiaDock Roadanda residential listedbuildings,such asa19th-century buildings identifiedasapriority. These includenon- has beenearmarkedforemptyproperties,withlisted London’s listedbuildingsatriskback intouse.£60million Johnson saidhewould usethisnewRegistertohelpbring and how much isstillatrisk.’ InLondon,Mayor Boris able toseehow much ofthisheritagehasbeenrescued true stateofthenation’s heritage. Year onyear wewillbe constitute themostdetailedpictureever gatheredofthe ‘Even initsfirstyear, our uk/server/show/ ConWebDoc.13844). Simon Thurley, said: new ways tosave them(http://www.english-heritage.org. neglected ordecaying historictreasures,and introduced Heritage announcedthefirstall-encompassingregisterof In oneusefuloutcomeofthebuild-uptoHPREnglish (more) HeritageatRisk Heritage At Risk At Heritage Heritage CountsHeritage project will Will the Secretary of State confirm ofState Will theSecretary on 30October Andy Burnham: are taking active it. are taking stepstoprotect andwe ofthebuiltheritage importance We recognisethe for consultation. andwe willissuethatstatement shortly, We willdoso guidance 15and16. replacingplanningpolicy built heritage, new onthe planningpolicystatement a Bill willrequireustobringforward hewillknow thatthe Planning sector.... Government’s commitmenttothe That isclearevidence ofthe Billfor30years. protection heritage tointroducethefirst sector heritage have worked inthe withallparties We received anincreaseinfunding. EnglishHeritage recent spendinground, Inthe Gentleman’s criticism. hon. I donotacceptthe 3 FROM THE FINDS TRAY Cirencester Excavation Committee remembered Cotswold Archaeology hosted a nostalgia fest in Cirencester this October to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Cirencester Excavation Committee. Alan McWhirr, Christopher Catling and Tim Darvill spoke on archaeology in the town in the ‘60s, ’70s Future of human remains in Avebury Museum and ’80s respectively, noting just how many of English Heritage and the National Trust are consulting on the future Portable Antiquities Scheme’s future assured today’s archaeologists got their first taste of of prehistoric (2000 – 3700 BC) human remains (9 inhumations, 4 The launch in November 2008 of the annual report (for archaeology in the town. Neil Holbrook, Chief cremations plus disarticulated bone) excavated near Avebury, after 2005/06) of the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) was Executive of Cotswold Archaeology, successor to the Council of British Druid Orders requested reburial. Simon Mays’ used by Culture Minister, Barbara Follet, to say that an CEC, talked about the transition from voluntary to assessment demonstrates that the remains are of international independent report had come out strongly in favour of A medieval silver gilt mount professional excavation in the town, and recent research importance as well as being a valued part of the museum PAS. The report by Kate Clark (p52) concludes that ‘PAS or terminal, with a man’s discoveries. display, and this particular Druid group makes no claim for is generally well managed with a clear sense of bearded face emerging from continuity of ethnicity, belief, customs or language. Yet scientific direction, efficient administration and excellent foliage, found in Oakley, Buckinghamshire and programmes such as absolute radiocarbon dating could be halted reporting on outputs … PAS appears to be acquired by Buckinghamshire County Museum. and the proposed options are for reburial (with remains either well-liked, delivering genuine partnership © Portable Antiquities Scheme The oldest and good value for money.’ The full report surviving member available or unavailable for future study), and retention in the can be seen at of the Cirencester museum, with access for Druid ceremonies (‘where reasonable’). http://www.finds.org.uk/wordpress/wp- excavation Relevant consultation papers and a questionnaire are available from content/uploads/2008/11/pas-final.pdf. This committee, ‘Sam’ www.english-heritage.org.uk/aveburyreburialconsultation. The also recognises that PAS needs more Sheppard Frere, at deadline is 31 January 2009. This test case affects a collection that A 7th-century gold cross pendant from Lincolnshire, now funding from all its partners. the 50th has as high research potential and little connection with modern acquired by North Lincolnshire Museum. © Portable Antiquities anniversary religious groups as any we are likely to excavate, so archaeologists Scheme celebrations, wiith Cotswold Archaeology trustees Carolyn Heighway should take time to make considered responses. and Richard Bryant.

Protection of the Underwater Cultural And more endangered sites Heritage This time it is UNESCO that is calling on the UK Government to take urgent action to protect world heritage sites endangered by This UNESCO 2001 Convention is CPD STUDY PACK CLUB: Ready access to CPD resources development. These include Stonehenge, Edinburgh’s Old Town, Neolithic Orkney, Georgian Bath and the Tower of London. Tall designed to guarantee preservation of the Any members frustrated in their professional obligations towards new buildings in London and Bath, and failure to tackle road problems at Stonehenge put the status of these sites at risk, as does underwater cultural heritage through a CPD should try the CPD Study Pack Club (www.cpdclub.co.uk), says the decision in Edinburgh to site a hotel, housing and offices next to the Royal Mile. More generally, UNESCO is critical of UK’s specific protection and cooperation Michael Heaton. Though set up primarily for construction failure to protect the character and settings of world heritage sites, and ‘lack of clarity’ in managing conflicts between framework among its States Parties. On 2 professionals and estate managers, much of its educational material conservation and development. October 2008 in Barbados, twenty States is relevant to professional archaeology but not yet available through ratified the Convention, which will traditional archaeological courses. Subjects include Law (contract, therefore come into force on 2 January tort collateral warranties etc), Contract Management, Practice 2009, with the First Meeting of States Management, Health and Safety, Property Development Economics, Bronze Age Review Parties of the Convention scheduled to take Site Investigation etc. The club is endorsed by RICS, so it ought to be This new free-to-access and peer-reviewed online journal is dedicated to furthering The Mold cape, a sample of the place in spring 2009. good enough for us. Membership is free but members are charged understanding of the period c. 2500 BC - 800 BC in Britain and neighbouring regions. It will British Bronze Age © the British £150 for six packs, which are delivered (and returned) one at a time publish interim excavation reports, reviews, databases and other articles. The first volume can be Museum on a six week cycle. The club doesn’t provide specifically found at http://www.britishmuseum.org/bronzeagereview and includes archaeological material, but as most of the booklets are produced by goals and recommendations for Bronze Age research in Britain. the College of Estate Management at Reading University (near IfA Suggestions, comments and new chapters are invited by 31 January, and offices), that omission could be corrected if enough sign up. these will be used to create a research agenda for the Bronze Age in Britain, with publication by British Museum Press. To submit to subsequent Kate Geary, IfA’s Training & Standards co-ordinator adds – IfA issues or to find more contact the editor Ben Roberts, members are reminded that any activity can count towards CPD if it [email protected]. addresses a learning need identified in their personal development plan. More information on IfA’s CPD scheme, and guidance on producing a personal development plan, can be found on at http://www.archaeologists.net/modules/icontent/index.php?page=20.

4 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 5 FROM THE FINDS TRAY VIEW from the CHAIR Nautical Archaeology Society 2008 Annual Gerry Wait Conference: encouraging access This Conference, held in November in the Historic Dockyard, Portsmouth, concentrated on ways to open up marine archaeology to a wider audience. Mark Beattie-Edwards reviewed the HLF ‘Diving This is one of the most exciting times in the IfA’s into History’ project, Sarah Ward considered history – what with Heritage Protection Reform, local IfA Annual Conference for Archaeologists, 7-9 April 2009 benchmarking competency and broadening access, government reorganisation, the movement to Our 2009 annual conference will be held at the Riviera and Nigel Nailing asked whether the Newport Ship modernise and broaden the Institute to reflect the International Centre in Torquay. There will be the usual range provides access for all. Rebecca Stalker presented breadth of work our members do, and issues of of informative and topical sessions including heritage ‘Splash!’ an innovative programme for under- accreditation. On a broader canvas our profession protection reform, the PPS and circular, good practice privileged teens, and Matthew Harpster, spoke of an must also examine the pressures and threats of an guidance, the Marine Bill, community archaeology, training NAS-inspired programme to protect the maritime economic recession, the effects of which we’re only Gerry in Valetta, September 2008 and new technologies. Excursions and social events include heritage of Northern Cyprus. Irena Radic Rossi just beginning to witness. It may be a cliché, but to Devon manor houses and landscapes, Torre Abbey and moved us to the Aegean to showcase work with be asked to take a leadership role at a time like this is our livelihoods may depend upon it. They will in any Torquay, a wine reception in Torre Abbey and a social BBQ. protective cages which give in situ protection in both a great compliment as well as a humbling case drive the way that Government works, and The provisional programme and booking form can be Croatia, while David Blackman presented a way of experience. However, the Council and the Executive clauses in the PPS will reverberate for good or ill in downloaded from the website or requested from the IfA office. visualising an ‘Ancient Dockyard in Sicily’. Gordon Committee are full of people on whom I – and the the world of developer-led archaeology. Le Pard presented the global HLF Big Anchor Institute and its members – can rely. Project, Philip Robertson the ‘Sound of Mull It may be a This also gives the opportunity to advance self- We have just passed our AGM, when we voted regulation – the jargon for this is erecting ‘barriers to Archaeological Project’, Mark Holley introduced cliché, but overwhelmingly to make important changes to our entry for professional practice’. What it really means new methods of rapid field survey for submerged to be asked sites in the Great Lakes, and Mike Williams gave a Institute. The least significant change is in our name, is using membership in the Institute - and the wonderful overview of where we substituted ‘for’ in place of ‘Field’, to take a corporate quality assurance badge of Registered the M2 Submarine retaining the IFA or IfA acronym, but even this is leadership Organisation – as a basic requirement for undertaking work (where appropriate) arising through the Anniversary Project. deceptive. Underlying it is a fundamental change in role at a time how we view ourselves and how we intend to act. planning process. This is an important first step in like this NAS 2009 is planned We are not losing sight of the importance of field levelling the commercial/competitive playing field, for the 6 to 8 November archaeology, but we are giving precedence to the is both a great allowing IfA ROs to raise the standard and value of at the Historic unifying concept of the historic environment. compliment archaeological work and to set more appropriate Dockyard, Portsmouth. Increasingly our members are not field archaeologists as well as a wages and terms and conditions. This is by no means Sarah Ward so much as archaeologists and heritage professionals the end of the changes. The Heritage Bill may not be whose work spans many disciplines. In recognising humbling in the next parliament, but creating the PPS and this diversity and the opportunity it gives us to have a experience. Guidance – arguably more important to many of us – political voice, we are taking the first steps towards will continue apace. IfA’s advocacy role must aligning IfA as a premier professional institute and therefore continue. consultee. We are also facing a serious economic situation, with Archaeology and development. A good practice guide to managing To support this we have updated nearly all of our all the threats that a recession brings. The Institute risk and maximising benefit Institute’s core documents, significantly the criteria will be looking carefully at what we can do to B Barber, J Carver, P Hinton, T Nixon 2008 £80 for membership and registration, and our codes and support our members, including how we promote the The Construction Industry Research and Information Association standards. Registered Organisation scheme, balancing (CIRIA) has just published this manual for its members. Guidelines membership subscriptions in a period of economic cover the organisation of UK archaeology, relevant legislation, and Does this matter? Yes, to every one of us, and to all turmoil, offering and promoting training, and how archaeological investigation can be integrated into development other archaeologists working in the UK. Our internal providing other benefits. projects. It strongly promotes IfA Registered Organisations. The text revolution coincided with chances to be involved in reflects current law and planning guidance, though it flags up drafting fundamental heritage legislation and its Gerry Wait proposed changes under HPR. A list of contents can be found at supporting PPS, planning circular and guidance. Even Chair, IfA ciria.org/acatalog/C672.html, for those unwilling to spend £80. if the Heritage Protection Reform Bill did not materialise this year as expected, the importance of Director, Nexus Heritage getting these documents right cannot be overstated – [email protected]

6 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 7 Survey results: PAY, QUALITY and the role of

Members’ views on As part of the recent consultation on IfA minimum salaries, arising from the project to Continuing Professional Development benchmark archaeological salaries against those in comparator industries, some respondents questioned whether IfA should Kenneth Aitchison & Kate Geary really be seeking to influence pay and conditions across the sector. Some felt this brought it too close to a trade union role while Members will remember that during the summer others felt that pay was an area governed by Kate Geary they were canvassed for views on Continuing market forces that we should leave well alone. Yet IfA is not alone in setting recommended Professional Development (CPD) as part of a Typically, IfA members’ employers will contribute to contracts mean that some employers see little point the costs of CPD only if it meets the needs of the minimum salaries. ICON, the Museums in investing in training or development for these new project run by the Professional Associations C employer as well as those of the individual – and Association, CILIP (the Chartered Institute of graduates. Unlike archaeology, it seems, junior site Research Network (PARN). The research allows us while two thirds of respondents told us that their Library and Information Professionals) and staff are an infinite and renewable resource, refreshed employer does contribute, most (53%) told us that the Society of Archivists all make similar each year. to compare our responses with 6000 respondents they also contribute personally, suggesting that a recommendations, feeling that it is shared sense of responsibility is the norm. The But this may not be the case much longer. According from 24 participating professional associations. appropriate to influence pay because of the support of employers in identifying training needs to the latest labour market intelligence figures, impact that low pay has on standards and Participants were self-selecting, meaning that and development opportunities through the appraisal (Aitchison & Edwards 2008 Profiling the Profession quality of work. responses probably came from those with strong or development review system is invaluable and IfA 2007/08, with data collected just before the current Registered Organisations are strongly encouraged to economic downturn), numbers employed in opinions,P so we were cautiously pleased to learn help in this way. Responses also provided helpful This is not to suggest that the adage ‘you pay peanuts, archaeology grew by 29% between 1997-98 and you get monkeys’ is true. Archaeologists, in common that IfA members generally feel positive about data about members’ use of online planning and 2002-03 and by 20% between 2002-03 and 2007- recording tools. The options for doing this are with conservators, archivists and museum staff, are 08. At the same time, numbers studying archaeology the concept of CPD, and that the requirements currently quite limited, but we hope to offer more in mostly skilled, dedicated people, motivated by a love peaked in 2006-07 and have since declined. A new the future. of their discipline. However, every year the industry generation of students with different priorities and of the Institute are important drivers in focusing loses highly competent, experienced staff who expectations, coupled with the potential for tuition their participation. In 2009 IfA will be moving towards a system reluctantly decide that they can no longer afford to fees to rise further, may mean that this trend will whereby members will need to demonstrate they are pursue their chosen career. The fact that they are continue. Graduates, quite reasonably, expect that keeping their skills up to date (see Roger White and replaced with less experienced staff inevitably leads their investment in gaining academic qualifications D to concerns about quality of work. It is hard to will result in a job with opportunities for progression Kenneth Aitchison, TA 67), and results of this survey will be useful in refining IfA’s systems for delivering quantify this loss, but approximately 40% of people and career development. If archaeology can’t offer this goal. The transition will involve a robust who have left IfA since we started collecting data on them that, it is likely that they will look elsewhere. communications strategy. Even though at the time of reasons for leaving in 2006 gave as their reason that The views expressed will help us to develop IfA’s the survey eight of the previous nine issues of TA they are also leaving archaeology. This loss of It might seem wholly inappropriate to be talking approach. Currently, our system is ‘input-based’ – contained articles or references to CPD, it was experience is illustrated clearly in the difficulties about better pay, conditions and opportunities for members are recommended to accumulate 50 hours disappointing to receive some replies which many organisations face in recruiting for senior and progression at a time when many organisations are of CPD time over any two year period. Only 8% indicated that there is still confusion about CPD and specialist roles. struggling and when redundancies are inevitable. In thought this the best approach, 33% preferring an its value. the short term, the picture is likely to get very output-based system – valuing the results of CPD It’s not just about pay. Access to training and gloomy indeed. But a short-term crisis doesn’t mean rather than hours spent at it – and 55% would like a We would like to thank both PARN for their work, opportunities for career development are also that we can forget about development needs in the combination system. Worryingly, 15% stated that and the 196 members who took the time and effort to important factors in retention of staff. Lack of medium and long term. We must stop accepting the they had undertaken no CPD at all in the last 12 reply to the survey. The full report is available on IfA’s investment in training for junior or temporary site loss of skilled archaeologists as inevitable and deal months, though this may reflect lack of recognition of website. staff suggests that they are not valued, a concern with the reasons behind it, complex and difficult the range of activities that can contribute. The biggest repeated by many candidates interviewed for though they may be, in a coherent and unified way motivators are to improve performance in current Kenneth Aitchison workplace learning placements. Yet, alongside this once and for all. roles and a sense of professional duty – exactly the IfA Head of Projects and Professional Development are complaints by employers that archaeology sentiment of IfA’s Code of conduct and our current Kate Geary graduates are underprepared for contract archaeology Kate Geary approach. IfA Training and Standards Coordinator and lack essential skills. Ironically, short-term Training & Standards Co-ordinator

8 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 9 Disability Geotechnical test-pitting and the archaeological profession – call for participants Tim Phillips

he recession is proving hard for many people and the first degree in the subject. The IAA project also found number of jobs being advertised has been decreasing that a significant number of archaeologists have a Tsince last summer. With fewer jobs available, recognised disability and are working successfully potential employees find themselves in a more within the profession. This is not surprising, as many competitive environment, and for an archaeologist so-called ‘disabilities’ are not visible or easily carrying the tag ‘disabled’ the situation can be even recognisable. Indeed, in talking to working more difficult. archaeologists, it appeared to the IAA project team that nearly everyone knew or had worked with A typical soil profile exposure in geotechnical trial Until recently, little was known about the extent and somebody with some form of disability. pits – why not log archaeology at the same time? nature of disability within archaeology. The Inclusive, Building Foundations – Accessible, Archaeology (IAA) project (see On the back of the success of the IAA project, http://www.britarch.info/accessible/) looked at the English Heritage has commissioned the Department a geotechnical standard issues surrounding disability and archaeology in of Archaeology at the University of Reading to carry Higher Education, especially fieldwork training. The out another project looking at disability within the Frigga Kruse for soil description project found that around 14% of undergraduate archaeological profession. This has been funded by a Archaeology students small grant through HEAP and is being carried out in In 1999 the British Standards Institute (BSI) a common language with the geotechnical and civil have some form of close consultation with the IfA as a major engineers with whom we have contact but we would recognised disability, stakeholder. The brief is to produce good practice published BS 5930:1999 Code of Practice for also make ourselves more employable as geotechnical highly significant as guidelines for the employment of disabled Site Investigation, which outlined the personnel (who usually work under better conditions the vast majority of archaeologists in the profession. These are to be terminology and system for describing and for greater pay). people working in based on the good practices already being followed classifying soils for engineering purposes. archaeology have a by employers and employees. The guidelines will be Recently, this was replaced by BS EN 1997- In the spirit of embracing multidisciplinary approaches published as an IfA Professional Paper. 2:2007, Eurocode 7 Geotechnical Design. as well as progressing our own profession we should take another look at our most basic medium, the soil, The project team is now looking for participants Ground Investigation and Testing, and and the feasibility of adopting the existing standard for willing to tell their story, whether this be positive or consequently the structural national codes we its description. We would then have the possibility of negative. We would therefore be very eager to talk to work with will be withdrawn by March 2010. logging soil for engineering purposes and yet include anyone who has had experiences of disability within information vital to the archaeologist: after the archaeology, either at a personal level or with the Since 1999, the geotechnical profession used a geotechnical full-stop there has always been a space people they have worked alongside or supervised. All national standard for soil description which is for additional information at no extra cost. the information will be used anonymously and becoming obsolete before archaeologists got around presented in such a way that no individual or to lobbying for changes that would allow more organisation can be identified. The participants will archaeologically significant information to be logged, Let us build the proverbial foundation to our profession not by also be invited to comment on the draft of the such as spot-dating finds, organic content, finding faults with the system and demanding change, but by guidelines. waterlogging and the nature of context boundaries. embracing the system, speaking the lingo, applying it in site investigations, and presenting workable examples. We can Many disabilities are not If you are interested in participating in the project In light of the new Eurocodes being implemented by then lobby for realistic alterations when the time is right and easily recognisable. This and might be willing to tell your story, please contact institutions of which the BSI is only one, hesitation is archaeology gains its deserved recognition amongst site photograph of one of the [email protected], tel. 0118 3788293 likely to have cost archaeologists their chance to volunteers on the IAA suggest aforementioned changes at an overseeable, investigation professions. project is of a student Tim Phillips national level. Instead, commercial archaeologists excavating on site; she has Department of Archaeology should collectively be looking to adopt BS EN 1997 – Frigga Kruse diabetes and a visual School of Human and Environmental Sciences 2:2007, or more simply, Eurocode 7, which is Arctic Centre, University of Groningen impairment, but you would Whiteknights catching on fast. It would enhance our knowledge of PO Box 716, 9700 AS Groningen not know that just by PO Box 227 the civil engineering dawn across Europe and carve The Netherlands looking at this image Reading RG6 6AB out a niche for ourselves in which we not only speak [email protected]

10 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 11 FAR LEFT (left to right) Chris Gosden, Cambridgeshire’s Chair Board of Trustees, Oxford Archaeology, Paul archaeological field unit Spoerry, ex-manager of utsourcing: CAM ARC now Head of O Oxford Archaeology East, goes west Adrian Tindall and David Jennings, Chief Executive, Oxford Archaeology. Photograph: Since the advent of contract archaeology local authorities have represented only a fraction of its work, while local James Fairbairn considered transferring their archaeological units to an external government bureaucracy caused frustration and delay, with corporate obligations occupying one third LEFT provider (‘outsourcing’) as a way of reconciling curatorial and of staff time. Outsourcing also offered commercial Consultation and selection Some of who they are contractual roles. This has rarely if ever been successfully carried freedom to compete more successfully, and it The eight outline tenders were independently scored best efforts of the network provider). Many legal getting – ex-CAM ARC, left out, yet in July 2008 Cambridgeshire County Council’s archaeological removed risk from the local authority. against a weighted matrix and brought together to documents had to be prepared – transfer agreement to right, Richard Mortimer, Toby Gane, Aileen Connor, field unit, CAM ARC, became Oxford Archaeology (East). This create % scores. Three shortlisted organisations were and disclosures, framework agreement and standard conditions, pension admission agreement, and a James Drummond Murray, marked the end of a long and complex process which, because no Market testing invited to submit more detailed proposals. One In February 2007 market testing of potential partners withdrew, and two made presentations to staff and service level agreement covering outreach and Elizabeth Popescu, Steve guidance existed, proved a learning experience for all. Macaulay, Paul Spoerry, and informal consultation of staff and unions began. the Programme Board. Their brief covered cultural learning. Transfer finally took place on 1 July. A notice and briefing document in the Official and employment issues such as job security and Mark Hinman. Photograph: Respected RO Journal of the European Union invited interest from mobility, project ownership and research interests. Comfort and optimism James Fairbairn The field unit had operated as a trading unit of the Registered Organisations, bringing sixteen responses After questions, staff completed feedback sheets Success was due to various reasons. Staff and unions County Council since the early 1990s, competing for that included universities, other units, which were collated for the Programme Board in were fully engaged from the outset, and Unison was development-led contracts in eastern England. A multidisciplinary consultancies, and an EU preparation for the second round of presentation and helpful and constructive, commending the openness medium-sized Registered Organisation with a environmental agency. Discussions with a interview, which covered areas such as business fit, of the process – indeed, we were invited to make a turnover of around £2m a year, it was successful and representative sample identified the significant issues financial viability, legal issues, and employment joint presentation to an EU employer and trade union respected. In 2006, it relocated to customised and emphasised the high regard in which CAM ARC terms. conference on Reforming Public Services. It had the leasehold premises and was re-branded as CAM ARC. was held. Inevitably, there was discussion within the support of politicians and senior managers, providing profession, sometimes ill-informed. For example, this Preferred bidder a smooth political passage and freedom to engage Arguments for outsourcing were simple. It operated was not a cost-cutting exercise – CAM ARC received Following a supplementary questionnaire to clarify and negotiate with potential partners. It was well in one of the most competitive archaeological no subsidy and outsourcing would not lead to financial and other issues, the Programme Board resourced, with a dedicated Project Manager and a environments in the UK, its market share in savings. The ritual spectre of the ‘Tesco Unit’ was also unanimously agreed to recommend Oxford strong Programme Board and Project Team, with the Cambridgeshire had fallen significantly, and it was raised, though quite how working for an organisation Archaeology (OA) as its preferred bidder, in services of a specialist procurement consultant and increasingly competing for work elsewhere. Its of 15,000 non-archaeologists was professionally accordance with the clear preference of staff. This dedicated business support. And the timescale was commercial contracts with the County Council preferable to working for one of 300 archaeologists recommendation was formally approved by the ambitious but realistic. Although it took over 18 was never explained. County Council’s Cabinet in January and by OA’s months to complete (the wheels of local government Board of Trustees in March 2008. grind slow), the project maintained its momentum and Following briefings to staff and the Joint Consultation kept to a minimum uncertainty for staff and disruption and Negotiating Group of relevant unions a Transfer had to be cost-neutral, but obligations of business. Finally, the professional reputation of OA,

The changing face of questionnaire invited informal views. Feedback from included redundancy and pension liabilities, and its obvious cultural fit with CAM ARC ensured the field unit from AFU staff was generally open-minded and constructive. The leasehold commitments, and outstanding post- that staff felt comfortable and optimistic. (top left) to CAM ARC vast majority preferred a Registered Organisation, and excavation and publication costs. To offset these, a (top right) and Oxford most preferred a public or not-for-profit organisation framework agreement awarded OA all archaeological The transfer marks a new era, in which we hope the Archaeology East to a private sector partner. Whilst there was no clear work on County Council developments for four years business will prosper and its reputation for promoting (bottom), with mandate for change, there was no overwhelming after transfer – a normal local government practice the research and understanding of archaeology in the common theme resistance to it. A Programme Board was set up to following an open tender process. Cambridgeshire and the east of England will develop of a brooch from provide strategic direction and political management, yet further. Barrington Anglo-Saxon a Project Team to implement the process, and a Staff Legal processes and documents cemetery Group to represent staff and unions. A Shared Folder The due diligence and TUPE transfer process was provided access to project documents, a TUPE carried out by a Project Team of representatives from Adrian Tindall question and answer log, and a message board for finance, HR, Unison, payroll, pensions, property, Archaeological Risk Management Former Head of staff views. A Pre-Qualification Questionnaire was facilities management, IT, public relations, and legal 40 Queens Road Archaeology issued to ROs which had expressed an interest, services. This long and complex process included the Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 3EP Cambridgeshire County requesting further information about the scale and close down and transfer of financial accounts, collation 01284 767681 or 07715 050318 Council nature of their business, their ‘cultural fit’ with CAM and provision of HR information, reassignment of [email protected] ARC and their vision for its future. property leases and transfer of IT systems (despite the

12 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 13 The author, studying Deepdale Iron Age/ Protection and understanding through HERITAGE PROTECTION REFORM – Romano-British Settlement, earthwork survey – AN ENGLISH HERITAGE OVERVIEW Sarah Buckingham Langstrothdale, Yorkshire on behalf a purely British of English Heritage practice? adequate support for the reformed system, politically, financially and through its operation by suitably skilled practitioners, with English Heritage leading and hat is Heritage Protection enabling informed debate on and advocacy for WReform? As a phenomenon that has been with resourcing and capacity within the sector. us for eight years it should need no introduction, but it is worth recapping why we are where we Experience of implementing change has shown that are today. Heritage Protection Review – as it thoroughgoing reform is an incremental process, to be originally was – originated in response to achieved step by step over several years. Rachael McMillan (p18) sets out the background to reform and sectoral concerns as a ‘once in a generation charts the path taken so far – but we anticipate a opportunity’ to look at systems for designating further five to ten years activity before all the pieces are Kate and managing the historic environment with finally in place. Page-Smith fresh eyes, with the intention to Sarah Buckingham With a tradition stretching back over 300 years, analytical landscape investigation, analytical survey and review systems that have been in operation for many Head of Heritage Protection Reform earthwork survey and investigation has had a monumental investigation, earthwork survey, archaeological years – 120 years in the case of protection of ancient [email protected] impact upon archaeological research in Great Britain. survey, archaeological investigation etc. Perhaps it is monuments terminology that has hindered creation of a shared Increasing interest and international recognition of landscape identity. consolidate piecemeal developments that have built Kenilworth Castle. English Heritage at its best combines programmes to increase understanding, archaeology could make this valuable and versatile specialism up to a complex, sometimes inconsistent, system; protect historic fabric and character, and provide public enjoyment. These aspirations should apply a cornerstone of archaeological methodology. Yet, despite Most developer-funded work is focused on individual while maintaining robust protection of what is special too to assets with less obvious appeal. Photograph: English Heritage continued encouragement from English Heritage and Welsh sites and there is rarely the opportunity to explore the and Scottish Royal Commissions, the discipline has remained landscape setting. Overcoming this requires input from recalibrate our measures, to re-align them with isolated, with little international communication and curatorial archaeologists, as mentioned by Paul Belford contemporary reality, addressing issues such as at EAA and further emphasised by Mark Bowden at the sustainability and community involvement. Protection discussion. It even appears that analytical earthwork survey is 2008 IfA conference in Swansea. Presently there are and management of the historic environment must fundamentally a British technique. few opportunities for curators to insist upon analytical not be seen as a quirky or antiquated regulatory earthwork survey, so it could even become extinct in backwater; it must sit within the mainstream of Eager to dispel this myth, at the 2007 European England, despite the attempts by English Heritage and environmental management. Association of Archaeologists conference in Zadar, IfA to train EPPICs in the discipline. These schemes Croatia, I mustered speakers from Ireland, Sweden, provide excellent transferable skills; however the job English Heritage is working with Government and the the Netherlands, Spain and the USA as well as opportunities are limited. historic environment sector to ensure that Heritage England for a session on ‘Investigating Field Survey’. Protection Reform is implemented as an essential Mark Bowden from English Heritage, Paul Belford It is sad that one of the original methods of component of modernised approaches to managing from Ironbridge Archaeology and Margaret Gowen archaeology seems to be dying out. The multi- the historic environment – ‘Constructive Conservation’. from Margaret Gowen & Co Ltd all provided disciplinary approach provides greater understanding We see this reform as based equally on three legs excellent insights into the history and current of sites and their landscapes, and offers condition of analytical earthwork survey, but other comprehensive and cost-effective evaluation for culture change necessary to manage the historic speakers (perhaps because the title was too vague) projects. The EAA session demonstrated great environment in an integrated and constructive way talked about walkover survey or landscape international interest, and if this was developed this through the reformed system, to be achieved through archaeology in general. Disappointingly, this would enhance its status in Britain. This is certainly training and practical project work, embracing new reaffirmed the impression that analytical earthwork something to strive for, and I hope this is a catalyst approaches to secure wider engagement and survey is indeed a British technique. for the successful return of analytical earthwork involvement survey to the forefront of archaeological research. I believe that other countries have undertaken this components of reform, including a Heritage earthwork survey as we know it, but varied Kate Page-Smith Protection Act, a Planning Policy Statement for the terminology makes it difficult to distinguish. Even Nexus Heritage Historic Environment, and a unified list of designated within English Heritage, it may be referred to as [email protected] heritage assets as the key enablers of the new approach

14 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 15 Planning guidance • provides the framework for managing the 95-98% of the historic environment in England and Wales not covered by , the Bill IfA • levers in c £180m of heritage research, mainly from the private sector (2007 figures) • funds 58% of archaeological posts in the UK (2007 figures) the Heritage So far, either through TAF or on its own, IfA has • staged meetings, seminars and conference events to sound out membership views Protection • contributed to policy documents • participated in working parties on local authority delivery • contributed to workshops and private meetings with DCMS, Cadw and English Heritage Bill and planning • commented on the draft White Paper, responded to the published White Paper and commented on the draft Bill • fed into draft circulars and guidance that support the Bill • provided written evidence to the House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Committee, which conducted pre- guidance legislative scrutiny on the Bill • given oral evidence on behalf of TAF to the Committee’s Inquiry Peter Hinton • written to the Secretary of State and the Welsh Minister on the White Paper and to the English Minister on the CMS committee report clarifying our position and emphasising our support • provided briefings to APPAG on the importance of the Bill and on areas of potential concern This article is probably out of date and possibly • provided a voice for members to Government and the heritage agencies wrong. Your editor keeps as short a lead-in time as possible for TA, but this still tends to overlap with important developments. Now being a time of great As ever with such advocacy, there is a mixture of Time will tell how successful this approach has been. uncertainty, the Bill has been overtaken by larger public statements on the record, briefing behind the We know our contributions have improved some areas political developments, leaving the sector to drive scenes and coordinated choreography. Getting the of policy, and our evolution into a more broad-based forward reforms on a more piecemeal basis. right mix can be difficult when positions change institute at the AGM can only strengthen us. IfA has Nevertheless, many of the processes stimulated by unexpectedly, or when a culture stands in the way of never before had the level of influence and respect in the Bill will proceed, as EH colleagues explain in this creative solutions. Throughout, IfA has been Government that it has now. And that’s just as well: TA, so it is helpful for members to see how IfA is supportive and constructive – we want positive while much of the guidance, including the all-important involved. responses to our suggestions, not defences against Planning Policy Statement for England and revised criticism – though making it equally clear that our planning guidance documents for Wales, remains The development of the draft Bill and planning support cannot be unconditional while so many areas unseen, the Institute must retain room to manoeuvre guidance has kept your institute on its toes over the remain to be clarified or improved. and the leverage to effect further improvements. last year or so, and a great deal of Council and staff time has been spent on advocacy, advice and occasionally argument about the draft Bill and related At the time of writing the key issues to sort out remain documents. Mostly we have worked through The • confirming that the PPS adequately covers all aspects of the historic environment including artefact scatters and Archaeology Forum (TAF) to ensure the sector is palaeoenvironmental deposits presented consistently, but when necessary have • ensuring that the PPS/circular enables local authorities to specify opportunities for public participation and to provide acted independently (see http://www.archaeologists. public benefit including provisions for storage, conservation and display of artefacts and archives in museums and other net/modules/icontent/index.php?page=217). More appropriate depositories, and for improved standards of publication and dissemination of results importantly, on most issues we have been ahead of • including in the PPS/circular mechanisms to enable use of the IfA registered organisation scheme to address deterrents to the consultation, influencing drafts before they good practice appear. • addressing the failure to notify archaeological authorities of destructive works outside the planning process, as in the (to be abolished) 1979 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act The Bill • removing class consents that allow protected sites to be ploughed – a problem that would not be replicated for future • provides unified registers of all heritage assets in England and Wales designations but will remain a threat to current scheduled sites • devolves responsibility for consents to local authorities • working through the implications of changing the criterion for protection from national importance to ‘special • requires local authorities to maintain or have access to a Historic Environment Record archaeological interest’ • abolishes the need for separate Conservation Area consent • making sure that local authority historic environment services not only maintain a Historic Environment Record, but are • permits Heritage Protection Agreements between owners, local authorities and EH/Welsh Ministers to govern provided with adequate skilled staff, and engage in strategic planning, education and outreach as well as development the management of assets and avoid repeat consent applications control • plugs important loopholes in Conservation Area protection • avoids future class consents permitting cultivation of protected monuments Your institute will continue to work hard with its TAF colleagues to keep these issues firmly on the governmental radar. • extends the range of maritime resources that can be protected • provides interim protection for sites and structures being considered for designation Peter Hinton • implements the 1954 Hague Convention by indicating how the UK will protect heritage abroad during IfA Chief Executive armed conflict and by indicating assets to be protected at home [email protected]

16 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 17 2004 Government publishes Review of heritage protection: the way forward http://www.culture.gov.uk/images/publications/reviewofheritageprotection.pdf Heritage Protection Reform: The future of Ecclesiastical Exemption Protecting our marine historic environment: making the system work better http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/consultations/1101.aspx HPR Rachael McMillan English Heritage publishes a brief history a Review of the National Monuments Record

changes that could be made without primary 2005 Government publishes HPR was conceived in 2000 with the publication of legislation. These included handing the listing process Protecting our marine historic environment – making the system work better (Analysis of responses) Power of Place. At the behest of Government, this reviewed all over from DCMS to English Heritage, which occurred http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/consultations/1101.aspx from April 2005 (although decisions on whether to polices relating to the historic environment and recommended Ecclesiastical Exemption: the way forward list or not still rest with the Secretary of State). http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/publications/3748.aspx action points for Government, the sector and local authorities. Refinements were made to the decision report, Revisions to Principles of Selection for listing buildings: Planning Policy Guidance Note 15 (consultation) In return, Government committed itself to reviewing current culminating in the White Paper Heritage Protection http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/consultations/1182.aspx legislation governing the historic environment, through A Force for the 21st Century (March 2007). Recommendations were outlined that would pave the way for a Bill to be for our Future (2001). 2006 Government publishes introduced to Parliament, setting out a reformed Heritage Protection Review – Assessment of eight pilot projects system. Alongside the White Paper a circular was http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/consultations/1156.aspx Consultations issued to replace section 6 of PPG15 and to revise • English Heritage’s Conservation Bulletin, Issue 52 (Summer 2006) is entirely devoted to HPR Work then began in earnest, with wide ranging the principles of selection for listing buildings. New consultations that involved local authorities, amenity selection guides were published (www.english- 2007 Government publishes groups, developers, the public, archaeologists, heritage.org.uk/server/show.nav.8833). The White Paper, Heritage Protection for the 21st Century architects and academics. The result was Protecting our Circular 01/2007 to replace Section 6 of current PPG15 with revised Principles of Selection historic environment: Making the system work better • Draft Bill New principles of selection for listing buildings: an analysis of consultation responses (July 2003). Suggestions for reform were made under The draft Heritage Protection Bill, published April Heritage Protection for the 21st Century: An analysis of consultation responses the headings Simplifying; Openness; Flexibility and 2008, was the culmination of collaborative work Historic Environment Local Delivery (consolidated report) by Atkins Rigour. Pilot projects were set up to test between DCMS, English Heritage and the sector. The (All documents can be viewed at: http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/consultations/1156.aspx) recommendations made in the initial consultation Bill highlights the tenets of HPR – partnership, English Heritage publishes a series of building selection guides on its website paper, and their results were fed into a White Paper. openness, flexibility and simplification of the system to http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.8833 Parallel reviews on marine and ecclesiastical systems ensure it responds to current and future needs of the also came up with recommendations to align these historic environment. The principles of HPR can now 2008 Government publishes within the overall HPR programme. be embedded throughout the historic environment. The draft Heritage Protection Bill Additional clauses and Explanatory Notes for the draft Bill on Conservation Areas White Paper • Depending on Government legislative priorities, there Guidance and draft Exemption Order for Ecclesiastical Exemption DCMS’ decision report, Review of Heritage will be more documents and consultations to Guidance on Historic Environment Records Protection: the way forward (June 2004), highlighted announce in 2009. Select Committee Report on the draft Bill and Government response (All documents can be viewed at:http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/publications/5075.aspx) The following timeline provides further background information for exploring the draft Heritage Protection Bill. English Heritage publishes A Commentary on the draft Bill http://www.englishheritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/English_Heritage_Commentary_on_the_Heritage_ HPR TIMELINE Protection_Bill2.pdf

2000 English Heritage publishes A Power of Place Other useful websites include http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.42 Historic Environment Local Management (www.helm.org.uk) HPR Details of HPR related training, guidance and case studies. 2001 Government publishes Heritage Gateway (www.heritagegateway.org.uk) A Force for our Future A single point of access to historic environment records across England. 2003 Government publishes Protecting our historic environment: Making the system work better http://www.culture.gove.uk/images/consultation/ReviewHPR.pdf Rachael McMillan Historic Environment Records: benchmarks for good practice Project Manager (consultation) Heritage Protection Reform Team http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/consultations/1166.aspx English [email protected]

18 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 19 HPR: strategies for designation TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING HPR Lucy Oldnall IN THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT Paul Jeffery During the last year there has been much discussion English Heritage is developing a range of ways to about the staff and skills available to manage the work with partners across the sector and beyond to historic environment. The debate mainly related to deliver and support development of skills and perceived existing shortfalls, but of more direct understanding. These include using the successful Historic Environment Local Management (HELM) relevance are additional demands that reform of the brand to deliver courses and online information system will place on both numbers and skills of staff, packages. The first five HPR events under the HELM primarily in local planning authorities, where umbrella deal with how management agreements additional responsibilities will sit. DCMS has through Heritage Partnership Agreements can be repeatedly stated that Government will fund any developed and operated, and the first event, aimed additional burdens on local authorities resulting from at local authority conservation officers and archaeologists was hosted by the University of East the changes, but pilot projects and studies of best Anglia (a pilot site). A further four are planned for practice within various local models indicate that most early 2009 (programme below). Events in 2009/10 reforms can be accommodated by re-allocating The 2007 Heritage Protection White Paper expressed amongst other intentions the aim of Government to ‘improve will include historic environment records, the role of existing resources and by a clearer and more effective designation by involving the public in decisions about what is protected and how.’ Since the Monument Protection local designation and models for integrated historic system of managing casework. Programme (MPP) stopped recommending designations, English Heritage has focused almost exclusively on responding environment services. to requests for spot-designation, mainly in respect of buildings. We need now to re-shape our designation activity to be We are also developing an internal training more proactive, to achieve wider public engagement and to return to looking at assets across the range, with renewed programme. Our Heritage Protection Department attention for archaeology and parks and gardens. This programme, Strategic Designation, is a key element of Heritage core training for advisers now includes mentoring Protection Reform. and job shadowing, supported by a nine-day series of courses on n order to make informed and balanced choices groups will also be approached for views on what about what to protect English Heritage needs to should be protected. • H&S awareness for lone workers in the historic consider aspects of heritage that may be under- environment (1 day) protected at present and which may be of special The strategic programme is a good opportunity to re- • understanding designation (2 days) interest. We must move from reactive operations engage with archaeological designation and address • understanding archaeology for designation (2 Ito a strategic programme, matching resources current imbalances. We will also look at designation days) with agreed priorities. The new designation system anomalies, to prepare for the unified register. This • understanding buildings for designation (2 days) will place stronger emphasis on thematic includes issues like dual designation, where assets • understanding landscapes for designation (2 days) programmes rather than on individual designation are currently both scheduled and listed, and a review requests. of Old County Number schedulings to allow for This programme has become the core of the new Paul Jeffery Explaining the transfer onto the new database. We are also trialling Historic Environment Trainee scheme and has informed Team Leader benefits of ABOVE To ensure wider public engagement, Government Defined Area Survey projects where discrete areas the content of courses available through the OUDCE Heritage Protection Reform Team managing heritage A new type of listed has asked English Heritage to start consultations early under redevelopment pressure are being assessed, as programme. Elements of these courses and more will English Heritage assets at UEA site – Orford Ness, in 2009. The sector and public will be consulted on part of the shift towards a more proactive approach. be developed for other staff in EH and across the sector, [email protected] through a Former Atomic topics that span the entire historic environment, from and will include E-Learning packages. management Weapons Research prehistory to post-war and marine environments. The Strategic designation will be the main driver for agreement to local Establishment, final programme of strategic designation is currently embedding principles of HPR within the designation Further outreach for 2009/2010 will help local HELM Heritage Partnership Agreements events will be authority delegates. Suffolk. Photograph: scheduled to start in July 2009, after which there will system, encouraging openness, clarity and authorities and amenity and voluntary sector groups held on © Jane Driscoll, Steve Cole be annual reviews and evaluation of priorities to opportunities for wide public engagement that will (including local archaeological societies) to develop English Heritage, 15 January Mandolay Hotel, Guildford © English Heritage ensure designations remain relevant and address raise the profile of the historic environment and projects that enhance local knowledge and 2008 emerging issues. contribute to its better management. understanding of the historic environment. This will 29 January Empire & Commonwealth Museum, Bristol include enhancing the content and presentation of 12 February Assembly Rooms, Newcastle To inform this process we are auditing past Lucy Oldnall historic environment records. programmes undertaken by the former Listing, MPP Project manager 26 February Lancashire Conservation Studios, Preston and Parks and Gardens teams to assess how far they Heritage Protection Reform Team Further details will be made available through HELM To book a place and for further details see progressed and their fitness for current approaches. English Heritage and EH websites as the programme develops. www.helm.org.uk (‘training courses’). As part of the exercise, traditionally socially excluded [email protected]

20 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 21 Conservation of Scheduled Monuments in Cultivation A Planning Policy Statement Archaeology (COSMIC) project, undertaken by Oxford Archaeology, which not only developed and tested a under cultivation: risk assessment methodology for sites under for the historic environment cultivation, but provided recommendations for mitigating these risks. The key message from the reforming COSMIC pilot was that for a significant number of Charles Wagner sites it is not necessary to cease cultivation, as they Class Consent can be protected by less invasive tillage techniques. Those containing earthworks, or situated on slopes or Vince Holyoak in areas of light soils are particularly vulnerable: those in valley bottoms or where they are already Concerns about the effects of cultivation on deeply cultivated will be less susceptible. our archaeological heritage have been raised COSMIC was followed by a project comparing the periodically by successive generations of hen the Heritage Protection existing PPGs, what was missing, and whether our archaeological impacts of less invasive cultivation key principles were universally agreed. archaeologists since the 19th century. What is techniques (such as minimum tillage and non- Bill was published in April new is the opportunity afforded by Heritage inversion tillage) with more traditional methods, at 2008, it was a clear signal to us in The time scale was always ambitious. English Protection Reform to make fundamental, if the same time evaluating the possibility of monitoring Heritage began working with CLG and DCMS on the the depth of cultivation (see Conservation Bulletin 54, English Heritage to start work on gradual, improvements to the way designated PPS in August, with a consultation draft required by 2007. Conservation of Scheduled Monuments in the various support documents that would the end of 2008. It didn’t help that ministers at both sites under cultivation are conserved and Cultivation). COSMIC and the follow-up provide a Wlink the new heritage protection system to CLG and DCMS changed in October, and that CLG managed in the future. risk-based system allowing tailored responses to decided the PPS format needed to change: we are the separate high-risk sites where further cultivation is the new Spatial Planning System, created guinea pig of course. In 2003 English Heritage launched the Ripping up likely to be damaging, medium risk sites where under the Planning & Compensation Act History campaign which showed that almost 3000 cultivation could continue but with conditions, and 2004.The principal document required What is clear is that the new PPS will be a slim scheduled monuments were still being ploughed, low risk sites where continued cultivation is unlikely document containing only Government policy, with quite legally, under the terms of the Ancient to lead to further degradation. would be a Planning Policy Statement explanation of the policy text where essential. Many Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act. Given the (PPS) to replace the long-lived and loved useful sections of guidance in the PPGs will have to extent to which designated monuments are routinely As a result, a revised class consent will facilitate the be accommodated in supporting documents even damaged as a result, the Government’s 2004 Heritage review of assets on a case by case basis. This cannot PPG16 of 1990 and PPG15 of 1994. though, when PPSs were created, it was envisaged White Paper included a commitment to reform the be achieved overnight, but will provide means of that each would be supported by at least one circular anomaly, and English Heritage was tasked with finally addressing this long-standing problem. This An early aim was to get agreement from Communities and a Good/Best Practice Guidance. We are now enabling this to happen. tailored approach also fits better with existing & Local Government (CLG) and DCMS that there was working on the structure of the documents, seeing incentivised management schemes, such as Natural a need for a PPS (Policy Planning Statement), and that how useful PPG guidance can fit into them. A major component of the preparatory work was the England’s Environmental Stewardship scheme and Looking at the relationship a consultation draft should coincide with the collaboration of English Heritage and DEFRA on the another of the Heritage Protection Reviews between wheel and track proposed Heritage Protection Bill. This was confirmed Technically, the timetable for the PPS was tied in with innovations, Heritage Partnership Agreements. loading and soil compaction in July when DCMS appeared before the CMS Select the HPR Bill, which was expected in the Queen’s using the soil test bin at the Committee for pre-legislative scrutiny of the Bill. Speech at the opening of Parliament on 3 December. Cultivation trials on the experimental earthworks constructed Vince Holyoak Cranfield University Soils However, it now looks as if the PPS will be by Oxford Archaeology and Cranfield University Soils Science Senior Policy Advisor Science Department. Early work on the new PPS consisted of dissecting the considered more favourably by Government than Department as part of the joint English Heritage/DEFRA- English Heritage Photograph: Oxford two PPGs to extract policy from guidance. With HPR and will come first. We certainly believe that we sponsored project. Photograph: Oxford Archaeology Archaeology PPG16 this was relatively straightforward, but PPG15 have made a case for a PPS come what may, and that has policy interwoven with guidance in a flowing a draft will issued for consultation in 2009, if only narrative. The key principles were then set beside the because of the diminished value of PPGs in the new six principles in Conservation Principles: Policies and spatial planning system. Guidance, for the sustainable management of the historic environment (English Heritage April 2008), Charles Wagner and this created a useful document with which to Head of Planning & Regeneration Policy engage the historic environment sector. It was easy English Heritage then to seek views on good and bad elements of the [email protected]

22 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 23 Archaeological Investigation will HERITAGE PROTECTION IN continue to be required for determining the ‘special interest’ of candidate Marine Heritage Sites. Photograph: Hampshire HP and Wight Trust for Maritime THE English marine zone Archaeology, SolMap project 2008

responsibility for dangerous wrecks and cargo will be Mark Dunkley accommodated within the Merchant Shipping Act 1995. A new duty will oblige the Receiver of Wreck to pass on information relating to marine heritage to qualifying bodies.

HERITAGE PROTECTION IMPLEMENTATION The draft Bill allows for STRATEGY creation of Marine Heritage English Heritage has set up a dedicated Heritage Sites, enabling designation Protection Reform Team to both lead and co-ordinate of structures (such as this the many aspects of delivering the new system, with fish trap in Holbrook Bay, the marine elements of the implementation strategy Suffolk), vessels, vehicles undertaken by a Maritime Designation Advisor. and aircraft. Photograph: Peter Murphy UNIFIED PROTECTION Initially introduced as a private member’s bill, the current law to protect wreck sites from unauthorised Government commitment to reform heritage protection in the marine zone commenced in interference has always excluded other types of March 2004 with Protecting the Marine Historic Environment: Making the system work of the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 will become marine archaeology from statutory protection. The better (DCMS 2004). The paper set out key issues relating to marine historic environment Marine Heritage Sites. Detailed Principles of Selection draft Heritage Protection Bill will, for the first time, (MHE) designation and proposed a legislative framework that enabled ‘positive, transparent, will define what is ‘special’ in the marine enable the unified protection of all types of inclusive, sustainable and, above all, effective management’. environment but, unlike terrestrial sites, the Secretary archaeological sites, structures and objects within of State (SoS) will make designation decisions, after English waters. Criteria for ‘special interest’ as well as consultation with owners, planning authorities and delivery of supporting policy and guidance LEGISLATIVE CHANGE? Law had not been addressed. DCMS stated that they other bodies. Assets will automatically be afforded documentation will now be developed (with sectoral Analysis of responses to this document (DCMS, July ‘do not intend…to make substantive changes to provisional protection during the consultation period. participation) to support and underpin proposed 2005) included Government’s intention to set up salvage law in relation to marine historic assets, legislative changes. working parties to examine definitions and as…this would be a disproportionate response’. At There is provision to enable archaeological designations, recovery and salvage matters, and to the same time, Scottish Ministers withdrew from the investigation if this is required to assess significance. NB. DEFRA’s commitment to the marine heritage has identify possible changes to the present system. The specific UK-wide (marine) applications of the SoS, English Heritage or local authorities will be also been encouraging. In Safeguarding Sea Life working parties reported to DCMS in advance of the proposed Bill, preferring to legislate on the devolved permitted to finance this and EH will have the ability (2005), the joint UK response to the Review of Heritage Protection Review White Paper (March issue in the Scottish Parliament. Similarly, Northern to make grants and loans, although specific Marine Nature Conservation includes as Strategic 2007), in which specific provision was made for Ireland withdrew, having decided that it had mechanisms have yet to be determined. Information Goals: ‘to increase our understanding of the marine legislative change affecting the marine historic adequate provision under Article 38 of the Historic on all listed sites will be available online through the environment, its natural processes and our cultural environment across territorial waters of the UK Monuments and Archaeological Objects (NI) Order Heritage Gateway (www.heritagegateway). marine heritage and the impact that human activities (consistent with the current extent of the Protection of 1995. Northern Ireland also has provision for have upon them.’ In addition, the UK Government Wrecks Act 1973). These provisions would include reporting finds from the seabed under Article 42 of Access to marine heritage sites is to be licensed (by and Devolved Administrations recently set out high the same Order, though a review of this legislation is EH), the licences defining permitted activities and level marine objectives for the UK marine area (Our • broadening the range of marine historic assets to commence in April 2009. containing specific conditions. Some robust sites may Seas – a shared resource, June 2008). Here, cultural that can be protected be designated as suitable for unintrusive diving heritage features, in that a long term view is taken to • making designation decisions on the basis of MORE PROTECTION activities (analogous to scheduling, where access is promote appropriate management as a component of ‘special interest’ The draft Heritage Protection Bill will repeal several permitted but unauthorised interference is not). a ‘healthy, productive and biologically diverse’ • publishing new selection criteria Acts, including the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973. Certificates of no intent to designate will be available, marine environment. • introducing interim protection Instead, there are provisions for creation of Marine as for terrestrial structures. • a new statutory duty for the Receiver of Wrecks Heritage Sites and protection of non-vessel marine Mark Dunkley heritage assets, such as vehicles, aircraft and, for the REVISIONS TO THE MERCHANT SHIPPING ACT 1995 Maritime Designation Advisor During public consultation, although comments on first time, archaeological structures and sites that are Section 2 of the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 Heritage Protection Reform Team marine heritage were not sought, respondents partly or wholly below the high water mark in enables designation of prohibited areas around English Heritage expressed disappointment that the issue of Salvage English waters. All wrecks protected under Section 1 dangerous wrecks. With repeal of this Act, [email protected]

24 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 25 The Queen’s Speech: Peter Beacham

This final EH article was prepared after the WHAT WE CAN ACHIEVE WITHOUT THE BILL Queen’s Speech on 3 December, with the English Heritage responds disappointment of knowing for certain that ■ a transparent system. We have made our ■ in conservation areas, reform of secondary HPR was to be dropped from the next designation advice easier to understand and open planning legislation will enable control over Parliamentary session (and just before TA to the public by publishing the selection criteria partial demolition – which has been a problem was due at the printers). online. We have also expanded and improved since the Shimizu judgement in 1997 – and information on our website at www.english- reform of permitted development rights will allow It is disappointing, but understandable in the current economic climate, that Parliamentary time has not been heritage.org.uk/heritageprotection. control over damaging alterations “ ■ except where it may threaten a site, we tell the ■ changes to the status of World Heritage Sites will found to take forward the Heritage Protection Bill in this session. However, we welcome the Government’s firm owner when it is being considered for designation make them a material consideration in the commitment to the HPR programme already underway and to introducing legislation at the earliest opportunity. ■ an online form and guidance for suggesting planning system, and this will apply also to their buildings for listing. The public will participate in settings. These changes will be delivered by the The good news is that most of the changes set out in the Heritage White Paper can go ahead. Using the new a debate about priorities for a strategic listing draft WHS Planning Circular programme ■ the Marine Bill will provide some protection for Planning Policy Statement, accompanying Guidance and forthcoming English Heritage initiatives as a focus for ■ increased public consultation with expert bodies marine heritage in English waters and the reform we can achieve many of our goals to improve the system, widen public involvement and simplify protection and organisations continental shelf processes.” ■ Skilling and Resourcing the Historic Environment ■ we are using IT advances to speed up handling of Sector. We have started training and capacity- designation applications and already have building to support local authorities and developed resources needed to prepare advice encourage best practice. During, 2009, local more quickly management agreement pilot projects will also ■ we are bringing together all the separate registers WHAT CAN’T BE ACHIEVED WITHOUT THE BILL spread knowledge and skills by practical for listing, scheduling and registration onto a fully Worrying after the participation accessible, integrated online database Queen’s Speech – ■ formal right for owners to appeal against a listing ■ statutory Historic Environment Records ■ we are working with the LGA, IHBC and ALGAO ■ our online Heritage Gateway will provide a single Paul Jeffery (left) and decision ■ interim legal protection for historic places being on a comprehensive assessment of local authority point of access to designation registers and Peter Beacham ■ local authorities gaining power to grant consent considered for designation resources to strengthen advocacy for a better- historic environment records across England consider how to for the 2% of cases that include archaeology and ■ designation for sites of early human activity resourced sector, with the most detailed study yet ■ we will develop new selection criteria and clearer make the best of currently have to be passed to central government ■ bringing together separate registers for listing, about current and future resources needs. This designation records for Marine sites, to bring things scheduling, registration and designated marine will be published in February 2009. them in line with buildings and monuments sites ■ local authorities will be urged by the PPS to ■ all list entries after 2008 will have a clear ■ responsibility for designation passing from DCMS create full Historic Environment Records. Before explanation of their special interest to English Heritage this can become statutory, EH will explore how ■ Heritage Management Agreements will help ■ single Historic Asset Consent replacing separate best to support authorities in enhancing existing owners become more involved in heritage Listed Building and Scheduled Monument records to a consistent standard protection and help consent applications be dealt Consent ■ local authorities will be encouraged by the PPS with more smoothly, without duplication ■ local authorities granting all new Historic Asset and guidance to explore the benefits of local lists ■ we will work with religious denominations to Consents, as part of Historic Environment Records. They will streamline their management systems under ■ Conservation Area Consent merging with also be asked to publish their criteria for those ecclesiastical exemption. Planning Permission assets ■ Heritage Partnership Agreements eliminating ■ we are spreading our constructive approach to Testing these aspirations and working with partners to multiple consent applications for large or other conservation professionals through our achieve all the goals within our current resources will complex sites policy Constructive Conservation be good training for aligning processes after heritage ■ we published our Conservation Principles in April protection legislation is passed. However, with the new PPS and our own initiatives 08 as a framework for making consistent, well- as the focus for reform, we still have a full informed and objective conservation decisions programme for 2009. We invite you to visit ■ we strongly encourage pre-application discussion, Peter Beacham www.english-heritage.org.uk/reform to find out more to resolve consent issues at the earliest stage. This Heritage Protection Director about our heritage protection reform programme. will be promoted through the PPS and guidance English Heritage

26 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 27 anywhere at any cost. Instead, reforms are about It’s an ambitious programme, involving significant A Scottish perspective Jim MacDonald and speeding up decision making, allowing more time and money. However, the investment is well Malcolm Cooper decisions to be taken locally and making the whole worth making if it unlocks resources at local and process more transparent. So our approach to national levels, resources which are important if the on planning reform and modernising heritage protection is about building historic environment is to play a full part in better partnerships with communities, developers and supporting and indeed leading the sustainable local authorities, adapting processes to remove economic growth of Scotland. the historic environment unnecessary bureaucracy, building capacity and understanding at the local level and ensuring that the If anyone would like to be involved in the historic environment is aligned with the consultation process for the Bill to amend the Government’s key objectives. Overall, this will allow heritage legislation in Scotland, please contact While there are major organisational and Achieving change more decision to be taken at the local level. [email protected]. structural differences, Scotland’s heritage Where England and Wales pursued change through legislation, in Scotland we believe that issues can be Jim MacDonald protection legislation closely resembles that in Management without legislation dealt with first by seeking improvements to processes Historic Scotland, as part of the Scottish government, Deputy Chief Inspector England and Wales, the Ancient Monuments and and activities within the current legislative system also wants to develop its relationship with local Historic Scotland Castlemilk Stables. Archaeological Areas Act 1979 providing a and, rather than tearing up the system and starting authority partners, and so we are consulting on a These 18th-century common legislative framework for archaeology again, by making tightly focused amendments to the new Joint Working Agreement in order to clarify roles Malcolm Cooper stables have been and the Planning (Listed Buildings and 1979 and 1997 Acts. This is not to suggest that our and responsibilities across a range of statutory Chief Inspector brought back into Conservation Areas)(Scotland) Act 1997 covering system is fine as it is – we know reform is required casework and consultation activities. We especially Historic Scotland use thanks to strong but believe it can be delivered in ways which make it need to use this route to examine how we can similar ground to its 1990 equivalent (PPG 16) local support. quicker to achieve as well as avoiding the improve management of the historic environment Photographs © Historic Scotland Belmont House is in England. Similarly, whilst our approach to They reinforce a uncertainties that radical legislative review without major legislation. For example, the Joint an example of sense of place modernising this system may appear different, in introduces. Working Agreement enables us to be involved in successful reuse of within the area fact we are covering much the same ground. developments relating to World Heritage Sites, which a building at risk Sustainable economic growth currently is not legally required. In this way we can At present we are in the midst of major reforms of the agree tailored solutions appropriate to individual sites planning system. Government and its agencies, local – flexibility we could not have achieved through authorities and the private sector will have to adapt legislation. rapidly. At the heart of this reform is the determination to develop a more mature and trusting Alongside these projects, we are updating our The Ring of Brodgar relationship between central and local government, operational guidance, preparing best practice guides Kibble Palace, 19th- is a key element of and to ensure that the planning system supports the and preparing for the roll out of the national e- century glasshouses Orkney’s World key objective of delivering sustainable economic planning programme in 2009. All of these projects sit which are the Heritage Site. Its growth for Scotland. Our Government is quick to comfortably with the ambition to create a more centrepiece of management is led emphasise that this does not mean development responsive planning system. Glasgow’s Botanic by the local authority Gardens

28 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 29 The Tir Gofal agri- environment scheme in Wales includes provision for the conservation and enhancement of archaeological features. Photograph: Alice Pyper, Dyfed Archaeological Trust

... over the next two years, with Carreg Sampson – Megalithic tomb, support from the located on farmland in Archaeological Trusts, Cadw Pembrokeshire. Photograph: Gwilym PROTECTING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES will complete assessment for Hughes, Cadw ON THE FARMLAND OF WALES: scheduling of all known field monuments dating to the MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT prehistoric and Roman periods and compared with positive factors economy has been used as the – a major achievement. basis for impact indicators. Each Gwilym Hughes, Peter Gaskell and Mike Yates such as reduction in cultivation, replacement of heavy animals by of these five areas is subject to sheep and appropriate stock levels to control scrub. specific farming pressures. For example the likely he largely upland nature of Wales is reflected in the reduction in sheep numbers in Less Favoured Areas Tcharacter of agricultural practices. Agriculture is currently criteria for national importance. Agri-environment Two types of operational indicators were identified: (severely disadvantaged) zone (LFA – SDA) may lead dominated by livestock, with cattle, sheep and dairy schemes provide one opportunity for taking a more early warning indicators drawn from agricultural to scrub encroachment. Almost two-thirds of the field holistic view to such management. monuments identified on HERs lie in the LFA-SDA. comprising 80% of farm types. However, economic drivers census data and satellite imagery and actual impact indicators using data held by Historic Environment and the shift in EU farming subsidies from production to Tir Gofal and Tir Cynal, which between them cover Records. It was concluded that the basis for repeat The sample design for monitoring involves selecting a environmental and sustainability issues is having an effect 43% of agricultural land in Wales, have had monitoring should be a combination of analysis of stratified sample of 2000 sites based on site and on agricultural patterns. considerable success in introducing new digital vertical aerial photography (VAPs) and field farming area types, with statisticians from the management regimes and improving the quality of survey. At Stage 1, we will prepare baseline data and University of Birmingham helping develop the actual PROTECTION AND ASSESSMENT information on historic features. However, we do not Stage 2 repeat monitoring and analysis. sampling methodology. This will form the basis for Historically, management of archaeological sites on currently have quantitative and qualitative evidence baseline data. Work is currently underway to prepare farmland in Wales has focused on legal protection to demonstrate the level of their impact or to allow The 41, 036 field monuments recorded in HERs as a sample set, including site dossiers, with analysis of for sites (currently numbering 3994) of national an audit of our investment. Cadw is therefore being located on agricultural land were divided into current Vertical Aerial Photographs. This will provide importance, by Cadw. Monitoring by Field developing a methodology to monitor conditions and five types on the basis of vulnerability and the crucial basis for future monitoring on a five-yearly Monument Wardens has provided valuable threats, with Peter Gaskell of the Countryside and management requirements. cycle, using new digital VAP mapping data and information on changing conditions, in addition to Community Research Institute of Gloucester sample field visits. contact with owners. Cadw also grant-aids the Welsh University and Ken Murphy and Alice Pyper of Dyfed • BUILDINGS – with recognisable upstanding Archaeological Trusts in major assessment Archaeological Trust. Likely impacts have been masonry, such as industrial structures (10,479 sites) As this programme progresses we will have a real programmes, enhancing the information on HERs and assessed, data sources on the condition of sites • OTHER STONE STRUCTURES – mounds or banks data set whereby to measure the impact of changing leading to improved protection and management. evaluated, and operational indicators to implement of stone, such as Bronze Age burial cairns or farming patterns on the historic environment of Nearly 24,000 monuments have been visited, this monitoring programme proposed. abandoned medieval settlements (10,134 sites) Welsh farmland as well as the impact of described and assessed, and over the next two years, • EARTHWORKS – mounds or banks such as castle environmental management programmes. with support from the Archaeological Trusts, Cadw IMPACTS AND INDICATORS mounds or Iron Age hillforts (13,894 sites) will complete assessment for scheduling of all known Different types of management change were • MEGALITHS – singly or in groups, such as Neolithic Gwilym Hughes, Cadw field monuments dating to the prehistoric and Roman cross-tabulated with their likely impact on sites, burial chambers or Bronze Age stone rows (1265 sites) [email protected] periods – a major achievement. identifing key factors relevant to survival and • NO UPSTANDING REMAINS – eg cropmarks or Mike Yates, Cadw condition of archaeological sites. Negative factors geophysical surveys (5264 sites). [email protected] AUDITING CHANGE such as expansion of cultivation, increasing stock Peter Gaskell, Countryside and Community Research We still need to manage and monitor tens of levels, increased farm infrastructure, abandonment The division of Wales into five farming area types on Institute thousands of field monuments that do not meet the and uncontrolled scrub development were identified the basis of topography, climate and core farming [email protected]

30 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 31 broken wayside crosses, clearing scrub off barrows, initiatives, which represent sensible targeting of Heritage Protection in repairing erosion on hillforts, setting upright menhirs increasingly scarce local authority resources. If and stone circles, taking graffiti off megalithic we have to target then designated sites and our monuments, clearing out holy wells, and hiding own estate seem a good place to start. Tremethick Cross HP security chips in stone crosses. being repaired Nicholas Johnson after lorry damage, The programme has proved popular with local Historic Environment Manager see below  communities and compares well with repair grants to (County Archaeologist) Cornwall listed buildings. We all hope that new arrangements Cornwall County Council One next April will allow us to carry on with these [email protected]

Nicholas Johnson New heritage protection reforms (HPR) within the highway were readily agreed. One Lorry damage to medieval are not the only change Cornwall’s Cornwall presents us with the chance to extend this good practice across all Cornwall, and highway Respryn Bridge, Bodmin. The heritage service faces in the next couple authorities elsewhere are also expressing interest. It HPA Pilot Project created generic of years. Another is local government re- doesn’t seem impossible to extend the concept of guidance on repairs and future organisation, known as One Cornwall. repair and maintenance conservation guidelines to maintenance that has greatly reduced the need for repeated Whilst both will result in chaos in the short the public realm in historic settlements. Historic pavements, street furniture, traditional signage etc consents term, creation of one single Cornwall will all now be the responsibility of the new Council out of seven authorities will Cornwall Council, and a comprehensive rural provide a great opportunity to deliver HPR. highway heritage asset HPA and urban public realm HPAs seem a reasonable aspiration. Powerful service The proposed heritage reforms will be crucial in Protecting the public realm consolidating the position and role of local authority In recognition that the County Council is responsible  curators, and in Cornwall every effort is being made for so much of the public realm (schools, libraries, Repainted to create a new service that sits within a more farms, parks, historic mine buildings and recreation milestone. First fruits of a return to powerful Environment Service. As the HPR process sites etc) a Scrutiny Panel examined how There is a market in granite monuments, milestone helps blur artificial gaps between Archaeological and maintenance of heritage assets could be improved. and medieval stone crosses are being micro- maintenance in Conservation services, we can create a unified The combined property of the new council will be chipped in an attempt to make tracing after Cornwall Historic Environment Advice and Information Service huge and it will be a priority of the Historic theft easier that comprises 22 curators (11 Conservation Officers, Environment Service to ensure that heritage assets 3 World Heritage Site, I HECAS, 3 Planning owned or managed by Cornwall Council are Archaeologists, 4 HER). There will also be a recorded, assessed and maintained on a regular substantial projects team, able to deliver research, basis. Over the last two years, for example, 671 Cornwall development management recording and bridges (241 listed), 605 milestones (312 listed) and regeneration initiatives. 548 historic schools (116 listed) have been added to Onethe HER and we are pursuing town halls, libraries Heritage Partnership Agreements and institutes, police stations, fire stations, clinks and There will of course be new duties placed on local prisons. We are particularly fortunate in having an  authorities. Duties such as Heritage Consent, and active branch of the Milestone Society which is Lorry on top of creation and maintenance of Local Lists in addition recording them all (over 700); with our help they are Tremethick Cross, to maintenance of HERs will strengthen opportunities submitting regular batches for listing and are working near Penzance to protect the historic environment. However it is the with the highways department to kick start a introduction of Heritage Partnership Agreements that milestone maintenance programme. We move on to really takes us into a new world. We have been lucky the 300+ traditional cast iron finger posts next! to be involved in one of the more successful pilot projects, looking at heritage structures within the Crosses, barrows, menhirs and holy wells domain of the County Surveyor. These include Cornwall and Scilly contain more than 1800 Scheduled School visit to a historic road bridges and footbridges, granite wayside scheduled monuments and over the last decade Monument scheduled deserted crosses and milestones. English Heritage and Heritage Lottery money has Management Project settlement on been matched by local authority grants to fund the in action at Gunrith Samson, Isles of Bureaucracy surrounding listed building consent for Scheduled Monument Management Programme. Menhir, St Buryan. Scilly. 18th/19th- normal maintenance, as well as emergency works, More than a hundred monuments have been Re-erection of a century cottages was significantly reduced and standard conservation repaired and conserved. These range from fallen scheduled evacuated in 1855 guidelines on repair and maintenance of structures uncovering St Piran’s Church from sand, repairing standing stone  are being repaired

32 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 33 CONSERVATION AREAS and then put the report to community consultations, areas: often people want to go further than the law with exhibitions. The appraisal is then used as a basis and resources permit. CONSERVATION AREAS: for recommendations for ensuring that special qualities are preserved and enhanced. These Training courses protecting the jewels in England’s crown recommendations can range from a design code to English Heritage plays a role by publishing guidance Christopher Catling guide restoration and new construction to on conservation area appraisal and management, and comprehensive regeneration schemes. The appraisal by running training courses under the HELM banner There are more than 9000 conservation areas in England, by and management plan can be adopted by the local (I ran such a course, along with IHBC President Eddie definition all representing the jewels of England’s historic authority as supplementary planning guidance or as Booth, in Derby on 4 December 2008, and will do environment. Local planning authorities are legally obliged to Managing change council planning policy, meaning that applications another at Sheffield on 12 March 2009, identify and designate areas, which are defined in Section 69 of the Conservation areas are one of our most powerful for development will be measured against criteria set (www.helm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.11473). tools for managing change within the historic out in the appraisal. Councils can also use Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as environment. A good appraisal will identify what is conservation area appraisals as the basis for Quantifying degradation areas ‘of special architectural or historic interest, the character or special and significant and will consider withdrawing permitted development rights: requiring English Heritage has also announced that the new appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance’. Most systematically the significance of the location and the owners of domestic property to seek planning Heritage at Risk register to be published in 2009 will local authorities have conformed with this part of the Act since the setting, morphology of the settlement and factors that permission for changing windows and doors, include an assessment of the condition of England’s have influenced its layout, street patterns and building extensions, paving a garden to create conservation areas, the pressures they are under and concept of statutory conservation areas was first introduced in the streetscape; it will identify areas of archaeological parking space, inserting roof lights, etc. the risks they face. Questionnaires have gone to Civic Amenities Act 1967. But they are also required, under potential and buildings of historical and architectural every local authority aimed at quantifying precisely Section 71 of the 1990 act, ‘to formulate and publish proposals for interest (whether listed or not), and groups of With such powerful tools on the statute book, how many conservation areas there are and how the preservation and enhancement of these conservation areas’, buildings. Some appraisals include a building by England’s historic environment ought to be many of them have up-to-date appraisals, and how building audit, and others focus on assessing locally exemplary. Why then, in historic towns and villages, and this is where many planning authorities fall down. buildings in conservation areas have suffered loss of distinctive features. Open spaces, designed are you greeted by buildings that have lost their historic detail or character, and deterioration or landscapes, views and significant trees are included, character and dignity: uPVC windows everywhere, degradation of quality. Another problem is that many published appraisals are as these are often integral to the character of a ‘Georgian’ doors in brown-stained wood in now very old. English Heritage recommends that settlement. vernacular cottages, front gardens sacrificed to I predict that we will all be shocked by the result: but appraisals and management plans be reviewed every tarmac? The answers are complex, but are often to at least we will have a benchmark for measuring five years, but many appraisals were written in the Preservation and enhancement do with political will. The best conservation areas future trends, and a set of data to use to lobby for a early 1970s and have never been revised. Even where The appraisal has to be submitted to public scrutiny. need a committed conservation team supported by higher priority to be given by local authorities to the an exemplary authority has up-to-date appraisals, Some local authorities start with a public meeting, well-informed elected members, these two being care of those crown jewels. public access is not easy: there is no central repository, inviting comment on what residents value about the mutually reinforcing. As for the community, I have nor even an index to those that exist (can I interest proposed conservation area and what they would yet to chair a public consultation where the Christopher Catling anyone in an offer to compile one?). include or exclude: others undertake the appraisal electorate was not wholly in favour of conservation [email protected]

The Good: Hawkshead — everyone’s idea of the perfect conservation area The Bad: instructive comparisons between the two halves of the same 19th-century Lake District dwellings. One way to measure which conservation areas are under threat is to look at properties The Ugly: how not to treat a listed building whose character has been eroded by alterations to window openings and replacement of traditional windows The Bad: if you scored features that erode the historic, traditional and vernacular Evidence that conservation area status need not character of buildings in a conservation area, stifle bold modern design: the Wordsworth Centre this one would score maximum points — all in Grasmere Town End it lacks is a set of prominent roof lights

34 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 35 chemistry that had helped preserve remains. The Windowless Protection of boreholes also provided an opportunity to install sampler retrieving dipwells throughout the town, for future monitoring sediment cores from waterlogged sites: of water quality and level. backs of burgage plots in Nantwich, Case study 2: Must Farm July 2007. by whom, At Must Farm, near Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire, Photograph: Tim remains of a timber platform and associated cultural Malim, SLR for whom? material from the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Consulting have been found within a palaeochannel. The quality Tim Malim and Ian Panter of artefacts and organic remains is exceptional, and these include textiles, glass beads and over 50 complete pots with food residues. The site lies

environment, in addition to a regular monitoring adjacent to a large water-filled quarry that was in Cambridge regime? This is particularly relevant to waterlogged operation from the 1940s to late ’70s and, although Archaeological sites, where we not only have to prevent drying out not directly threatened, its proximity to a new Unit’s evaluation of of deposits, but also ensure the right kind of water concession area has raised urgent concerns. In the timber platform flows through the site. addition, there are threats from intensive water at Must Farm, extraction for agricultural activity, plus encroaching showing ash Management strategy industrial use. revetment and SLR Consulting and York Archaeological Trust have cultural horizon, been working on two pioneering projects to assess Evaluation by Cambridge Archaeological Unit with waterfilled the physical and chemical properties of the burial allowed intensive assessment by a multi-disciplinary quarry behind, environment for well preserved waterlogged remains, team of archaeological scientists. This established the November 2006. and to design a management strategy for monitoring existing condition of preservation for wood, artefacts Photograph: Tim their continued preservation. The approach to both and ecofacts, and examined the redox and chemical Malim, SLR has been similar, although the contexts and threats character of the deposits in which the remains had Consulting are quite different. The first concerns deep urban survived, as well as their physical nature. Dipwells deposits in the historic salt-working town of and redox probes were installed over the rest of the Nantwich, Cheshire, and the second is a Bronze Age site, from which water quality and levels have been timber platform and settlement in the fens near mapped. Against this baseline data a monitoring Peterborough. programme is proceeding to record seasonal fluctuations in the water level, and to detect any Case study 1: Nantwich changes to the chemical composition within the The historic core of Nantwich has been subject to deposits. Of particular importance is the redox

Lifting a medieval piecemeal attrition from regeneration and potential (measurement of the oxidation state of the ‘salt-ship’ from Preservation in situ is the mantra that development for thirty years. During this time sediments) which will determine whether deposits are Earthworks archaeological policy decisions have professed for spectacular timber structures, wooden and leather anaerobic or aerobic, and thus allow varying degrees Archaeological the past twenty years. It has largely been enforced artefacts and organic remains have been found, of microbiological decay. planners; and all for a resource that the public will Services’ excavation through the planning process as enshrined in PPG 16 dating from Roman, Saxon and medieval periods. never see. At Must Farm a management strategy has at Second Wood and reiterated in government guidance. Amongst This urban wetland covers about 12ha, with deposits Effective? been designed related to the 25-year programme of Street, Nantwich, archaeologists this policy was criticised, as it up to 4m deep in both riverside and valley side Monitoring for many years at both schemes will be the adjacent quarry, but external factors may still 2004. Photograph: substitutes the main raison d’etre of archaeologists, locations. Cheshire County Council and English necessary before there is sufficient data to confirm exert unpredictable indirect impacts. Mark Leah, investigation and informed interpretation, for a notion Heritage have funded research to investigate the whether preservation in situ is effective, but these two Cheshire County of archaeological remains surviving indefinitely formation processes and character of these cases pose fundamental questions for our stewardship And who keeps monitoring over the long-term? Who Council within an area of agreed development. The efficacy of waterlogged deposits, in order to design a of the archaeological resource. disseminates the knowledge and significance of what this policy has remained largely untested, and is management strategy for future sustainable is preserved? How do we know that the public often implemented without monitoring. development. Working within urban Nantwich includes liaison with actually cares for what it cannot see anyway? There is scores of owners, public bodies and utility no doubt that archaeological excavation excites Waterlogged sites A geoarchaeological coring programme consisting of companies, and future management will need an public interest: does preservation in situ? Recently the debate has moved to archaeological 30 boreholes using a windowless sampler confirmed integrated approach with infrastructural development, science, and questions are now asked over whether the limits of the waterlogged area and provided permeability of surfaces, and sustainable urban Tim Malim preservation in situ is really a sustainable option. stratigraphic samples to assess the presence and drainage. To preserve the burial environment within SLR Consulting How do we know whether the policy is working condition of organic remains. In addition to the town will need not just piecemeal conditions [email protected] unless we understand the character of the burial recording the physical nature of the deposit (such as liberal use of piling designs) but also radical Ian Panter environment and the archaeological remains, and sequence, the assessment undertook a suite of incorporation of principles of archaeological York Archaeological Trust what changes the development might cause to this chemical tests aimed at understanding the soil sustainability by, and awareness-raising of, urban [email protected]

36 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 37 OBJECTS IN EARLY LOSSES

THE REAR VIEW New road construction took off in the inter-war years, when many bypasses were constructed, and concerns about road building were expressed as early as the MIRROR: 1920s; OGS Crawford wrote in 1926 that with a range of threats including ‘arterial roads and ribbon- ARCHAEOLOGY development’ it was ‘unlikely that any open country or downland will be left in Southern England in a hundred years time’ (quoted by Kitty Hauser). Despite AND ROADS these concerns, the earliest archaeological interventions identified so far that were specifically in response to road construction did not take place until Magnus Alexander A34 Chieveley A6 Rushden and Highham bypass A43 Silverstone Fields Farm. Photographs: the late 1950s. They continued to be rare for another Northamptonshire Archaeology decade; Peter Fowler noted in 1971 that by 1969, Cars have only been with us for when the M5 Research Committee was formed, ‘almost 1000 miles of motorway had been built in EARLY FRUITS WHAT ABOUT THE ARCHAEOLOGIST? just over a hundred years but have Britain without many archaeological eyebrows being had a dramatic effect upon rural raised’. It is clear that much archaeology was lost Things were not entirely negative. Road construction Whilst the results of these programmes have found without record. Estimates vary widely but it seems provided many opportunities where the people and their way into the literature the experience of and urban landscapes. Extensive that a minimum figure might be one site per organisations were in place to take advantage of working on them has not. What was it like to be areas of countryside now lie under kilometre of motorway constructed (Monuments At them. Larger schemes provided a non- directly involved in this period of immense landscape Risk Survey, EH 1998, 135). By 1969 it seems likely archaeologically determined slice through the change? What was the day-to-day experience of an roads and most town centres have that a minimum of 1100 sites were lost under landscape, and it was on the Gloucestershire and archaeologist on a major road scheme like then and been remodelled to accommodate motorways alone. Somerset sections of the M5 that landscape what is it like now? And can we trace a progression archaeology was first employed on a large scale. in the way that archaeologists have participated and the car. English Heritage’s Car Historic maps and aerial photographs were responded to the development of our roads? How did DESPERATE SALVAGE examined, field names extracted from the tithe they manage these projects? How did they negotiate Project is exploring this impact on apportionments, the whole length of the route was with contractors and DoT? What was their people and places, and as part of Creation of the M5 Committee marked the beginning walked and hundreds of sites and features identified. involvement with local communities and local of improvements in the fortunes of archaeology in the New roads within towns also allowed access to people during the building of these new roads? this we are re-examining the face of major roads construction; before their work medieval, and even Romano-British, core areas on history of road archaeology. only one site on the M5 had been identified and an unprecedented scale. To explore these questions there will be a session at proposed for excavation: afterwards more than 200 the 2009 IFA Conference in Torquay this April. were known. The M5 Committee was followed by Through the accounts of archaeologists who gave us others for the M4, M3, M11, M40 and M50. County- BETTER GUIDANCE some of the earliest ‘roads archaeology’, we will look based rescue committees were also set up and had back at the creation of one aspect of our modern their work cut out, not only with motorway Since the 1970s the position has steadily improved. landscape as it happened. development, but with the threat from major urban Funding, though it still seems tight, has become more road schemes. In Dover, excavations in advance of a reliable. The European Environmental Impact Magnus Alexander new road, which at one point included ninety days Assessment directive was introduced in 1988, PPG Archaeological Investigator non-stop work, discovered two Roman forts, one with 16 followed in 1990 and its guidance taken into English Heritage, Brooklands, 24 Brooklands Avenue walls standing almost 3m high, and the well-known account in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges Cambridge CB2 8BU ‘Painted House’. Unusually for this era the soon after. The principle that the developer pays has [email protected] archaeological discoveries led to a redesign of the also gradually become established. Archaeology is road. At this time it was far more common for the now firmly embedded within the road planning road to carry on regardless, with archaeologists process and road construction is still leading to new desperately salvaging what they could. discoveries such as the ‘Prittlewell Prince’, and allows major regional studies such as the M6 Toll or the A1(M). Motorways built, under construction or planned in about 1973, showing (in red) those that received any Topsoil removal on archaeological attention the M3 in the 1983 (after Fowler) (© W D Cocroft)

38 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 39 is a ruin, the conservation principles for this site specified that render coverage should be applied only PROTECTION IN ACTION: to vulnerable areas.

conserving St Davids Bishop’s Palace Kathryn Roberts Decorative stonework Originally the Bishop’s Palace was resplendent with decorative stonework, mostly carved from local St Davids Bishop’s Palace, which time there have been several phases of purple-coloured Caerbwdy sandstone (quarried at from the top of the excavation and conservation, first by the Ministry of nearby Caerbwdy Bay). Caerbwdy stone is vulnerable cathedral Public Building and Works and latterly by Cadwraeth to weathering which causes the surface to spall and Cymru (Cadw’s in-house work unit). The current flake, destroying valuable architectural details. When conservation programme began in the mid-1990s and moulded profiles were examined it was apparent is due to finish in 2009. that, at the current rate of deterioration, few details would remain detectable within a generation, and so Informing conservation it was decided to produce carved stone copies of Before conservation work commenced a detailed dressings to their original profiles for incorporation archaeological investigation was carried out, directed into the building. Conservation guidelines specified first floor. New ‘limecrete’ floors are being laid to A typical work specification by Rick Turner, Cadw Inspector of Ancient that such replacements could only be used where the replace waterlogged gravel in the halls and private drawing and the finished Monuments. This included stone-by-stone originals were weathered beyond repair/recognition chambers. Limecrete, a mix of lime, sand and wall. Note the new render architectural records of main elevations, studies of and there was sufficient information to determine the aggregate, contains no cement and so is ‘breathable’, which protects an area of architectural moulding profiles and statuary, and original profile. Stone was obtained under special and discharges no harmful salts to damage historic vulnerable Porthlsygi reviews of documentary descriptions and pictorial licence from the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park masonry. The new floors provide a better walking volcanic tuffs. The fresh records. Sixteen phases of construction, the evolution to allow the Caerbwdy Bay quarry to re-opened on a surface and can help visitors understand how the white colour will fade over of the palace and functions of the different rooms one-off basis. rooms functioned. Inset tiles in the Bishop’s Hall time were all identified. The results (Turner 2000) informed define where a screen wall separated the service both the conservation project and current visitor Repairing corbels passage from the main hall, and the position of the St Davids Bishop’s Palace, cared for by Cadw on behalf of presentation. A unique, arcaded parapet containing over 130 dais. the Welsh Assembly Government, lies in the small city of carved corbels incorporates subjects including human heads, animals and mythical creatures. This St Davids, Pembrokeshire. Less familiar than the famous Site-specific conservation principles were established Cadw has entered new territory at the start, ensuring a consistent approach and represents the largest group of sculptures in a during the conservation work at cathedral there, it is one of the most complete surviving stipulating conservation techniques, materials and domestic building of this period, although sadly 53 St Davids, particularly in the use examples of secular buildings of the early 14th century. levels of intervention, such as how and under what corbels are eroded beyond recognition. In the mid- of replacement stone and circumstances weathered stone may be replaced 1980s the corbels were photographed, recorded, experimentation with The palace was built by Bishop Henry de Gower (based on considerations of structural importance, cleaned and conserved, but today many have conservation of decorative (1328-47) and comprises two main ranges providing availability of suitable replacement stone and weathered more badly. Each has now received stonework. The resultant unified duplicated suites of private and state apartments, the architectural importance). painstaking individual treatment, involving repairs to appearance is testimony to the Bishop’s Hall, solar and domestic wing in one, the spalling and broken stonework using metal pins and importance of establishing clear Great Hall, Chamber, domestic wing and chapel in Weathered stonework resin and infilling cracks using soft limestone-based conservation principles at the the other. It was a magnificent building with Geological investigations indicated that the palace mortar, with crushed Caerbwdy stone dust to outset. Throughout the elaborate decoration which included intricate stone was constructed almost entirely from locally sourced replicate original colour. conservation project Cadw has carvings, brightly coloured stonework and an materials. The rubble stone walls were built with taken every opportunity to arcaded parapet. Occupation lasted until the 17th Pebidian Tuffs (Precambrian Volcanic tuffs) from One architectural feature built using non-local promote visitor appreciation of the need for (and A decorative arcade parapet century, after which it fell into disrepair and ruin. The Pont-y-Penydd Quarry (purple and green) and material is the fine Bathstone wheel window, the practicalities of) conservation, including exhibitions runs around the top of the Mason at work on the palace passed into state guardianship in 1932 since Porthlysgi Bay cliffs (brown and yellow), with varying centre piece of the Great Hall. Soft Bathstone is and demonstrations by craftsmen. main ranges displaying a Bathstone wheel proportions in different phases. Originally the walls particularly vulnerable to weathering and the colourful chequerboard window. Spokes were covered with lime render, providing a fine, window had also suffered from inappropriate early Not only has conservation work preserved this design comprised of purple damaged beyond repair smooth finish and protection from erosion. As the 20th-century conservation using hard cement historic building, it has enabled visitors to see Caerbwdy sandstone, cream- have been removed render fell away, underlying rubble stone walls mortars. Some spokes had eroded and were no beyond the ruin and appreciate something of its past coloured limestone and ready for insertion of became vulnerable to weathering. Although the longer structurally sound. Masons cut replica spokes magnificence. white quartz. Selective replacements (as in the Pont-y Penydd tuff proved relatively hard wearing, from carefully sourced stone selected to match the restoration undertaken as a right of the picture). After the yellow tuff was crumbling away and in some colour and consistency of the original. The whole Kathryn Roberts conservation measure also cleaning, the window cases had to be cut out and replaced. Where erosion window was given a lime shelter coat to act as a Inspector of Ancient Monuments enables visitors to appreciate was given a ‘shelter coat’ was less severe, lime render was applied, its sacrificial layer to reduce future weathering. Cadw the overall decorative design of lime to act as a consistency, appearance and colour decided after [email protected] sacrificial surface to experimentation. In order to strike a balance Visitors welcome protect the original between the benefits of applying render and A second objective of the work is to improve visitor Turner R 2000 St David’s Bishop’s Palace, stonework acknowledgement that the building being conserved access, in particular to the grand staterooms on the Pembrokeshire, Antiquaries Journal 80

40 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 41 REBRANDING THE IfA To coincide with the renaming of the Institute for Archaeologists, it was The starting point of any re-branding exercise is that we can still study some standing remains of decided that this autumn would be a always the logo. The IfA’s blue diamond has become Roman, medieval or industrial-era buildings and, great time give the Institute a new look such a recognisable symbol both within the although prehistoric structures have been lost, there to go with its new name. profession and beyond, that it was important to retain are places in the world where similar buildings still this strong visual device. The Institute has dropped the use the same technology and materials. word ‘field’ in favour of ‘for’, to make the name more inclusive, and when using the acronym IfA the ‘f’ will So what does BAG actually do in pursuit of its noble now always be used in the lower case. To reflect this, UPDATE aims? We meet, of course, including arranging site the f has been incorporated into the diamond itself – visits. At our October committee meeting, for the focus of the logo is now on the initial letters I and Jonathan Mullis instance, we gained exclusive access to the Bow A to emphasise the words Institute and Archaeologists. Street Magistrates Courts and Police Station complex, This is also reflected in the use of the two different a grade II listed building. Previous tours include blues - PMS 286 (darker) and 285 (lighter) - which This year has seen a sea-change in the development recent case studies in Cardiff, Edinburgh and will now be used throughout all IfA publicity of joined-up curation of the historic environment Manchester as well as getting access into Battersea material. through the planning process. The hoped-for Power Station. As BAG’s members include Heritage Bill was designed to ensure that processes archaeological curators and contractors, academics The new logo, more streamlined than its predecessor, will be clearer when reproduced at a small scale, were simplified and that archaeology and the and conservation officers and everyone in between, reversed out of a dark background or used digitally. The two-tone logo can be recreated in black and white for built heritage were no longer treated separately we can draw on our members’ knowledge and single colour documents and as well as the two-tone version, the logo can also be used in a single tone of blue, (exactly what BAG wants). At the same time IfA is experience to provide responses to consultation black or white. re-positioning itself to become an institute for all documents. This year’s responses ranged between heritage sector professionals, with BAG in the English Heritage and the Advisory Board for vanguard of its membership drive. Redundant Churches. We are also developing links with complementary organisations such as IHBC, The Archaeologist has long played an important part in BAG is a special interest group within IfA which SPAB, ALGAO and CBA. the visual representation of the IfA. The typefaces used in the promotes the archaeological analysis, research, magazine, Optima and Palatino, have both been incorporated into interpretation and conservation of standing buildings. Our Newsletter goes to 300 members, with the new logo. Optima will now become the principal font used in Although buildings can tell us much about how information about policy, training opportunities and the magazine and most IfA publications, and the strong and people lived in the past it has always struck me how fieldwork roundups as well as feature-length articles. recognisable format of TA’s front cover will be reflected in all little they are really understood in our profession. We organise a session and a tour at the annual IfA new IfA material including the Yearbook and Directory, leaflets, Take a look at some reconstructions of prehistoric conference (this year we have an international theme) posters, professional papers, Standard and Guidance literature etc. buildings in archaeological literature – most wouldn’t and aim to undertake a training and educational role survive the first windy day. In Britain we are fortunate throughout the sector. More information and past issues of the newsletter are available on IfA web pages at www.archaeologists.net/buildings. INSTITUTE for ARCHAEOLOGISTS BAG is free to IfA members (£10 for non-IfA members) so if you would like to join, email me at f [email protected]. Join the I A INSTITUTE for ARCHAEOLOGISTS The Registered Organisation logo has had a Peter Hinton Jonathan Mullis face lift to include the new IfA logo, and you BA FSA FRSA MIfA MIAM CHIEF EXECUTIVE Honorary Secretary, IfA Buildings Archaeology Group will see a change to all IfA related material as SHES, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 227, Reading RG6 6AB Tel: 0118 378 6446 o Fax: 0118 378 6448 o Mobile: 07712 049896 the new look is phased [email protected] o www.archaeologists.net in over time. As well as all BAG in the dock – committee members Setting promotional literature, standards (Jonathan Mullis, Phillip Thomas, Oliver in the IfA’s stationery is also historic Jessop and Bob Hill) at Bow Street environment being redesigned with the Magistrates Courts which played host to new branding, and the Oscar Wilde, Dr Crippen, and the Kray website will soon follow. twins. The court closed in 2006. It is hoped that IfA Photograph: Catherine Cavanagh Groups wll also adopt the new conventions.

42 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 43 ■ Standard setters The Best Scholarly Archaeological book prize, BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL AWARDS supported by the Society of Antiquaries of Alison Taylor London, went to Thomas McErlean and BAA 2008 Norman Crothers, for Harnessing the Tides: The Early Medieval Tide Mills at Nendrum ■ ‘disseminating knowledge of British Monastery, Strangford Lough ‘A standard setter archaeology’ for fieldwork reports, especially by public IfA members did well at the 2008 British Archaeological Awards Framework Archaeology also came out as Highly agencies’, with Highly Commendeds awarded ceremony, held in the British Museum on 10 November. They took Commended for the Best Archaeological Innovation to David Bowsher, Tony Dyson, Nick Holder and Isca Howell, for The London Guildhall a great number of awards, IfA’s own sponsored award for Best award, supported by Atkins Heritage, Niall Donald this time receiving the certificate for Freeviewer. published by the Museum of London Archaeological Project attracted excellent projects, David Breeze, ‘Freeviewer, (which will have better explanation in Archaeology Service – ‘comprehensive Hon MIfA, presided, Christopher Catling was Treasurer, your Editor IfA’s Yearbook 2009 – Ed), in making available treatment of historical and contemporary iconographic Judith Dobie’s reconstruction of the Guildhall was Hon Sec (although the important work was done by Sarah primary data from some very large excavations, is evidence helps make this a model for archaeological excavation reports’, and John Schofield & Wayne site in the middle ages Howell on behalf of the Robert Kiln Trust), and Carenza Lewis clearly contributing to the dissemination of knowledge in British archaeology’. The overall winner Cocroft, for A Fearsome Heritage: Diverse Legacies of presented the trophies and certificates. These were the first trial of was the Linking Electronic Archives and Publications the Cold War ‘archaeological recognition of our post- ‘new look’ Awards, judging criteria and processes etc having been project (again to be explained in the Yearbook) and War military and political heritage’. Worthy finalists ■ 75 hand axes reconsidered to reflect British archaeology in the 21st century. again ‘successful in disseminating knowledge of were Martin Bell, for Prehistoric Coastal Communities: The Best Archaeological Discovery, British archaeology’. Julian Richards (ADS), Judith The Mesolithic in western Britain, Dan Hicks and Mary sponsored by Mike Aston, had an Winters (Internet Archaeology) and Mike Heyworth C Beaudry for The Cambridge Companion to Historical outstanding winner nominated by Wessex ■ ‘ambitious and widely visionary research’ (CBA) collected this trophy. Archaeology, Andrew Gardner for An Archaeology of Archaeology in Jan Meulmeester, a Dutch The Best Archaeological Project was deservedly won Identity: Soldiers and Society in Late Roman Britain palaeontologist, and Hanson Aggregates by Framework Archaeology for the Heathrow ■ ‘enlightened our understanding’ and Adam Stout’s wholly new approach to Creating Marine Limited for a group of 75 Terminal 5 Excavation and Publication Project. ‘We In the Archaeological Book Award (supported by Prehistory: Druids, Ley Hunters and Archaeologists in Palaeolithic hand axes excavated in the particularly admired the Heathrow Project for its Cathedral Communications, IfA’s Yearbook Pre-War Britain. North Sea off Great Yarmouth after one innovative approach to collaboration, which rendered publisher) Andrew Lawson was Highly Commended, was spotted in dredged material at the daunting scale of the project attainable; for its for Chalkland: an archaeology of Stonehenge and its ■ Online resources Vlissengen. The British Marine Aggregate ambitious and widely visionary research programme’ region, ‘an invaluable and particularly user-friendly The Best Archaeological ICT project, supported by Producers Association Protocol for Reporting Finds of said the judges. Highly Commended awards went to compendium for this huge topic’ as was Tony Channel 4, went this year to CBA’s Community Archaeological Interest proved valuable guidance The Best Amateur Project, the RCAHMS’ Scotland’s Rural Past project, led by Wilmott, for The Roman Amphitheatre in Britain Archaeology Forum, ‘an online resource for anyone that was followed with care. Robin Taylor-Wilson sponsored by the Robert Tertia Barnett, and to Nick Corcos and the Shapwick which ‘enlightened our understanding and rekindled involved in a community archaeology project’. and Pre-Construct Archaeology were also Highly Kiln Trust, had the most Project ‘a terrific example of professional/amateur co- interest in a topic sometimes seen as too Highly Commended were Norfolk Heritage Explorer, Commended for discovery and reporting of a Roman photogenic finds of the day, operation … creating a community archaeology… melodramatic for modern taste’ and Roger with its ‘comprehensive mapping features and the altar from Manchester, Gary Brown collecting the in Stephen Sherlock and leading to instinctive care, of the local heritage’. Rosewell, for Medieval Wall Painting’. Chris Stringer means to enable effective searching of the Norfolk certificate. Teesside Archaeological was the outright winner for Homo Britannicus: the Historic Environment Record’. David Gurney was Society’s ‘extremely incredible story of human life in Britain, which awarded the certificate. The finale was a new Lifetime Achievement Award competent, well-organised ‘weaves together natural and human history in an Silver Trowel donated by Spear and Jackson/ Neill and fascinating excavation engrossing and relevant way’. The judging had been Tools Ltd which went to Clive Orton ‘a world figure of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery demanding, as finalists included Roger White’s in statistics and quantitative methods in archaeology’. at Street House, Yorkshire’ Best Archaeological Discovery: Britannia Prima: Britain’s Last Roman Province, and Vivien Swan, who ‘played a pivotal part in helping us (Highly Commended) Hand axes and mammoth bones Tim Darvill’s Stonehenge: The Biography of a all understand the wider value of Roman pottery in recorded under the North Sea Landscape. offering information on supply, diet, ethnicity, troop movements,…leading the field throughout Europe’, and Roy Friendship-Taylor, chair of the Upper Nene Archaeological Society for 36 years, directing major volunteer excavations including the Romano-Britain villa at Piddington, ‘one of the most thoroughly excavated and researched such site in the Midlands’ were also much acclaimed.

Framework Archaeology reps, drawn Alison Taylor from Oxford Archaeology and Wessex Editor, Institute for Archaeologists Archaeology, won IfA’s best [email protected] Archaeological Project Award for their work at Heathrow Terminal 5

44 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 45 Underwater Archaeology: The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice Second Edition, 2009 Construction (Design and Management) Amanda Bowens (Ed) 226pp Paperback £19.00 for NAS Members & £24.99 for Regulations 2007 – an update Non-members. Hardcover £50 for Members, £60 for Non- members

The aim of the 1992 publication Archaeology Kate Geary Underwater, The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice was to create ‘a source of practical information on how to undertake archaeological work underwater while maintaining acceptable ollowing revisions to the CDM for domestic clients and are more than 30 standards’. This still remains the same seventeen regulations in 2007, IfA received working days or 500 person days in duration. years later, but updated with new approaches and guidance from the Health and Safety Archaeological projects may be classed as new techniques. Particularly interesting are new FExecutive (HSE) confirming that construction work in their own right (ie regardless of whether they are carried out in advance or chapters on Safety on Archaeological Sites archaeological work would not be classed Underwater and on Foreshore, Historical Research, alongside construction work) if they meet these as construction for the purposes of the International and National Law, Geophysical and criteria. We understand that a pragmatic approach Remote-Sensing Surveys and Site Monitoring and regulations. Since then, Registered will be taken by HSE, and whether archaeological Protection. These chapters show us the need to Organisations have been receiving projects are notifiable will be judged on a case by combine specialisms in the management and conflicting advice from local health and case basis. Advice should be sought from HSE if research of our underwater cultural heritage. safety advisors and it would appear that, there is any doubt. in practice at least, the HSE is taking a • Part 4 of the Regulations also applies to all However, placement of some new chapters does not different approach from that suggested in add clarity to the archaeological process it is construction work and covers the physical its original letter. IfA is seeking further intended to describe. For example Historical safeguards to be provided Research should have been discussed earlier in the countries, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. clarification, but in the meantime, we have book, as a desktop study should precede putting your There is already interaction between the diving been advised that • archaeological work carried out as part of head below the water surface, whilst Photography communities of these countries and borders are notifiable construction projects should be should be close to Archaeological Illustration and to constantly crossed. • all construction work is covered by Part 2 of the included within the construction phase plan. Post-Fieldwork Analysis and Archiving. CDM Regulations which deals with general Surveying per se is not covered by the Other comments are that the References and Further management duties Regulations but common sense would indicate The writers and editor have struggled to give this Reading of many chapters – eg Project Planning, that surveying work carried out at the same time edition a more international look, yet the great International Laws and Site Monitoring and Protection • Part 3 of the Regulations set out the additional as site clearance, or similar preparatory work, majority of writers are UK based. Examples used are – are missing some fundamental international duties relating to projects which are notifiable. would be almost exclusively from the UK, so too the literature. This is combined with the lack of Projects are notifiable if they are not carried out References and Further Reading, and also guideline individual authorship of chapters, making it difficult Further information is available from HSE and the examples. NAS is still very UK-focused, and to verify that each was written by an expert in his/her Health and Safety Commission’s Approved Code of underwater archaeology is lived differently in field. Practice Managing health and safety in construction, different countries. These have different cultures, laws which can be ordered from the HSE website and priorities, and it would be extremely difficult to To conclude: the Second Edition of the NAS Guide www.hse.gov.uk. Construction Skills, the Sector Skills combine these into one book. Why should it be tried provides a great overview of underwater archaeology. Council for the construction industry, provides a suite anyway? My suggestion would be focus clearly on It has a clear structure and is written in a of construction related health and safety training the UK-based avocational community, including straightforward style. Principal beneficiaries will be courses which may also be useful. Further details can initiatives such as the NAS Adopt-a-Wreck students and avocational divers, and it will also be be found at www.cskills.org/supportbusiness/ncc/ programme. If a future edition is intended to reflect a useful for terrestrial archaeologists wishing to learn coursebooking/index.aspx. more international approach, a suggestion from my about underwater archaeology. It will also stand as (Dutch) side would be to focus on the neighbouring an illustration on principles and practice in the UK. Archaeologists should ensure that they are aware of the requirements of the Regulations and the guidance Martijn Manders which accompanies them and the roles of key Senior Maritime Archaeologist, RACM, The personnel within notifiable projects, eg CDM co- Netherlands ordinator, designer and principal contractor. [email protected] Kate Geary Training and Standards Co-ordinator [email protected] REVIEWS

46 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 47 Potter throwing Spanish majolica dish. Professional training for Photograph: John Hudson ceramic archaeologists

Victoria Bryant Section through a sherd of 13th-century pot from Worcestershire. A detailed Pottery studies have been recognised as an essential element association with Southampton City Council, has fabric description for Fabric in archaeological endeavour since the birth of the discipline in received a one-year workplace learning bursary from 56 Malvernian unglazed the later 18th century. Pottery can be used to create a the Institute for Archaeologists to allow a trainee to ware can be found on develop a specialism in the study of medieval pottery chronology and provide clues to the processes that have led www.worcestershireceram- and we have also piloted training days for beginners to the creation of the deposits we excavate. It illuminates ics.org. Photograph: Andy in medieval and post-medieval pottery. These took many aspects of our history: use of natural resources; Chopping, Museum of place in 2007 in Edinburgh, Salisbury, Taunton and technology; trade patterns; social and economic systems; day London Archaeology Worcester and were aimed at members of local to day life; social structure and aspiration; religion and ritual. archaeology and history societies, field archaeologists The study of pottery continues to develop with changing with commercial units, museum staff etc. theoretical approaches and the introduction of new scientific techniques and methodological approaches. MPRG, with funding from English Heritage will be continuing its training courses in 2009 (a successful course on post medieval pottery, led by David Barker Medieval Imported Pottery (2 courses) Technology of Pottery Production (2 courses) MPRG is a registered charity founded in 1975 to at Stoke on Trent, was held in November, too late for 9 and 10 February, 11 and 12 February 2009 26 and 27 May, 28 and 29 May 2009 bring together people with an interest in the pottery this TA). The courses are designed to provide career Tutors Duncan Brown and Alan Vince Tutor John Hudson vessels made, traded and used in Europe between the development for archaeological ceramicists, whether Venue Tudor Merchants Hall, Westgate Street, Venues John Hudson’s pottery, 44 Shillbank Lane end of the Roman period and the 16th century. Its working freelance, within commercial archaeological Southampton Mirfield, West Yorkshire and the Swarthmore remit has subsequently expanded to include pottery organisations, or in university or museum sectors. • introduction to imported pottery found in UK Centre, 2-7 Woodhouse Square, Leeds of the 17th to 19th centuries from both sides of the Whilst intended for those involved with post-Roman ceramic assemblages • introduction and demonstration of modern Atlantic and beyond as well as post-Roman building ceramics, they will also useful for those studying • detailed examination of the main imported country-pottery clay preparation practices, clay material. It has over 300 personal and institutional prehistoric and Roman pottery. ceramic wares and their dating digging, sieving, drying out and pugging. subscribers, about one-third from outside the UK. • practical microscope work to improve skills in Discussion on ware types and usage, Each course runs for 2 days and costs £50, to cover identification of imported pottery decorating, glazing, firing and distribution of For a number of years the Group has been concerned tuition, course notes, refreshments and lunches. There wares with reference to medieval and post- with the lack of training in ceramic studies and has are only 12 places per course so please book early. A medieval practices worked with English Heritage and IfA to develop booking form can be found on the MPRG website • visit to West Yorkshire Archaeological Services Ceramic Fabrics: a practical guide to inclusions courses and work place training. MPRG, in http://medievalpotterynews.blogspot.com/ to handle ceramic finds, discuss clay sources and descriptions and identification, and pottery sites and their 15th-century September 2009 (2 courses, dates to be identification and excavation imported pottery confirmed) • practical work at the Swarthmore Centre, from Southampton, Tutor David Williams Leeds. This will include working on a medieval- including French, Venue University of Southampton, Avenue style, momentum-wheel, tile making, slip- Dutch, Rhenish, Campus, Highfield, Southampton trailing, Roman lamp making, figurine making, Iberian and Italian • introduction to the history, theory and methods Delft painting, coil and thumb pottery, clay types. Photograph: of identifying inclusions tempering, sgraffito work and impressed and John Lawrence, • introduction to geology and how this might applied decoration Southampton City affect locally available clays Council • introduction to the effects of firing on inclusions • practical microscope work to improve skills in For more information please contact identification, and recording of inclusions including sherds provided by the tutors and Victoria Bryant trainees Worcestershire Historic Environment and • practical work on writing fabric descriptions Archaeology Service required for publication, including appropriate Woodbury, University of Worcester terminology and correct use of Munsell charts Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ 01905 855494, [email protected]

48 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 49 New members Members news

ELECTED Member (MIFA) Associate (AIFA) Practitioner (PIFA) Affiliate Student Simon Carlyle Edward Bailey Jessica Berry Mark Andrews Peter Aherne Gerry Wait MIFA 771 Phil Harding MIfA 377 George Children Linn Breslin Charlotte Bold Anna Bailey Lynn Amadio Gerry Wait entered archaeology in his native USA, Last summer, Phil Harding, project manager at Giles Dawkes Katherine Crowder Hannah Brown Elizabeth Barham Richard Beeson followed by doctoral research at Oxford, a few years Wessex Archaeology and Britain’s favourite digger Damian De Rosa Helen Dawson David Brown Amy Bell Laura Belton with the Oxford Archaeology Unit (as it was then), thanks to Channel 4’s ‘Time Team’, was awarded an Simon Gilmour Helen MacQuarrie Lindsey Büster Margaret Bennett Jessica Billing and moving to Cambridgeshire County Council for honorary doctorate by Southampton University. He Michael Grant Janet McNaught Keith Butler Sarah Botfield Matthew Blewett curatorial archaeology (with IfA’s Editor) and more has been a practising Chiz Harward Timothy Murphy Ged Callaghan Stephen Brunning Lisa Brundle excavations and fieldwork. In 1994 he joined Gifford, field archaeologist Ruth Pelling Ross Murray Steven Campion Melissa Budgen Peter Colvin and remained there until 2008. He then made two and Palaeolithic flint Jonathon Sygrave Chris O’Connell Nicholas Carter Simon Chandler Tracy Connolly brave moves – he left the big corporate world of specialist for almost Gareth Owen Anne Conners Amanda Dawson Matthew Fenn consultancy to create Nexus with Anthony Martin, forty years, and his Julie Parker Thomas Conway Gemma Duncan Colin Forrestal so they could focus on more meaningful heritage publication list of Kay Proctor Sharon Cook Kelly Gregory Edith Gillham work, and he also (in October) became Hon Chair excavated sites is Matt Ratcliff Simon Coxe Helen Harman Paolo Guadagno for IfA (p7). long and Clare Watson Stella De-Villiers Diana Jones Christopher Harris distinguished. He is Suzie Westall Gemma Driver Christine King Neil Holbrook an experienced Kristjana Eyjolfsson Laura Maddison Sun Woo Kim knapper of Stone Age Sharon Gerber-Parfitt Philip Martin Janice Kinory Philip Crummy MIfA 1671 tools, with a long Gay Gilmour Lesley McEwan Henrietta Longden Philip Crummy, director of Colchester Archaeological history of Emily Hamilton Charlie Middleton Aaron Macleod Trust, also received an honorary doctorate this experimental Sophie Hawke Annika Nickson Nadia Mahmoud summer, this time from Essex University in archaeology. Ellen Kendall Claire Pykett Hayley Nicholls recognition of his work on the archaeology of Ross Kendall Edward Renshaw Matthew Palmer Colchester and his extensive publications on the Phil Harding Wajdan Majeed Simon Revell Alison Paxton results. Philip has been director of Colchester Emma Malone Patricia Reynolds Julie Robinson Archaeological Trust since 1971 and has worked James McNicoll- Roy Riches Siân Smith tirelessly in the town and surrounding sites (perhaps David Breeze MIfA 924 and Hon MIFA Norbury John Shearman Geoff Smith most significantly at Stanway) ever since. Mark David Breeze received an honorary degree of Doctor Matthew Morgan Claire Soper Jacob Streatfeild- Hassall, Chair of CAT for more than 20 years, of Letters this summer. He did his original PhD at Julia Moxham Philip Thomas James commented that Philip’s ‘results have been dramatic Durham, then joined the Inspectorate of Ancient Marta Perez- Kate Williams Veronica Walker and have transformed our knowledge of Britain’s Monuments in Edinburgh in 1969, becoming Chief Fernandez David Worsell Ryan Wallace premier city: the list is impressive – from the Inspector in 1989. Throughout his career he remained Alec Phillips Berber Wouda Jodie Ward discovery of the earliest legionary fortress in Britain, active in the field, and also maintained a massive Deborah Riches James Winter to the excavation of one of the very few late Roman publication output, mostly on the archaeology and Katherine Toms Christian churches known in the country; from the military history of the Roman Empire. Perhaps his Kate Wheaton excavation of spectacular Roman mosaics in the best known works are on Hadrian’s Wall. In 2005 he Amy Willis private town houses of the wealthy, to Roman public became Head of Special Heritage Projects for buildings such as the theatre and circus (the only one Historic Scotland, with responsibility for preparing certainly attested in the province)’. the (successful) nomination of the Antonine Wall as a TRANSFERS Member (MIFA) Associate (AIFA) Practitioner (PIFA) Student UNESCO World Heritage Site, George Anelay Stephen Beach Oliver Good Rebecca Bennett and he also managed the linked Lorraine Darton David Kaye Rosemary Hooker EU Culture 2000 project, Frontiers Lucie Dingwall Rebecca Lambert Kevin Paton of the Roman Empire, a Lindsay Dunbar Philip Richardson Jon Tanner recognition of his high Suzanne Gailey Cristina Serra Ruiz international reputation. Amongst Kenneth Hamilton Kathryn his many responsibilities for Helen Martin- Whittington prestigious archaeological Bacon projects, he has been Chair of the Jennifer Morrison British Archaeological Awards for Christopher Smith 15 years. Mark Stevenson Andy Towle David Breeze in good company, at the recent British Archaeological Awards (p44) MEMBERS MEMBERS

50 The Archaeologist Winter 2008 Number 70 51 More members’ news

Kate Clark MIfA 861 Adrian Tindall MIfA 66 Kate Clark has just been appointed Director of the After thirty years in local government archaeology, Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales. Before Adrian Tindall has left his post as county this move she ran her own heritage consultancy archaeologist with Cambridgeshire County Council to (most recently working for DCMS on options for become a freelance archaeological consultant. After future funding and management of the Portable graduating from Sheffield and an MA in Antiquities Scheme), and before that was Deputy archaeological sciences at Bradford University, Director of Policy and Research at the Heritage Adrian worked for archaeological units in North Lottery Fund. Kate was responsible for organising the Derbyshire and West Yorkshire before helping set up successful ‘Valuing the Heritage’ conference, the Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit, with sponsored by HLF and held in London in 2006; Philip Holdsworth and John Walker, in 1980. He before that she worked in the policy section of became county archaeologist for Hereford and English Heritage, where she wrote Informed Worcester in 1987, then took on the same role in Conservation, whose principles underpin much work Cheshire until 2004 when he moved to the same post in conservation management planning for historic in Cambridgeshire (claiming to be the first county buildings. archaeologist in three different counties). Amongst his tasks was relocation of Cambridgeshire County Council’s archaeological field unit into Oxford Archaeology (East) (p12–13). Brian Ayers MIfA 23 A county archaeologist who escaped this autumn, Brian Ayers, county archaeologist for Norfolk and, until his move, Chair of ALGAO, became director of Andrea Smith MIfA 418 the Butrint Foundation. This foundation is a charitable Andrea Smith has just joined the Board of Directors trust whose principal objective is to restore and for Headland Archaeology. She had previously spent preserve Butrint, a World Heritage Site in southern nine years as an Inspector of Ancient Monuments Albania, inhabited since the mid first millennium BC. with Historic Scotland, with special responsibility for Brian had worked in Norfolk for 29 years in various the Antonine Wall, and in 2004 became Director of archaeological capacities. He will remain on several the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland where, along committees including the editorial committee of East with day-to-day organisation, she was responsible for Anglian Archaeology. commenting on historic environment policy consultations from government and other national and international bodies. Now Post-Excavation Manager, she joined Headland in 2006.

Simon Stronach MIfA 2390 Simon Stronach, Project Manager with Headland Archaeology since 2001, has also joined the Board of Directors. He has directed a wide range of excavations, and co-authored the Scottish Burgh Survey publications for Dunbar, Kirkintilloch, Barrhead and Dunfermline. He also worked from the Irish office on excavations relating to the Waterford and Carlow Bypasses.

Brian Ayers MEMBERS

52 The Archaeologist