newnewKE N TA RC H A E ssO LO ll eG e I C At t LS tt O ee C I E rr T Y Issu e num ber 54 Autum n 2002 ‘T H EB O N EYA R D ’ In side 2-3 APR E L I M I N A RY NO T EO NE X C AVAT I O N SATT E M P L E HILL, DARTF O R D New books & CDs everal phases of excava- ably early in date and include Library Notes tions have recently been Gaulish S am ian, Highgate W ood 4-5 com pleted by H ertfo rd - products, U pch u rch Fine Reduced Lectures, Events, sh ire Archaeological Trust Ware and North Kent Fine Conferen ces & at St Edm und’s C h u rch , Reduced W are. Several sh erd s Courses Tem ple Hill, Dartford. The w ere reco vered fro m secu rely 6-7 area com m ands w ide dated Saxon con texts, su ggesting The place nam e view s over the tow n an d sur- that the material was deliberately Riverhead and its rou n d ing countryside and w as collected by later occu pan ts on fig 1 implica tions extensively built up w ith subur- the site. 8-9 ban housing in the post-w ar peri- Th e S axon assem blage is by od. Th e ch u rch w as con stru cted in far the most significan t, com prising part Notice Board 1955, and is now in the process of being of an inhum ation cem etery with associ- 10-11 reb u ilt and redeveloped on a larger ated ceram ics and other rem ains. Forty- ‘Id ea s & Id ea ls’ scale. A ccording to local residents, the five bodies w e re reco v ere d in total, Henry V III’s site has been know n for som e years as th o u g h th e u n d e rlying free-draining Reform ation ‘The Bone Yard’, su ggesting that scat- geology m eant that few were well-p re- 12-13 te re d a rch a e o logical rem ains w ere served . D esp ite the fact that over half Easter evacu ation found during the initial developm ent in the skeletons w ere less than 25% com - at Teynham the 1950s and during later, more recen t plete, important observation s m ay still Object Loans building work nearby. be m ade. S everal w ere su rro u n d ed b y Newsletter Guidelines An initial evaluation by Project sh allow , horse-shoe shaped enclosures Officer Wesley Keir revealed significan t or circu lar ditch es, which clearly Christmas Lunch quantities of ceram ics an d h u m an defined these individuals as being of 14-15 bone, and consequently an expanded exceptional status. Post-h o les may also Letters to the Editor investigation w as undertaken by indicate the presence of grave m arkers The W ychurst Project Project Officer Dan Hounsell to cover a or stru ctures over the graves. Several YA C activities wider area. Post-excavation analysis is were furnish ed w ith g ra ve g o o d s, 16 still at an early stage, but several fig 2 th ou g h con serva tion is still being Dr Joan Thirsk important observations can alread y b e undertaken and their nature and signif- Above: Fig 1: A ccessory vessels (h eight of the made. largest 120m m with a diam eter of 90mm) icance has not yet been con sidered. The key area of archaeological fea- and fig 2: fem ale burial cradling infant. Am ong th e associated finds, two small tures com prised a dense palim psest of but well-preserved accessory vessels ditch es and pits, though several lines of pottery derived fro m a single pit fea- (fig 1) help to establish a gen eral con - post-h o les were also identified and may ture, w here 847 sh erd s form the frag - text for the group in the 5th or 6th cen - yet prove to be the rem ains of dw ellings mented rem ains of approximately fif- tury. Three quarters of the bodies were or timber stru ctures. Most of the asso- teen com plete or sem i-co m p lete Iron adults and most appear to have been in ciated ceram ic evidence is of hand- A ge vessels in excellen t con d ition. a good state of physical and dental m ad e coarsew ares, which immediately Other finds fro m the period include a health, though the fem ales had slightly creates difficu lty in identification. num ber of heavy clay loom w eights, poorer teeth. Tw o of the burials were of Given the nature of the local clay, sepa- su ggesting some minor industrial fem ale adults with infant ch ildren. One rating Anglo-Saxon fabrics fro m earlier activity in the immediate vicinity. ch ild was cradled in the left arm (fig 2), Iro n A g e types is still problem atical, By con trast, Rom an material was while a second infant had been laid though analysis su ggests that flint and ephem eral and poorly represen ted. across the low er legs of the deceased. sh ell-tem pered fabrics are gen erally of The sm all am ount of pottery recov- The stature of this sm all sam ple was of prehistoric date and those with a quartz ered w as abraded and apparen tly base of Saxon origin. A lmost half the residual. These are, how ever invari- Continued on page 2

Autum n 2002 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk 1 con tinues from page 1. particu lar interest. O verall, the m en were generally of a similar height to the m odern population, while the wom en w ere m ark ed ly shorter, with no appar- ent overlap betw een the two. S imilar sam ples from comparative sites have su ggested that the m ales and fem ales BOOKS & may have different migratory origins, and Dartford may also reflect a hetero- LIBRARIES geneous population. BOOKS & At such an early stage, the post- e xcavation analysis h as posed m ore LIBRARIES questions than can yet be answ ered, but BOOKS & the site is clearly one of great interest LIBRARIES which w ill benefit fro m further, more detailed analysis. BOOKS & Dr L ee Prosser, Section of the plan, showing one of the Saxon burials surrounded by a circu lar ditch , with LIBRARIES Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust a line of post-holes interpreted as the rem ains of a stru cture. BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & tow n at the time of its con stru ction. This Ti m b e r-F ram ed B u ildings and N atural LIBRARIES New Books book traces the history of these stru ctures, History. Illustrated throughout in colour fro m the origins of the first pier back in and b& w. BOOKS & East Kent Pa r i s h e s– David W r i g h t 1831 through to the present day rem ains of Available fro m the Albion Bookshop, LIBRARIES £17.50 inland, £18.00 overseas su rface, the third pier, which is but a sad reflection 13 Mercery Lane, Canterbury CT1 2JJ (p & p £20.50 airm ail. 0-9517580-1-2 of form er glories. Illustrated throughout £1.60 extra) tel: 01227 768631 BOOKS & The cu lmination of 30 years’ work by a with old photographs, sk etch es and docu- em ail: Albionbookshop@ com puserve.com LIBRARIES research er with deep local know ledge, this ments. BOOKS & second ed ition, com pletely Available fro m P ierhead Publications rew ritten a n d reset, is an Ltd, PO Box 145, Herne Bay CT6 8G Y (p & p LIBRARIES indispensable gu ide to the 50p extra) tel: 01227 370971 fax: 01227 New C D BOOKS & Archives at Canterbury and 370972 or fro m the Herne Bay Museum or The History of Sevenoaks to 1650 Jean Maidstone. Includes an th e V isitor Centre at the Central Fox FBCS, C.Eng LIBRARIES historical intro d u ction to Bandstand. 0-9543-3190-7 UK price £14.99 inc post BOOKS & th e D iocese of & VAT Canterbury with its The Blean ~ Th e W oodlands of a A new CD-Rom. Supported by appen- LIBRARIES jurisdiction s an d Cathedral City – E d ited b y W i l l i a m dices, glossary an d bibliography, this tells BOOKS & parish es; descrip- Holmes and Alexander Wheaten on behalf how the tow n and surrounding area devel- LIBRARIES tions and locations of the Blean R esearch G roup, Canterbury. oped fro m early times to the Civil War. of several dozen £12.00 In cluded on the disc are: BOOKS & classes of reco rd s; For a thousand years Blean has been ~ tran scripts of the hundred su rviving LIBRARIES detailed studies the secon d biggest con cen tration of w ood- Sevenoaks w ills an d tran scripts of another of parish registers land in Kent after the Weald. It has am ple 600 w ills fro m th e su rro u n d ing area w ith BOOKS & and B T’s w ith all know n evidence of prehistoric an d details of many of the fam ilies LIBRARIES copies; a bibliography; all know n Rom an settlem ent and field sys- ~ a searchable database of 19,000 NW Kentish indexes; a m aster tem s but differs from many Kent wills fro m before 1650. BOOKS & gazetteer and m ap to all other big concentrations of Each section is com preh en sively LIBRARIES parish es w ithin the dio- medieval w oodland in that i n d e xed w ith sep arate indexes for BOOKS & cese and a unique index to it was never a Royal forest general ite m s, places and people. over 1000 East Ke n t associated w ith d e er. For m ore inform ation see w w w . LIBRARIES Manors. All archive deposits Blean’s speciality is that em inent.dem on.co.uk/kw ills.htm to spring 2002 are included. it was the woodland The nar- Available fro m 71 Island attached to a holy rative and Wall, Whitstable CT5 1EL city, with landow ners t r a n s c r i p t s tel: 01227 275931 th at included the are in PDF em ail: [email protected] Archbishop, th e form at. The Cathedral, the abbeys index of wills Herne Bay’s and lesser monasteries, hospi- r e q u i r e s P i e r s– Harold tals and ch arities, institutional ow n- Window s 95 Gough, in conjunc- ership w hich resu lted in centuries or later. tion w ith The Herne of well-o rg a n ised m anagem en t S e n d Bay Historical and conservation. D raw ing on c h e q u e s Records Society. £3.50 th e u n ique resource of the payable to 0-9538977-6-1 Cathedral archives, ch ap ters Magpie Technologies Ltd to 13 O ld Park H erne Bay has had include W oodlands: Myth & Road, Peverell, Plym outh PL3 4PY three piers on the present Reality, Evidence of Human Overseas, please ring + 44(0) 1892 site, each reflecting the Ac t i v i t y, Archaeology 667320 or em ail sa les@ m agpie-tech n o lo- hopes and prosperity of the & Surviving Fe a t u r e s , gies.co.uk

Autum n 2002 2 trow sers, and boot-shoes; - Jam es Kingsbury, ‘Navigators’ had probably been w orking light com plexion, stout m ade, had on when he on a can al project. LI B R A RY went aw ay, a light great coat, thick set waist- coat, dark breech es, and bootshoes; - William This am using tale also em erged: NOTES Huison, alias Bandy Will, had on w hen he went aw ay, a thick set jacket and trow sers, and THE PARISH CLERK OF CATALOGUING b o o t-shoes, and w alks lam e; Charles BICKNOR-CUM -HUCKING CURIOSITIES ~~~~~~, a fair com plexion, red hair, had Previous to 1867 Hucking was a ch apelry on when he went aw ay, a short velvet jacket attached to Hollingbourne, and only had a ser - BOOKS & and velvet breech es, and boot-shoes. vice once a month, which was som etimes om it- LIBRARIES Has anyone seen Bandy Will? The above m en are w hat are called ted ow ing to the weather being very inclem en t, Navigators, and have been em ployed by sever - or from other cau ses. This it was that enabled BOOKS & Cataloguing the Library often turns al gentlem en rou n d this neighbourhood, but the clerk to use the pulpit as a quiet place in LIBRARIES up item s of cu rious interest. The Gordon leaving this place in a clandestine way, we the which to sit his turkey. The cu rate one Sunday BOOKS & W ard P ap ers – a lifetime collection of undersigned thought proper to give this public had failed to com e, ow ing to the weather being pam phlets, articles, visu al reco rd s, cu t- cau tion to preven t others m eeting the sam e very w et, and w hen he cam e again the next LIBRARIES tings etc… of most of the parish es of treatment that we have from them , as they left month it was again a wet Sunday, and the con - BOOKS & Kent – had this press cu tting in the Bridge som ething con siderably in our debt. gregation was very sparse, which the clerk used Bridge Parish folder. as an argum ent why he should not preach; but LIBRARIES RICH.CH ALLCROFT, victualler the curate, however, ow ing to his absen ce the BOOKS & A CAUTION J.MINTER, butch er previous month, persisted in his determ ination W HEREAS four men, answering the fol - to preach and the clerk had to con fess that his LIBRARIES low ing description, viz Jam es Allen , dark com - We believe R ichard Challcroft was turkey was sitting in the pulpit. BOOKS & plexion, small eye, stout m ade, had on when a victualler in the early years of the he went aw ay, a light great coat, sh ort nineteen th cen tury, a n d th at th e Dr Frank Panton Hon.Librarian LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & The H on. Editor, T erry L aw so n , has form s to Joy Sage, Adm inistrator - In ternet LIBRARIES PUBLISHING ON THE added Internet publish ing to his ran ge of Publish ing, Kent Archaeological Society, INTERNET WITH KAS duties. Th is form of publish ing provides Museum and Bentlif Art Gallery, St. Faith’s BOOKS & authors with w orldw ide exposure instead Street, Maidstone M E14 1LH . LIBRARIES of the limited exposure provided by con- A paper placed on the site will be con - P R E - L AUNCH INFORMAT I O N ventional publish ing. It is also a m u ch sidered for later publication in Archaeologia BOOKS & AND INVITATION TO SUBM IT faster process w ith time fro m editorial Cantiana if so req u ested. LIBRARIES PAPERS approval to publication measured in w eeks For those w ho intend to dow nload rather than months and years. papers it is essen tial that you have the cu r- BOOKS & The K ent Archaeological Society has Your publication must be related to the ren t version of Adobe® Acrobat® Reader LIBRARIES made provision for Internet publish ing of ancient cou n ty of Kent and of a standard v.5.0.5 on your machine in order to enjoy the papers, researches and records. The set by the Society’s paper based publication widest ran g e of facilities. BOOKS & Society’s m ain site is still at Archaeologia Cantiana. The new site will have an on-line search LIBRARIES h t t p : / / w w w. ke n t a r c h a e o l o g y.org.uk but Contributors w ill be given their o w n facility to access both the Library Catalogue BOOKS & now we also operate http://www.kentar- page carrying their photograph and a brief and the Visu al Records Catalogue. O ther ch aeology.ac. This is the internet publish - biography. facilities w ill becom e available and w ill be LIBRARIES ing arm of the Society. Please sen d requ ests for subm ission announced in the Newsletter. BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & In tro d u ction’ page, a list of the individ- Saunders collections. LIBRARIES KAS WEBSITE ual articles fro m early volum es that we The W ebsite is proving to be very BOOKS & have put up so far. If you have any su g - popular, with visits to the site up fro m The Society’s W ebsite at gestions as to which articles you would 2,744 in April to 6,048 in July. The num - LIBRARIES www.kentarchaeology.org.uk like to see put up, please let us know. ber of individual pages of the W ebsite Work is con tinuing, with the help con su lted has risen from 12,106 in April Archaeologia Cantiana W e are of members, on the task of ‘O.C.R.ing’ to 28,446 in July. The present num ber of pleased to inform you that the first phase individual pages of the Index Volum e individual pages on the W ebsite exceeds in putting Archaeologia Cantiana Online 52-1940 and putting them up on the 1,800. is n ow com plete. By going to the URL Website. Over one hundred pages have Em ail addresses If you would like above, clicking on Research , and click- been com pleted to date. to be kept advised of updates to the ing on Arch Cant In tro yo u w ill go to L. L. Duncan M .I.’sA further Website, or have changed your em ail the page con taining links to all the indi- thirty lists of gravestones fro m K en t address recen tly, please em ail the address vidual ‘Contents P ages’ of Volum es of C hurch es h ave been added to the to Ted Connell. Archaeologia Cantiana num bers 1 to 122 Churchyards M .I.’s List bring the total This important work is con tinuing for view ing. You can then dow nload six on the Website to seven ty-three. and we would welcom e any offers of files, con taining all the ‘Contents Pages’ Visu al Records W ork at putting help or con stru ctive criticism . in groups of twenty volum es plus, to up on the W ebsite pictures fro m the Please address them to Ted Connell at: you r com puter fo r y o u to puruse at Society’s collection is prog ressing [email protected] , leisu re when the need arises. well, with over three hundred pictures tel: 01474 872763, You w ill also see at the botto m up, to date. Th ese are m ostly of 110, Manor Forstal, New Ash G reen, of the ‘Archaeologia C antiana ch u rch es from the Petrie and Longfield, Kent DA3 8JQ

Autum n 2002 3 Le c t u res, Events, Conferences and Courses

5th O ctober – The M edieval 6th N ovem ber – Reading and LECTURES Reredos in Adish am Church by Rereading Gervase of Dr Charles Tracy, FSA and Paul Canterbury by Dr Carol Davidson W oodfield Cragoe ‘Ten Years w ith Time Team’ , a 2nd N ovem ber – The Sterling 4th D ecem ber – R e g i o n a l LECTURES talk by Carenza Lew is, the popular Castleby Robert Peacock, Director Diversity in English EVENTS member of Channel 4’s ‘Ti m e of Operations, Sea Dive Rom anesque Archite ctu ra l CONFERENCES Team ’, on Tuesday 15th October at 7th N ovem ber – R e c e n t Sculpture by Dr Kathleen Lane 6.30pm , spon sored by the Friends Discoveries and Excavations on 8th Jan uary 2003 – M onum ents & COU RSES of the Canterbury A rchaeological the Rom an Shore Forts in Kent to D eath. The danse m acabre LECTURES Trust. The venue is two lecture by B rian Philp, Ke n t in England and on the room s of Christ Church University Archaeological Rescue Unit C o n t i n e n tby Dr Sophie EVENTS College in the Old S essions H ouse, 11th January – R o m a n Oosterw ijk CONFERENCES next to Canterbu ry Prison in Tem ples, Crusader Castles and 5th February 2003 – W om en’s Longport. Tickets in the main room bullet holes: a glimpse of Seal Matrices in the M iddle & COU RSES £7 each, those in the second room Lebanese A rchaeology by Peter Ages: stam ps of authority or LECTURES with an audio-visu al link, £4 each. Clark, Canterbury A rchaeological seals of approval?by James Apply to the Festival Box Trust Robinson EVENTS Office, Canterbury B ookings, 25th January – The Frank CONFERENCES C an terb u ry In form ation Centre, Jenkins M em orial Lecture. & COU RSES 12-13 Sun Street, Canterbury C T1 Annual Review of the work of EVENTS 2H X tel: 01227 378188 em ail: box- Canterbury Archaeological LECTURES o f f i c e @ c a n t e r b u r y. g o v.uk quoting Trust by Paul Bennett, Director. A EVENTS r e f. F9. Credit card b o o k ings joint lecture w ith the Friends of Changing Scenes – An exhibition welcom ed. C.A.T. *P ow ell Lecture Hall of photographs depicting life in the CONFERENCES 8th February – When Kent said parish es of Otham and Langley and & COU RSES The C urse of R e l e v a n c e : No! to N a p o leon by M ansell reflecting the changes that have S.R.Gardiner and changing Jagger occu rred during the twentieth cen - LECTURES approaches to the 17th 8th March – Verulam ium ~ the t u r y. Willington, w h ose ch u rch EVENTS cen tury 1902-2002 by Professor major Rom an tow n near St was linked w ith Otham for som e CONFERENCES Conrad R u ssell (Th e Earl R u ssell) of A l b a n sby Robin Densem , years, is included w ith som e early King’s C ollege, London on Friday C om pass Archaeology photographs. There are many love- & COU RSES 29th N ovem ber at 8pm in the 22nd M arch – A G M at 3pm , *in ly images of Otham in the 1940’s, LECTURES Aish er H all, Sevenoaks School, the sm all lecture room opposite the 50’s and 60’s before th e Sevenoaks, sp on sored by the Pow ell Lecture Theatre D ow nsw ood and M adginford EVENTS Sevenoaks Historical Society. estates w ere built. The exhibition CONFERENCES Adm ission free. P arking available SN O D LAN D HISTORICAL takes one right up to the present, in Sevenoaks School and also at SO CIETY LECTU RES with illustrations of events an d & COU RSES public car parks w ithin the tow n All lectures are held on activities in both ch u rch and com - LECTURES cen tre a sh ort distance aw ay. W ednesdays at 8pm at the munity. It is part of an on-going Further details from P ro fesso r Devonshire Room s, Waghorn Road, project to m ake a photographic EVENTS David K illingray, 72 Bradbourne Snodland. £1 entry for visitors. reco rd of the parish and also to col- CONFERENCES Road, Sevenoaks TN 13 3Q A tel: 6th N ovem ber – The Story of lect memories in w ritten form . It & COU RSES 01732 453008 em ail: afraf@com- Sevenoaks Market by A Monty has received a grant fro m the Allen puserve.com Parkin Grove History Fund of the K.A.S. LECTURES This is the first of what is planned 4th Decem ber – Slides of Old (d etails of this year’s aw ards can be EVENTS as an annual lectu re spon sored by Snodland found on page 8). the Society, bringing a distin- 29th January 2003 – A T r i p St Nich olas’ Church, Otham on CONFERENCES guish ed h istorian to the tow n to dow n the River by Ro b e r t Saturday 5th October fro m 11am & COU RSES talk on a subject of their ch o ice. Ratcliffe – 5pm and on Sunday 6th October The lecture series is nam ed after the 5th M arch 2003 – A irsh ips by from 10.15am – 5pm . A d m ission LECTURES great historian of 17th century Brian H u ssey free, light refresh m en ts available. EVENTS England, S.R.Gardiner (1829-1902) 2nd April 2003 – Mysteries of St Donations in aid of the Friends of who lived, and is bu ried in, Mich ael’s (E ast P ec k h a m )b y Otham Church will be welcom ed. CONFERENCES Sevenoaks. It is thus appropriate Philip Law rence & COU RSES that the first lecture should be on 7th May 2003 – To be arran g ed Follow ing the Dover Bronze Age 17th century B rita in, alth o u gh Boat Conference (details in July future lectures will deal with other B R IT IS H ARCHAEOLOGICAL Newsletter or fro m T o u rs o f the periods and places. ASSO CIATION M EETINGS Realm tel: 01304 248304), th e M eetings are held at 5pm in the D over M useum are holding a CANTERBURY room s of the Society of Antiquaries Bronze Age Day on Saturday ARCHAEOLOGICAL SO CIETY of London, Burlington H ouse, 2nd N ovem ber , open to the gen- LECTU RES Piccadilly W 1V 0H S. N on-m em - eral public. All on Saturdays, held in the bers are w elcom e bu t are asked to Demonstrations of: ancient w ood- Ram say Lecture Hall (excep t *), m a ke them selves know n to the working by Dam ian G oodburn & Canterb u ry C h rist Church College, Hon.Director on arrival and to sign Rich ard D arrah (co n stru ctors of starting at 6pm . the visitor’s book. th e b o a t rep lica), sm elting and

Autum n 2002 4 casting by an axem aker, knapping to tem ples at Springhead, Kent – Philip The Rom ans in Kent & Prehistoric m a ke flint axes and arrow heads, Andrews (W essex Arch) Flints. More details can be found at making and firing pots in a pit. Also Hayling Islands (H am ps): Iro n A g e ww w. kaf s.co.uk or contact KA F S, activities for ch ildren including sh rine to Rom an tem ple – A nthony School Farm O ast, G raveney R oad, metal detecting for finds and m ak- King (King Alfre d ’s C oll, Faversham M E 13 8U P ing pottery. Winchester) tel: 01795 532548 em ail: Further details fro m Dover Museum, Recent excavations at W anborough, info@ kafs.co.uk Market Square, Dover CT16 1PB tel: S u rrey – D avid W illiam s (freelance 01304 201066. arch) CENTRE FO R CONTINUING The tem ples & shrines of Rom an EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF LECTURES KAS Churches Com m ittee – S u ssex – D avid Rudling (UCL Field SU SSEX EVENTS rem inder! Arch Unit) Part-time cou rses (close to the Kent Visit to S t G eo rg e’s ch u rch , £20 full fee, £18 CBA members, £12 border) CONFERENCES Wrotham, follow ed by St students. For an application form The Prehistory of Southern Britain & COU RSES Law rences’s ch u rch , M erew o rth on please con tact Centre for Continuing held in East Grinstead Saturday October 12th at 1.45pm . Education, Education D evelopm ent Historic Buildings in Eastern S u ssex LECTURES Details in last Newsletter or tel. Building, University of Su ssex, held in Rye EVENTS Philip Law rence 01622 871945. Fa l m e r, Brighton BN 1 9RG Practical Archaeology held in or tel. 01273 678040 (conference Crawley & Hastings CONFERENCES enquiries) or 01732 838698 (CBA For further details please ring 01273 & COU RSES CONFERENCES SE). 678040 for a copy of the CCE’s Open C ou rses Guide LECTURES S u ssex Archaeology Sym posium EVENTS Roman Tem ples and Religion in 2003 on Saturday 15th March . and fro m T H E CENTRE CONFERENCES South-East England on Saturday Offers of papers sh ou ld be made to FO R REGIONAL LEARNING, 16th N ovem ber in the Chich ester David Rudling on 01273 845497 UNIVERSITY OF KENT & COU RSES Lecture Th eatre, University of Pa r t-tim e cou rses o n both the LECTURES S u ssex, Falmer, Brighton. Organised archaeology and history of sou thern by the University of S u ssex in asso- COURSES England, Britain and Europe, EVENTS ciation w ith the Council for British starting end of Septem ber at various CONFERENCES Archaeology, South-East. S essions: venues around Kent, including Tem ples & religion in South East The K ent A rchaeological Field cou rses leading to certificates, & COU RSES England: the wider con text – Ernest School have m any courses diplom as and degrees by flexible LECTURES Black (classicist) ru n n ing from O ctober to s t u d y. In terest a n d en th u siasm EVENTS The tem ples & shrines of Rom an D e c e m b e r, including M etal-d etect- rather than form al qualifications London – John Shepherd (M us of ing & Field W alking, Anglo-Saxon req u ired o f potential stu den ts. CONFERENCES Lon) Woodworking, Rom an Po t t e r y, a F o r fu rth er d etails con tact & COU RSES May the force be w ith you: insur- Field Trip to Rom an Bath, C en tre fo r R egional Learning, ance policies for Rom an Londoners – Archaeological Drawing, Ro m a n Keynes College, University of Kent, LECTURES Jenny Hall (M u s of Lon) Mosaics at Fish bou rn e R o m a n Canterbury CT2 7N P, tel: 01227 EVENTS Uncovering new & revisiting old Palace w ith BBC History M agazine, 823507, www.ukl.ac.uk/url CONFERENCES & COU RSES D O YO U R E CO G N ISE TH IS SPO T? LECTURES This idyllic scen e is one of many images held in the KASlibrary collection which have no provenance. Do you recogn ise the house with EVENTS m eandering river. Does it still exist, perhaps along the M edw ay or another of our waterw ays? The image in our July issue, of the gentlem an in the grounds of a house, has not yet been recogn ised. CONFERENCES If you do know the location of either please con tact the editor at 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN 1 2Q U & COU RSES LECTURES EVENTS CONFERENCES & COU RSES LECTURES EVENTS CONFERENCES & COU RSES

Autum n 2002 5 THE PLACE NAM E RIVERHEAD & ITSIMPLICATIONS

he discipline of tracing the meaning of place nam es has made enormous progress and THE PLACE provides useful pointers to NAME early developm ents. RIVERHEAD The place nam e R iverhead would seem to be m ost appropriate, THE PLACE lying as it does close to the sou rce of the NAME Darent. In fact the nam e derives fro m O.E. hrither + h yth the m eaning of RIVERHEAD which is n eatly sum m ed up as THE PLACE C a t t l e w h a r f.1 That the place w as of som e importance in early times is indi- NAME cated by the fact that it was the m eet- RIVERHEAD ing-place of Codsheath H undred. That THE PLACE it was known in pre-historic times is evidenced by the nam e of the river, NAME Darent, one of the few Celtic nam es to RIVERHEAD have su rvived in Kent. Cattlew harf is an odd nam e to give THE PLACE a place – the purpose of these notes is to NAME collect together such indications as Adapted from O rdnance Survey Map 1869. Centered NGR TQ 5230 5670 exist that the nam e was factual. Riverhead lies to the west of this map; Greatness to the east. RIVERHEAD An unpublish ed m an u script writ- Approximate position of proposed developm ent THE PLACE ten by E .G. Box, a colleague of Dr. G o rd o n W ard , states ‘On Bradbourne The area has been m assively altered by am ongst sch olars as to the exact tran s- NAME Farm there is in the fields near the quarrying for aggregates, and later lation of the O.E. words (Gretaniarse RIVERHEAD Darent a grass platform the origin or flooding, creating the Sevenoaks 8218;Greotan edesces lond 8229)naming THE PLACE use of which has not yet been deter- Wildfow l Reserve. Mr. John Ty l e r, the adjacent Greatn ess area. The first mined by archaeologists. It is a level Warden of the Reserve, con firm ed to elem ent is agreed to m ean gravelly, NAME grass platform raised abou t two feet me that he believes there had been a possibly of a stream , the secon d either RIVERHEAD above the marshes which edge the river, deep ditch in the situation described, ‘enclosed pasture, park’ and is perhaps half a mile in length and although he had not actually seen it, or ‘stu b ble/ploughed field’1 0. THE PLACE in breadth about 50 feet. It stretch es which w as infilled w hen B radbourne Walle n b e rg o p ts fo r th e first but NAME fro m the east of the footbridge over the School was built. rem ark s th a t they probably m eant river tow ards the Otford R oad and the Professor A lan Everitt states that about the sam e thing11. An enclosed RIVERHEAD gas w ork s. On the south side of it is a the dedication ‘St. John the Baptist’ is pasture area would be req u ired to hold THE PLACE ditch and bank about four or five feet often associated with hythes4; this was cattle. That other animals were held in high and above the bank a field rising the dedication of the ancient ch apel at the area is indicated by the charter of NAME tow ards the M aidstone Road……..Mr. Greatn ess. 822 specifically stating that the dens it RIVERHEAD W. P. Banks of Longford says that black If this w as a qu ay it was quite then granted to Seal were ‘for the pas- THE PLACE and hard bog oak has been found in the large, and must have been of econom - turing of sw ine and of sheep or goats in m arshes near Longford Bridge. ic importance5. Remains of quays have their places’12. NAME ‘?rem ains of oak trees or of pile been found elsew here in the cou n ty at A study in 1973 of the banks and RIVERHEAD dw ellings,’2 situations w here there is n o longer a hedges around Otford 1 3 c o n c l u d e d In a letter to Ward dated 28.02.263 navigable river6, and it is reco g n ised by that som e hedges w ere at least 900 THE PLACE Box writes ‘I want you to com e with me historian s that water levels h ave years old, and that the banks they were NAME to th e “ p latform ” on Bradbourne dropped in later cen turies. on could predate them . Later there Farm……….’ and later enquires This stru cture must have been pre- w ere th ree w ell docum ented parks RACE w hether anybody has searched the sen t d u ring Anglo-Saxon times, as (G reat, Little and N ew ) at O tford; NAME D aren t m arsh es for rem ains of lake they nam ed it. That the river was being Ward argued that Great Park w as the RIVERHEAD dw ellings. He was clearly pu zzled by used to export cargoes in the C13th. is land granted in Saxon times14 and this stru cture. W ard seem s n ever to indicated by the instru ctions of Henry th ese areas h ave the older banks on have written about it, indicating that he 111 to the Sheriff of Kent in 1225 to their peripheries, with younger hedges cou ld not decide what it was. supply paling timber to Dover fro m the su bd ividing them 15 – an indication of On exam ining the Ordnance Survey lands of the K ings’ sister, Eleanor land being brought into cultivation as map of 1869 it is found the parish Countess of Pe m b r o ke, who then the water table dropped. A study of the boundary coincides with the description ow ned K em sing, and that this w as area south of Kemsing traces the out- given of the situation of the ‘platform ’. to be tran sp o rted by w ater .7 For line of a park16 there (recorded 1275), Parish bou n d aries often follow ed the this cargo to be loaded near Riverhead, Seal had a park to its north in 1525,17 line of early stru ctures and it is con sid- t a ken dow n the D arent, Tham es, Braybarn (sic = B radbourne) in 1225 18, ered to be a sign of their antiquity; this Sw ale, Wantsu m to Dover is quite fea- Ig h tham 19 and Wrotham 20 also. These boundary w as runnin g across open sible; Dr. Paul Wilkinson tells me that all lay w ithin the Holmesdale valley. fields, unless it follow ed the line of the fro m D artford to D over w ould have Early (an d, indeed, cu rren t) m aps ‘platform ’. An aerial photograph taken req u ired few favourable tides. There sh ow these sam e areas to be markedly by those nosy Luftwaffe c. 1940 w as does not seem to have been any alter- devoid of both settlem ent and w ood- obtained from Am erica but show ed native water-borne ro u te. land in contra-distinction to the peripheral areas. This su ggests that Autum n 2002 nothing of interest. No others of the The Riverh ead n am e associates it early date required have been traced . with cattle. There is som e con fusion the whole of this area was given over at 6 an early date for animal husbandry, for Street, London27. This distribution fol- 7. Ward. Sevenoaks Library Local which it was particu larly suited, and low s one line su ggested below in 5. History. Box 16 Bk. 1.Close Roll 9 that at a later date it becam e split up 5. Too com plex to detail here, Henry 111. Memb. 14. into sm aller parks, within the ancient there is, fo llow ing the criteria of 8. Charter 821 BCS 367. boundary banks. Margary, evidence of an early R om an Discu ssed in Wallenberg. Kentish If it were the job of those living at ro ad ru n n ing w estwards fro m A m b er Place-nam es. p. 140-1. Seal and K em sing to m aintain those Green (where M argary’s R ou te 11 9. Charter 822 BCS 370. Discu ssed boundaries, and care for the animals deviates northw ards to M aidstone)28, in Wallenberg. Kentish Place-N am es within them , the close and unusual term inating at Riverhead. Route 11 pp. 141/5. THE PLACE association of these two manors would commenced at Lym npe. 10. Ekw all. E. The Concise Oxford be explained. They (and Bradbourne) 6. The Rom an invasion of Britain Dictionary of English Place-nam es. NAME have walked hand in hand through in A.D.43 is believed to have follow ed 4th. ed. pp.161/168 & 204 RIVERHEAD cen turies21. Th e n am e W rotham has two lines of penetration, westwards 11. Wallenberg. J. K. Kentish THE PLACE been tran slated as the nam e of a man and along an eastern line north of the Place-nam es. p. 144. nickn am ed Sn ou t, but maybe it was Tham es. The line fro m R iverhead – 12. Editor: Whitelock. D. English NAME associated w ith p igs, which w ou ld Dartford w ould give a supply line to Historical Documents. Vol. 1. p. 474/5. RIVERHEAD accord with its Domesday Book entry. both areas via the Tham es westward, Birch s Cartularium Saxonicu m 370. All the m anors nam ed above had or along the northeastern coastline. A.D. 822. THE PLACE extensive dens penetrating deep into For the above reaso n s the su ggest- 13. Hewlett. G. ‘Reconstru cting a NAME the Weald; those of Seal and Kemsing ed date of con stru ction is the early Historical Landscape fro m Field & were closely associated, being placed Rom an period. Documentary Evidence’. RIVERHEAD altern a tely along the sam e drove- The w riter is indebted to Roger Agricu ltural History Review , Vol. 21. THE PLACE 22 way . This fact alone indicates a large Cockett of FAAG for su ggesting that 1973. pp. 94-110 NAME num ber of animals being held there the presence of a quay and enclosure at 14. Ward. The Making of the and that it was not cattle alone is indi- Riverhead m ay have had a bearing on Great Park at Otford. Arch. Cant. Vol. RIVERHEAD cated by the Charter of 822 referred to the events of 1016. The year w as that X L11. 1929. pp. 1 –11 THE PLACE above. The place-nam e C hipstead of a b a ttle between King Edm und 15. As 13. above. meaning ‘market -p l a c e ’ 2 3 is an other Iro n side and the invader Cnut, which 16. Bowden. M. The Medieval NAME O.E. word of relevance – a m arket Florence of Worcester, writing c.1120, Park at Kemsing. Arch. Cant. Vol. RIVERHEAD place is likely to have arisen near a places at ‘near Otford’. Cnut and his CXV1. 1996. pp. 329 – 332 quay. men, follow in g an u n su ccessful siege 17. Ward Files. Sevenoaks Library THE PLACE The dating of con stru ction of a of London, com m enced looting in Local Studies. Box 6 Bk. 1. Fines 20- NAME quay here is problem atic, and could Mercia, north of the Tham es, and then 118-25. only be ascertained by archaeological crossed the river into K ent, driving 18. Ward. Sevenoaks Library Local RIVERHEAD evidence. There has never been such their living booty29. This is specu lation, Studies. Box 16. Bk. 1. Close Rolls. 9 THE PLACE investigation in the immediate area. but if they headed for the know n cattle Henry 111. Memb. 14. NAME There is n o an cient archival reference facilities at Riverhead, Iro n side (w ho 19. H arrison . Sir. E. Frontispiece to it, but this is n ot unusual of early had been searching for them ), might Map of Ig h tham in rep rint fro m Arch. RIVERHEAD developm ents. have anticipated the m ove, got there Cant. Vol. X LV111 of ‘The Court Rolls THE PLACE Exam ining the general area and first, and fallen on their rear. W ith and Other Records of the Manor of what evidence there is we have the fol- men and mounts w eary, they did not Ig h tham . NAME low ing: put up the usual good account of 20. 1841 Wrotham Tithe Map RIVERHEAD 1. The O E. place-name meaning them selves, broke and fled tow ards the A pportionm ents. Nos. 1525-75 & 960 Cattlew harf, and others in the immedi- east. By Aylesford , m any h ad been at Park Farm . THE PLACE ate area which are relevant. slaughtered; Cnut su rvived to return 21. Knocker. H.W. The Valley of NAME 2. Well verified R o m a n o - B r i t i s h later. Holmesdale. Arch. Cant. XXX1. p. 174. sites just to the north, at Otford, clus- There is a planning application to 22. Witney. The Jutish Forest. RIVERHEAD tered mainly around the river. If there build on an area adjacent to the ‘quay p. 228. THE PLACE w ere a quay w ith extensive activity line’.If this su cceed s, it would be pru- 23. Ekw all. E. The Concise Oxford NAME both there and on the Darent, the area dent to place an archaeological watch - Dictionary of English Place-nam es. would have required a co n stant pres- ing brief on the site, keeping to it 4th. ed. p.105. RIVERHEAD ence. This area was largely marshland alone. Should anything req u iring more 24. Clarke & Stoyel. ‘Otford in THE PLACE – H enry V111 refused to live there on detailed investigation appear, the nec- Kent’. pp. 111/2. health g rou n d s2 4, p referring well- essary funds m ight be available fro m 25. Arch. Cant. Vol. 11. 1859. CBA NAME drained Knole, and it would have been th e aggregate com pan ies w h o are Report No. 48. Archaeology in Kent to RIVERHEAD drier in his times than earlier. offering financial support for archaeol- A.D. 1500. Blagg. Rom an Kent p. 58. 3. The sam e argum ents apply as in ogy on sites w hich they are about to 26. Philp. B & E. ‘Archaeological THE PLACE 1. to the siting of an Archbish ops resi- work, or have done in the past.30 Excavations in the Darenth Valley’. NAME dence. He ow ned most of the area and p. 7. if it were of econom ic importance it 1. Everitt. Prof. E. Continuity & 27. F au ssett tile. Victoria County would have been logical for him to Colonization. Leicester University History. Vol. 111. p. 123. N.B. The tile have su ch there even if the majority of P ress. 1986. p.71 at Broad St. was reco rd ed by F au ssett, the site was not well drained. 2. Box. E.G. ‘Sevenoaks & a careful and com petent investigator, 3. The string of Rom ano-British Adjoining Areas’. Sevenoaks Library in 1773. The Plaxtol villa site was villa sites along the Darent valley. The Local History. pp. 5 & 12 unknow n until 1857. reg u lar dispostion of know n R.B. sites 3. Dr. G. Ward File at KAS 28. Margary. Iva n D. ‘Rom an Ways to the north and south of Watling archives, Maidstone Museum. in the Weald’. Map inside back cover, Street has led D r. Paul Wilkinson to 4. Everitt. Prof. A. Continuity & and pp. 210/43. su ggest that state supervision of their Colonization. pp. 209 & 253. 29. Editor: Whitelock. D. English developm ent is implied. This is m ir- 5. Gelling. Dr. M. Place-N am es in Historical Documents. Vol. 1. Anglo- ro red in the Darent valley. the Landscape. J.M. Dent. London. pp. Saxon Chronicle. pp. 226/7. 4. Distinctive stam ped tiles of the 62 & 77. 30. British Archaeology. Issu e 65. R . B. period have been found at 6. Everitt. Prof. A. Continuity & Jun e 2002. p. 43. ‘Sustainability Fund Plaxtol 2 5, Darenth2 6, and B road Colonization pp. 71/2 in England’. Autum n 2002 7 ALLEN GROVE LOCAL HISTORY FUND

£1,200 w as shared by five to enjoy local history. under ‘Events’ on page 4). applicants this year. They The other of th ese, The fifth grant was to an NOTICE were all to help people enjoy Millennium H istory of individual for research on the BOARD local history in different ways. Ulcom be, will also involve a history of Higham Priory. NOTICE Three w ere to help w ith group of people in researching A pplication form s for grants producing books, both aspects of the history of their can be obtained from the BOARD research and production costs. locality. A similar grant, but for Hon.General Secretary (contact NOTICE One will be on the life and research and mounting an exhi- details opposite) and the appli- works of Thom as D earn and bition on ch an ges in ch u rch and cations must reach him by 31st BOARD another on the history of com m u n ity in Otham and March next year. NOTICE Bearstead and Ro s e a c r e Langley, will encourage similar School. These will enable both involvem ent (the preliminary BOARD the authors and their read ers resu lts of th is grant appears NOTICE MEMBERSHIP BOARD SECRETARY NOTICE THE KAS EXCURSION 2003 I have recently w ritten to the BOARD 5 D ay Study Tour of Herefordshire an d the members who had not renewed NOTICE their membership. I have been very Wye Valley ~ Jun e 16th – 23rd pleased at th e respon se – either in BOARD Follow ing our very su ccess- the great M arch er fam ily of De ren ew ing or giving m e additional NOTICE ful first 5 day excursion this Clare w ho built C h ep stow inform ation allow ing me to update BOARD year to D erbyshire, we plan to Castle, but who had founded m y reco rd s. I h a ve a lso con tacted spen d 5 days in Jun e 2003 vis- their fam ily fortunes by the cre- those of you w ho, according to m y NOTICE iting H erefordshire a n d th e ation of the low y of Tonbridge reco rd s, pay by standing order and BOARD Wye Valley. Based just outside soon after the Conquest. are paying the in co rrect am ount or the historic m arket tow n of Further details will appear in w here banks have om itted to pay at NOTICE R oss-on -Wye, we shall explore the January Newsletter or con- all this year. BOARD the castles, abbeys, ch u rch es tact Joy Saynor, Hon. Excursion I am pleased to rep o rt a steady stream of new m em bers and NOTICE and villages of the borderlands Secretary at ‘Friars’, 28 H igh w here Celt and Saxon faced Street, Shoreham , Sevenoaks rem ind you that I h a ve p lenty of BOARD each other. Th e K en tish con - TN 14 7TD tel: 01959 522713 for membership form s for you to dis- NOTICE nection w ill be traced through full details now. tribute to help to keep up this tren d ! BOARD The address for all co rresp o n d en ce relating to NOTICE RECORDS FORUM - CORRECT DATE membership is – BOARD Mrs Shiela Broom field, NOTICE KAS Membership, As those m embers who draw attention to recent publi- 8 W oodview Crescent, BOARD wish ed to attend the Records cations. Hildenborough, Tonbridge, NOTICE Forum w ill by now appreciate, Kent TN 11 9H D . the date given in the July Mrs Tricia R o w s b y, Telephone 01732 838698. BOARD Newsletter was wrong. The County Archivist fro m the E-mail - membership@ kentar - NOTICE Forum takes place on Saturday Centre for Kentish Studies, will ch aeology.org.uk or s.broom - 19th October betw een 2-5pm talk about archive services an d field@ dial.pipex.com . BOARD at the Charing Barn, Charing reco rd s d evelopm ents, with NOTICE and is ad m ission free to any som e p erso n al th o u g h ts on interested individual. We hope what sh e would like to see pub- BOARD that this sh ort notice w ill not lish ed , leading into: SALE! NOTICE preclude your attendance at BOARD this interesting programme, a A general discu ssion Bags, ties and w indow stickers rem inder of which is below : con cern ing records publica- with the KAS logo are now on sale NOTICE tions, including th e possibility at half price. Th is brings the cost BOARD Welcom e an d of establish ing an independent dow n to bags £2.50, ties £1.50 and In tro d u ction by Paul Oldham , su b scription-financed Ke n t stickers for only 20p! These eye- NOTICE the Society’s President. Records Society, this issu e to be catch ing item s will of cou rse be on BOARD addressed by D r Joan Thirsk , a sale at the Christm as Lunch, but Terry Law son, th e m em ber of the Pu b l i c a t i o n s can be obtained now from Joy Society’s H o n o rary E d itor, will Committee. Saynor tel: 01959 522713.

Autum n 2002 You and Your Society 8 CONTACT LECTURES IN THE LIBRARY ADDRESSES Tuesday, 12th November There is a coffee shop on the The con tact ad d resses of the The Care and Preservation of prem ises. You may eat a packed Hon.Membership Secretary and Books, Docum ents and lunch in the library or eat at any NOTICE the New sletter E ditor appear Visu al Im a g es b y D e b o ra h of the many restaurants close by. BOARD within this pu blication. O ther Colam Lunch and coffee breaks not NOTICE useful ad d resses include: 2.30 pm - adm ission £2 included in the cou rse fee. Hon. General Secretary, BOARD Andrew Moffat, Three Elms, Thursday, 21st November Saturday, 11th Jan uary 2003 NOTICE W oodlands Lane, Shorne, Working w ith th e A ccess® Publish and be ... Read! G ravesend D A 12 3H H Database A guide to better layout and BOARD Em ail secretary@ kentarchaeol- This is a day cou rse on the con - legibility for local history NOTICE ogy.org.uk stru ction and use of databases publications by Tom Saw yer Hon. T reasu rer, Robin in archaeological and historical 11 am - adm ission £2 BOARD Thom as, 1 A bch u rch Yard, research . M iran d a R ix, an NOTICE A bch u rch Lane, London EC4N adult education lecturer, will To m ake you r reservation 7BA Em ail treasurer@ kentar- give on-screen dem onstrations please telephone Denis Anstey on BOARD ch aeology.org.uk with guests sh ow ing databases 01634 240015 or em ail to NOTICE Communications O fficer, in action. d@ degian.dem on.co.uk. Pay on BOARD John H am m ond 01795 871199 10 am for 10.15 am start, finish - the day. or m ob:07740 196940 Em ail ing about 4 pm - adm ission £5 NOTICE [email protected] BOARD NOTICE CHRISTMAS LUNCH - SATURDAY NOVEMBER 30th BOARD NOTICE At Whites R estau ran t, The H op 12.00 Traditional Christmas turkey House, Southborough. See details BOARD Farm Country Park, Paddock W ood lunch ~ alternative vegetarian or on page 13. Price £19 per person ~ sherry & diabetic ch oice also available – O R M em bers m ay spend the NOTICE wine pay on the day please ring M argaret Law rence afternoon at the Hop Farm w ith its BOARD (tel.no. on form below ) to order museum and other facilities at no 11.00 Bar available. Bookstall, Gift 1.30 The Thom as Clark Quire extra cost. NOTICE stalls, Members publications 2.15 Visit to the David Salom on BOARD NOTICE BOARD

I enclose a ch equ e for £ ...... for ...... tickets for the Christmas Lunch. NOTICE BOARD Name ...... NOTICE Address ...... BOARD NOTICE ...... BOARD ...... NOTICE BOARD Postcode ...... Tel ...... NOTICE I need help with tran sp o rt (p lease tick) BOARD

I would like to join the visit to the David Salom on House. £3.50 per person for the tour NOTICE and tea & biscu its. BOARD NOTICE I enclose £ ...... for ...... tickets for the visit. BOARD Cheques to the Kent Archaeological Society together with SAE to: NOTICE Mrs MLawrence, Church Lane, East Peckham , Tonbridge, TH 12 5JJ Tel: 01622 871945 BOARD

You and Your Society Autum n 2002 9 ‘ID E A S a n d ID E A L S ’ This is the fourth of a series of articles describing form ative movements and ideas in the history of the church. T h ese were the crises of thought and con viction which brought us to w h ere we are.

H E N R Y V III’S HE N RY VI I I ’s REFORMATI O N REFORM ATION he previous article in this ro le as Suprem e H ead of the frau d in January 1538, the rood H E N R Y V III’S series exam ined the con- Church, the guardian of his su b- was held up to public ridicu le in stitu en cy fo r a ‘popular’ jects’ sp iritu a l well-b eing. London. T h e B ox ley incident also REFORM ATION Reform ation stemming fro m However, while the king, once a set a con ven ient precedent for H E N R Y V III’S a native heretical trad ition - piou s son of the Catholic C h u rch , Crom w ell’s injunctions of REFORM ATION L o l l a r d y. Here, we will made for an unlikely evangelical Septem ber 1538, which inveighed explo re th e o fficial, political or r e f o r m e r, his rep u d iation of the against the veneration of sh rines H E N R Y V III’S ‘magisterial’ Reform ation instigat- Papacy follow ing his d ivorce fro m and images and commanded every REFORM ATION ed b y H en ry V III’s b reak from Catherine of Aragon, ensured that ch u rch to purchase ‘one book of Rom e by 1534 and assess its impact som e restru cturing of the ro yal out- the whole Bible’ in English , realis- H E N R Y V III’S upon the religious life of Kent in look would occu r. One outcom e of ing reformers’ con cern s th at REFORM ATION the early sixteenth century. Th at the King’s Great Matter was a deep Scripture be made accessible to all. the Reform ation brought about a mistru st of the clergy’s claims to A cross Kent these orders prom pted H E N R Y V III’S dram atic cultu ra l revolution in act as an in tercessory p r i e s t h o o d. action to rem ove images from REFORM ATION English history cannot be overstat- Closely allied to H enry’s em ergent ch u rch es. A fam ou s casu alty of H E N R Y V III’S ed. For this reaso n it is inappropri- an ticlericalism lay an increasing this spate of icon oclasm , a sure ate to depict religious develop- detachm ent fro m a belief in purga- sign of Reform ation on the m ove, REFORM ATION ments under the Tudors as a mere tory, an interm ediary place betw een was the shrine of St Thom as H E N R Y V III’S side-show to the story of Henry heaven and hell w here souls w ere Becket, which as a lingering sym - V III’s marital affairs. It is also mis- purged w ith the help of prayers bol of ecclesiastical resistance to REFORM ATION leading to define the English offered by the living. Purgatory the crow n had to go. H E N R Y V III’S Reform ation as marking a theolog- form ed the lynchpin of the Catholic The sudden loss of the m onas- ical halfw a y h o u se b etw ee n devotional system . H en ry’s aban- teries and m ajor pilgrimage sites REFORM ATION Catholicism an d Protestan tism . donm ent of it in the Ten Articles of cau sed irrep arab le dam age to trad i- H E N R Y V III’S Beginning under Henry, but more 1536, his first statem ent of doc- tional Catholicism in Kent. On the fundam entally con tinuin g apace trine, as being ‘uncertain by scrip- other hand, the 1538 injunctions REFORM ATION during the brief reign of his son ture’, held grave implications for marked the high-tide of Protestant H E N R Y V III’S Edw ard VI (1547-53), the English trad itional practices in England. refo rm in H enrician E nglan d, REFORM ATION ch u rch w as severed from its The first victims of the king’s which receded after Crom w ell’s fall medieval devotional past, its for- rejection of aspects of his C atholic - u ltimately for m isjudging the H E N R Y V III’S mularies and liturgy finally being upbringing w ere the m onasteries. king’s tastes in w om en with w ife REFORM ATION re m o d elled after the Sw iss These great con du its of the purga- num ber four, Anne of Cleves. Reform ation of Huldrych Zw ingli’s tory industry w ere p rimarily dis- Henry retreated into his instinctive H E N R Y V III’S Zurich and afterw ards John solved to furnish m on ey for the con servatism for the rest of his REFORM ATION Calvin’s Geneva. defence of the realm, although as reign as trad itionalists and evan- By this it sh ou ld not be taken to on e religious reform er Hugh gelicals vied fo r roya l attention. H E N R Y V III’S imply that religious change w as Latimer observed, ‘the founding of Faction fightin g occu rred in Kent, REFORM ATION inevitab le or always welcom ed monasteries argu ed purgatory to w here despite the county’s early when it arrived. The European be, so the putting of them dow n exposure to Continental reform ed H E N R Y V III’S Reformation commenced as a argueth it not to be’. P ossibly this ideas, the Reform ation rem ained a REFORM ATION series of ch allenges to the ritual motive was upperm ost in the mind hotly con tested affair, im peded by a H E N R Y V III’S practices of the W estern C hurch – of Henry’s vicar-g en eral and ardent body of conservative clergy and ‘a works based religion’ – su stained hatchet m an Th om as Crom w ell, gentry linked to Archbish op REFORM ATION by the notion that rem ission of sin respon sible for the piecem eal liqui- William Warham - the force behind H E N R Y V III’S cou ld be sou gh t through the fulfil- dation of all religious houses fro m the heresy trials of 1511-12 - and ment of pious actions. Reading the 1535 until 1540. Kent was no his protégé John Fish er of REFORM ATION Bible, reform ers view ed dependen- exception, the county’s 28 extant Rochester. In the early 1530s, they H E N R Y V III’S cy u p o n w o rk s as impedin g access foundation s - 22 m on asteries and had backed the self- p r o c l a i m e d to divine tru th. Yet to speak of nunneries, along w ith 6 friaries – mystic an d critic of th e royal REFORM ATION ‘Henry V III’s Reform ation’ is som e- being coerced into su rren d ering by divorce, Elizabeth Barton, the ‘Holy H E N R Y V III’S thing of a misn om er since the king, the end of 1539, their lands and Maid of Kent’. In Septem ber 1543, REFORM ATION who hated the principal property being put up for sale, their rem n an ts of this earlier group con- Continental refo rm er M artin fo rm e r inm ates being pensioned spired to underm ine the evangeli- Luther – the feeling w as m utual – o f f. For Crom w ell, ending the cal cause again by attem pting to was never con verted to the cen tral monastic life in England entailed discred it Warham’s immediate su c- Protestant doctrine of justification denouncing the regular clergy as cessor, Thom as Cranm er, the most by faith alone (solafideism), the idea misch ievous deceivers. A n impor- prom inent patro n o f reform ers in that all salvation w as achieved by tantcause célèbre for the vicar-gen er- Canterbury diocese. Cranm er is God’s grace conveyed through the al and his supporters was provided most fondly remembered as the divine gift of faith in Christ, reg ard - by Boxley A bbey w ith its m iracu - com piler of the Book of Common less of any hum an endeavour in lous ‘Rood of Grace’ fa m e d fo r Prayer. Less w ell know n is h is good works. This held little appeal resp o n d ing to penitents by moving w ork as a local diocesan governor, for Henry, a m onarch assu red of his its eyes and lips. Exposed as a the result of a m eteoric rise to the Autum n 2002 10 primacy which ow ed m u ch to his ing, the bread and wine rem aining tation as a hotbed for reform ed attachm ent - along w ith Thom as as visible signs of the Lord’s Supper ideas w as assured w hen the Crom w ell - to the circle of evangel- and tokens of the believer’s faith Protestant and fo rm er E d w ard ian icals around Anne Boleyn. He since in Cranm er’s ow n words ‘only s h e r i f f, Sir Thom as W yatt of rem ained H enry’s faithful if not the faithful con su m e the body of Allington, was able to m uster entirely uncritical servan t th ere- Christ…with the heart, not with around 3,000 Kentish follow ers for after. Because of this the king took the teeth’, a position still held by his abo rtive uprising to depose against the m anoeuvres by leading the Church of England. Mary in favour of her half-sister trad itionalists, including members Such thinking, more aligned to Elizabeth in 1554. H E N R Y V III’S of the Canterbury cathedral ch ap- th e S w iss than the G erm an Wyatt’s reb ellion w as occa- REFORM ATION ter d u ring the so-called Lutheran Reform ation, lay at the sioned by Mary’s m arriage to Philip ‘Prebendaries P lot’, to label th e heart of the Archbish op’s d esigns of Spain. In p itch ing for support, H E N R Y V III’S Archbish op a h eretic. R oyal reac- for an English liturgy publish ed in Wyatt m ade a direct appeal to a REFORM ATION tion against con servatives enabled 1549. Consequently, th e first sen se of English patriotism against evangelicals to seize the initiative Prayer Book’s m ore far- r e a c h i n g a perceived Spanish an d C atholic H E N R Y V III’S at Henry’s d eath in 1547, the con- su ccessor of 15 52, backed by threat, a sen timent with prescience REFORM ATION cept of a national ch u rch indepen- Som erset’s usurper John Dudley, for a key aspect of m ainstream H E N R Y V III’S dent of Rom e becam e credible and Duke of Northum berland, om itted Protestantism as it developed in con crete. any reference to the con secration of Elizabeth’s reign. Yet hostility REFORM ATION Henrician ecclesiastical policy the elem ents by the celebrant, who tow ards ‘Popery’ form ed part of the H E N R Y V III’S had the negative effect of sw eeping was to b e reg ard ed as a teaching process w hereby the Tudor found- aw ay fam iliar m arkings on the pastor rather than a priest. In ing fathers w renched the English REFORM ATION Catholic landscape w ithout laying 1550, to reinforce the new liturgy, ch u rch fro m its medieval m oorings. H E N R Y V III’S th e fo u n d ations for a new stone altars were rep laced by w ood- By equipping th e ch u rch w ith a Protestant faith . This ch an ged en communion tables, the em pha- reform ed litu rg y co n v eying a REFORM ATION with th e accession of his son , the sis being placed upon ‘su p per’ memorialist view of the eucharist H E N R Y V III’S boy king Edw ard VI. If Henry was rather than ‘sacrifice’. W ithin the and a form ulary em phasising pre- con tent to draw parallels betw een space of a few years, the fram ew o rk destinarian teaching, Edw ardian REFORM ATION himself and K ing David, Edw ard, of a Protestant settlem ent was cod - reform ers sought theological dis- H E N R Y V III’S as the recipient of a forw ardly ified in the Forty Tw o A rticles of con tinuity fro m the past. Priests REFORM ATION evangelical education, cam e to be 1553, which by including state- were to serve as pastors, preaching identified w ith the Old Testam ent ments of unconditional predestina- the Gospel and the divine law to H E N R Y V III’S figures of Josiah and Solom on, the tion - the idea that God had divid- s o c i e t y. Parish ch u rch interiors REFORM ATION scourge of idols an d the builder of ed the world into the elect and w ere p u rg ed o f ‘su p erstitious’ the Tem ple respectively. Th e first rep rob ate - provid ed th e to u ch - sacred imagery along w ith other H E N R Y V III’S Parliam ent of the new reign, con - stone for English Protestant ortho- offending physical objects of trad i- REFORM ATION vened by the king’s u n cle E dw ard doxy dow n to the seven teenth cen - tional worship, most con spicu ou sly S e y m o u r, P rotector Som erset, tury. Follow ing the brief interlude the altar. The old devotional world H E N R Y V III’S finalised th e assau lt on purgatory of Q ueen M ary’s reign (1553-58), was system atically sw ept aw ay. For REFORM ATION by abolish ing chantries (39 in the Edw ardian liturgy and form u- th is reason . th e E d w a rd ian Kent) and religious fraternities. laries w ere resu rrected, albeit in a Reform ation sh ou ld be view ed as a H E N R Y V III’S With the closure of these m utual- crystallised form , under Elizabeth. religious revolution conducted REFORM ATION aid societies for the afterlife, estab- So far it rem ains to be seen without reference to a m oderating H E N R Y V III’S lish ed for the purpose of providing how religiou s ch an ge w as received spirit o f ‘Anglican ism ’, th e later m asses for the sou ls of past donors, by the people of Kent, a difficu lt intellectual origins of which aw ait REFORM ATION th e E d w ard ian regime then issu e to fath om since sources treatment in future editions of this H E N R Y V III’S em barked on a w id er p ro g ram m e allow ing for an accu rate quantifica- newsletter. to d ism an tle the m ass itself. tion of religious opinion do not REFORM ATION Reform ers disliked the m ass for exist for the Tudor period. A stro n g Matthew Reynolds H E N R Y V III’S several reaso n s. To begin with, the body of conservative opinion in rites w ere co n d u cted in Latin, Kent has already been noted. O n Suggestions for further REFORM ATION which they argued com m unican ts the other hand, it is possible to read ing, H E N R Y V III’S cou ld not understand. They also uncover tangible links betw een the REFORM ATION maintained that the celebration cou n ty’s Lollard legacy an d the M. Aston, England’s Iconoclasts, 1: was theologically unsound. In par- spread of reform ed beliefs, reflect- Laws against Im ages (O xford, 1988) H E N R Y V III’S t i c u l a r, ‘tra n su b sta n tiation’, th e ed perhaps in the proportionally REFORM ATION idea that the bread and wine at the high num ber of 66 Kentish martyr- D. MacCulloch, Thom as Cranm er: a moment of con secration w ere dom s under M ary, with only the Life(New Haven, 1996) H E N R Y V III’S tra n sform ed into the body and capital witn essin g m o re b u rn ings. REFORM ATION blood of Christ, was questioned on Whether all dissenters from the D. MacCulloch, Tudor Church the grounds that the priest per- Marian ch u rch w ere con vinced Militant: Edward V I and the Protestant H E N R Y V III’S form ed a good w ork by m aking a Edw ardian Protestants or h eretics Reform ation (Lon d on , 1999) REFORM ATION sacrificial offering to the Father. in a more fundam ental sen se is not Cranm er in con su ltation with Peter easy to determ ine. A t the sam e A. E. McGrath, Re f o r m a t i o n M a rtyr an d M artin Bucer – time, the tight ecclesiastical con tro l Thought: an Introduction, 3r d e d n . Continental reform ers installed as e xercised locally by en ergetic (O xford, 1999) divinity professors at Oxford and Catholic o fficials su ch as Cam bridge – rejected notions of a Archdeacon Nich olas H arpsfield N. Ty a c ke, Aspects of English real or corporeal presence in the may explain m uch. H ow ever, a Protestantism c. 1530-1700 (M anchester, eucharist. In stead, he rap idly cam e large proportion, 12 percent of the 2001), ch . 1. to advance a memorial view of the 2,443 pre-1558 reform ers identified sacram en t w h ereby the com m u- by John Fines, originated from M. Zell (ed .), Early Modern Kent 1540- nion service becam e a thanksgiv- Kent. Similarly, the cou n ty’s rep u - 1640 (W oodbridge, 2000), ch s. 6 & 7. Autum n 2002 11 Easter Excavation at Tey n h a m large area of the archbish - ops of Canterbury’s m an or house at Teynham , som e 200 m etres to the north of th e ch u rch , (see m ap) w as EASTER excavated over the Easter EXCAVATION holiday by num erous Kent Archaeological Field School stu- AT TEYN H AM dents. Kentish rag stone walls and EASTER foundation s w ere revealed su g- gesting that th ere w as a su bstan- EXCAVATION tial stone stru cture floored w ith AT TEYN H AM 13th cen tury decorated tiles. The walls w ere plastered w ith lime EASTER mortar, which was decorated with EXCAVATION red and ochre pigm ent and w in- AT TEYN H AM dows were carved in Caen stone Excavation area som e 200 metres north of St and glazed with stained glass. The Mary’s Church. EASTER roof was covered in clay peg tiles A section of the surviving south foundation EXCAVATION in two colours, yellow and red, visited the manor house. He died som e of which were glazed. wall with the dem olished building m aterial there on 13th July in the presence AT TEYN H AM The Field School located the filling the medieval cellar. of the Bishop of Rochester and EASTER building three years ago with field watermill, vineyard and saffro n both entourages. In 1279 walking and geophysical su rvey. garden are all included in the Archbishop John Peckham w rote EXCAVATION Documentary evidence from 1376 item ised accou n ts. The earliest to Q ueen Eleanor, wife of Edw ard AT TEYN H AM indicates that the building com - reco rd s a re fro m 11 85 , when I, that he had ‘built a very beauti- plex included tw o grange barns, Archbish op B aldw in w as in resi- ful Chapel at Teynham which you EASTER one for barley, the other for corn . dence. In 1205 A rchbish o p will be pleased w ith w hen you EXCAVATION A cloister, great hall, squ ire’s Hubert Walter, who was ren o w n ed pass this way’. AT TEYN H AM ch am ber, vine ten d erer’s h ou se, for his almost ro yal establish m en t, Dr Paul Wilkinson EASTER EXCAVATION AT TEYN H AM Object loans across cultures through time EASTER he Outreach Collection is a loan sh ow how the ability to inter- teachers with pupils of a whole ran g e of service of original and replica pret objects aids our understanding of abilities. Children w ith special learning EXCAVATION objects th a t a re su p p lied by the world difficu lties are often able to relate to AT TEYN H AM Kent County Council to schools sh ow that specialist know l- objects m ore effectively than w ith the and other educational establish- edge is not essential to learn from written word and illustrations especially EASTER ments. As part of the Arts an d objects when they are able to handle the objects EXCAVATION Libraries D epartment the service su p- help teachers to m ake use of in their ow n time. Developing the ability plies original objects, high quality mod- objects in the classroom to reco g n ise, identify, observe and reco rd AT TEYN H AM els and rep licas covering the history, nat- make objects cen tral to the are som e of the vital sk ills that can be EASTER ural history and developm ent both of cu rricu lum and not simply classroom developed using the loans collections. EXCAVATION Kent and of the wider world. The collec- decorations These skills linked w ith different fields tions are used extensively by the whole sh ow cross-curricu lar appli- of know ledge can really help ch ildren to AT TEYN H AM educational spectru m fro m N u rsery to cations and teaching techniques understand m ore clearly the difficu lt EASTER the University of the 3rd Age. W here possible the objects fro m the con cepts of ch ron ology, ch an ge, con tinu- There are two types of loan, stan- Outreach C o llection can be freely han- ity, developm ent, progress and cu lture. EXCAVATION dard and large. Standard loans are dled by children and students. This u se The Outreach Collection is managed AT TEYN H AM offered on a half-term ly basis an d con- of objects in class can help pupils under- by Peter D ivall and really does offer ‘a tain boxes of one or several objects. stan d th e presen t, close encounter w ith the Large loans are room sized settings and especially the impor- real thing.’ The range of are usually loaned for up to 10 working tance of tech nology. history m aterial provided days. These include a Victorian Parlour It can also stimulate by the C ollection covers EASTER and an air raid shelter. A ll loans are an understanding of pre-history through to EXCAVATION delivered and collected as part of the ser- other times and cul- 20th Century w ith som e AT TEYN H AM vice. tures in a very direct particu larly interesting For teachers the collections provide and tangible w ay. Perhaps the m ost Rom an material fro m Kent. The natur- an extensive ran g e of sou rces of verifica- important aspect of using objects is the al history objects include bird s an d tion, inform ation and inspiration on a motivation it inspires in the pupils an d mammals. For further inform ation and whole ran g e of topics. By linking the col- students. It is on e thing to read about details of the objects that are available lections w ith th e cu rricu lum and using ancient Egypt, it is quite another experi- for loan please con tact: support materials su ch as those pub- ence to handle goods produced and used Peter Divall lish ed by E n glish H eritage there are no b y th e E g y p tians them selves, th ree The Outreach Collection sh ortage of exciting things for pupils to thousand years ago. KCC Arts & Libraries, Gibson Drive, learn and do using the loan objects. The The objects in the Outreach Kings Hill, West Malling loans service aims to: Collection can be used very effectively by Kent. M E20 4A L Tel: 01622 605226

Autum n 2002 12 ble for this. This criteria obvious- Guidelines for Newsletter ly does not apply to illustrations either produced, or commissioned in c l u s i o n s by, the author. he Newsletter aims have a pretation! All su bm issions of more In serts: ‘cu rren t events’ feel – to than 200 words sh ou ld state num - In serts from ou tside bodies be a magazine that carries ber of words if not su bm itted elec- (n on -K A S organisations) must be new s from around the tro n ically. pre-printed. Charges for insertion NEW SLETTER co u n ty (an d elsew h ere Illustrative m aterial can be will be £50 for commercial, £25 for G U ID E L IN E S w hen appropriate) of su bm itted in slide or print form , non-com m ercial, for a standard AND in tere st to m em b ers, or sen t electro n ically. Please note single sheet of A5. Larger/heavier including events, con ferences, lec- that som e colour m aterial does inserts w ill be charged to reflect CH RISTM AS tures, opportunities for study not con vert to a B& W image well the greater cost of postage. These LU N CH ES etc… due to loss of con trast; supplying ch arges will be revised in Jan uary O ccasional articles should, if B&W originals is preferable unless of each year. The option is also NEW SLETTER possible, be n o longer than 1200 the article is to appear on the 4 available of paying for advertising G U ID E L IN E S words with illustration/s, 1500 designated colour pages. space w ithin the Newsletter, cost words without illustrations. If an The editor reserves the right to of which will be dependent on size AND author wish es to subm it a longer ch an ge/om it copy bu t will always and colour/B&W pages. Please CH RISTM AS article, inclusion w ill be depen- inform the con tributor in advance. con tact me for further details. dent upon available space. Longer Finally, please note that the LU N CH ES articles could be accom m odated Copyright for illustrations: con tributor/author of work is NEW SLETTER on an ‘instalment’ basis. Please The editor positively welcom es respon sible for ensuring that there G U ID E L IN E S con tact me if you w ould like to any illustrative material to accom - is nothing defam atory in the arti- arran g e this. A rticles of around pany articles; colo u r rep ro d u ction cle; the KAS do not have insur- AND 600-800 w ords w ith one or two is available for fro n t & back pages ance for libel and will not indem - CH RISTM AS illustrations fit well onto one page both inside & out, black & w hite nify the author against libel pro- and are the preferred form at. elsew here w ithin the newsletter. ceedings. LU N CH ES Subm ission of copy by em ail H o w e v e r, the copyright to any Please don’t hesitate to con- NEW SLETTER or disc would be much appreciat- illustration taken fro m p reviously tact me if you have any further ed. If this is n ot possible, typed publish ed w orks m u st be questions. G U ID E L IN E S copy is preferable to handw ritten, addressed by the author of the Lyn Palmer AND which can lead to erro rs o f inter- article; the editor is n ot respon si- Editor CH RISTM AS LU N CH ES NEW SLETTER G U ID E L IN E S su bstantial cou n try h o u se b u t its world. T h e W elte organ has been AND Christmas delights are so n u m erou s a brief restored at a cost of £400,000 outline will have to su ffice! They ~ and w e are expecting to hear CH RISTM AS Lunch ~ give an insigh t into aspects of it p layed! Full historical LU N CH ES local history not seen on any other details can be fou n d on November 30th at the Hop site including electricity, photog- w w w.salom ons.org.uk or can be NEW SLETTER Farm Paddock Wood. rap h y, motor mechanics and a pri- sen t with ticket if req u ested. G U ID E L IN E S vate V ictorian theatre co n taining Booking form for this event he bar will be serving the last organ of its type in the can be found on page 9. AND fro m 11am and lunch will CH RISTM AS be served at 12. D uring th is h ou r M em b ers w ill LU N CH ES have the opportunity to DO YOU RECOGNISE THISOBJECT? NEW SLETTER brow se the bookstall and This iron -bound ch est obviously con tained som ething of importance. Is it a parish ch est for G U ID E L IN E S are also invited to bring alms (follow ing the poor law of 1552), Registers and other docum ents? Did it hold cou rt their o w n p u b lications along for rolls, cou ld it be an arrow ch est? Do you know its date, purpose or even w h ere it now exists? AND purchase. Your new Please con tact the editor at CH RISTM AS Com m unications O fficer and 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN 1 2Q U Newsletter Editor look forw ard to LU N CH ES this opportunity to m eet K A S NEW SLETTER members in festive spirit. The entertainm ent after the G U ID E L IN E S lunch w ill be a return visit of the AND marvellous Thom as Clark Q uire, perform ing a new selection of CH RISTM AS music su n g in ch u rch es before the LU N CH ES intro d u ction of th e ch u rch organ . This w ill be follow ed by a visit to th e D a vid Salom ons H ouse at Southborough. The house is n ot normally open to the public so the opportunity of a con du cted tour is a privilege. The building itself is a

Autum n 2002 13 LETTERS TO TH E EDITOR A U TU M N 2002

Dear Editor of the Saxon Shore Forts m ak es a w elcom e Dear Editor con tribution to our understanding of their LETTERS FYLFO T-CRO SSES co nstru ction, though I cannot understand TW O ENTIRE KENTISH TO THE I have been studying aspects of the why he states the Isle of Sheppey to be the VILLAG ES THREATENED WITH ecclesiastical sym bolism as found in the nearest source of septaria/cem entstone to ANNIHILATION EDITOR Rom an catacom bs and later in W estern Reculver and R ich borou gh . T h e six m iles of LETTERS Europe, and I am hoping that you may be London clay coastline from Bishopstone, All those w ho care about our able to help me with one specific enquiry. through H erne Bay, Studd H ill, Sw alecliffe cou n ty’s h istory should be concerned TO THE My cu rren t research is focu ssed on the and Tankerton, most of it su bject to rap id ero- about the intention to annihilate two EDITOR Fylfot-C rosses found in the ch u rch of Great sion, yielded a whole villages if the plan goes ahead LETTERS Canfield, near Great Dunm ow in E ssex. plentifu l supply to establish B ritain’s biggest airp o rt A ccording to his- of septaria nod- (twice th e capacity of Heathrow ) on TO THE to rians five of ules until the the H oo peninsula. EDITOR them were carved cliffs w ere grad- into the porch ed and the sea All Hallow s and St Mary’s H oo LETTERS stonew ork in the early part of the 12th walls built. Even would be w iped off the m ap, along TO THE c e n t u r y, as illustrated in the diagram allow ing for a with their mediaeval ch u rch es and all above. larger Sheppey 2000 years ago, this sou thern their h istoric bu ildings. S evere d am - EDITOR This sym bol was used in Denm ark in shore of the estu ary w as right on Reculver’s age would also be su ffered by 6 neigh - LETTERS a variety of w ays both ecclesiastical and doorstep and easily accessible by sea. bouring parish es (C liffe, Cooling, secu lar, and according to one authority it Much appreciated was the tribute to our Grain, High H alstow , H oo and Stoke) TO THE appeared on a baptism al font in one of Whitstable historian, the late Wallace Harvey. All the buildings concerned - those to EDITOR their ch u rch es, but sad ly he gave no specif- May I set the reco rd straight on just a cou ple be destroyed and those which w ou ld LETTERS ic details. In con versation som e time ago I of points? Mention was made of his work as be blighted, including Cooling Castle - was told that there was a similar exam ple a R eader in the Canterbury D iocese: he was are listed in the Kent Historic TO THE to be found in K ent, again w ithout any adm itted to that office relatively late in his Buildings In d ex for Medway com piled EDITOR specific location mentioned. I w ondered if life (in Jun e 1965, when Mich ael Ram sey was by the late Kenneth Gravett, copies of any of your members might know of its Archbish op), though he had alread y served which are available from me price £3 LETTERS occurrence or know som eone w ho w ould for m any years as a local preacher in the including postage together with guid- TO THE be able to con firm the matter. Methodist Church. Recognition w as also ance notes for those who wish to com - given to his sterling work on the form er ment on the plan. EDITOR The Revd.Steph en Taylor Whitstable U rban D istrict C oun cil, but I LETTERS sh ou ld point out that he w as Council Mich ael H Peters TO THE Chairm an on ly during the 1950’s period Kent Historical Buildings Committee Dear Editor referred to. He was no longer on the Council c/oCPRE Kent EDITOR in the 1971-74 period, when Councillors Coldharbour Farm , LETTERS As always, I am very much enjoying the Cicely G rundon, Hubert Skinner and M ick Am age Road, Wye, variety of reports in the new volum e of O’Callaghan each served a year as Chairm an . Ashford TO THE Archaeologia Cantiana. Kent EDITOR Andrew Pearson’s analysis of the fabric Mich ael Whitley TN 25 5D B LETTERS TO THE EDITOR proud that th ey put the presen ters Young Archaeologists in Kent straight when asked about their su bject, LETTERS em phasising that archaeology w as the orth Downs YAC continues to with KCC Heritage. Activities included TO THE be as popular as ever. Som e tasting Iron Age recipes, con stru cting EDITOR recen t m eetings have included Boudicca’s ch ariot, making edible torcs, LETTERS a day trip to Av e b u r y, We s t weaving and braiding, and using fabric Kennet long barrow and paint with stencils to m ake Iron A ge TO THE Stoneh en ge, th e latter w ith designs. Giles Guthrie, Acting K eeper of EDITOR privileged access granted by E n glish Human History from M aidstone Heritage to w alk am ongst the stones. Museum, brought along Iron A ge arte- We have carried out a gravestone su rvey facts including slave chains. H e w as around Thurnham ch u rch , attended the most generous w ith his time and spent 30th birthday party of YAC at the British the day talking to fascinated children. Museum and visited Time Team at We were fortunate to have the living his- G reenw ich , search ing fo r H en ry V III’s tory group Cantiaci as our special guests. tilt yard. W e h ave visited ‘Military They painted skin w ith w oad and O d yssey’ at Detling and are planning a dem onstrated facets of life in the Iron joint Christm as m eeting with the Age. For m an y ch ildren the highlight Canterbury branch of YAC to w hich though, was th e ch an ce to get in a real Carenza Lew is is invited. m ess spread ing daub on wattle walls! O n 21st July w e celebrated Four branch members recen tly rep - National Archaeology D ay w ith an Iron resen ted YA C on the Children’s B B C Age Fam ily Activity Day at White Horse programme ‘XChange’, in an episod e Autum n 2002 W ood, Thurnham , held in association focussed on prehistoric life. W e w ere 14 THE W YCHURSTPROJECT CREATING A LATE SAX ON ENVIRONM ENT

ased in w oodland adjacent to stan tial oak-fram ed artisan ’s cottage the W ildw ood Discovery Pa r k with panelled walls and thatch ed roof – THE near Canterbury, the W ychhurst th e ‘Gebur’s cottage’ – built for WYCHURST Project sees the realisation of a Meridian TV’s ‘Time Tourists’. dream by Regia Anglorum , a re- Constru ction is underway inside the PROJECT enactment group committed to defensive features of the largest stru c- AND life in the centuries w hen the locals ture, the Longhall. H istorically these were building defensiv e b u rg h s a s p ro - served as the hom e and headquarters of YA C N E W S tection against marauding Vikings. the Thegn of a M anorial Burgh, dom i- THE Follow ing the granting of planning nating the landscape and the central perm ission, 2 acres of land w ere pur- focus of all local activity. The Wychurst WYCHURST ch ased in August 2000 and clearance longhouse will be 60 by 30 foot long and PROJECT enabled w ork to begin in earnest. A 30 feet high, with a design that m eets AND ditch a n d ram p art were constru cted modern building regulations, quite a Above: An idealized artist’s impression of the finished interior of the Longhall. around one acre, follow ing the erection feat con sidering that 23 tons of oak will Below : The ’Gebur’s cottage’. YAC N EW S outside this of a sm all su n k en -featured be used, with tim bers 10 inches thick THE building – the Grubenhaus – and a su b - and 20 feet long in som e cases! Each of th e m a in uprights WYCHURST Right: Aerial view of the weighs nearly a ton. PROJECT ditch and ram part. Regia A nglorum Below : Regia will display exam - AND Anglorum volunteers con stru ct the ples of the crafts, YAC N EW S fram ew ork for the agricu lture and ani- mighty Longhall. mal husbandry of THE the time, as w ell WYCHURST a s b a ttle disp lays. PROJECT Educational opportu- labour is voluntary. W ork w eekends nities w ill play a t a ke place regularly and R e g i a AND leading role in the Anglorum w ould be delighted to hear YAC N EW S life of the Burgh and fro m anyone with an interest in getting it is hoped that many involved; if con stru ction doesn’t appeal, THE schools an d youth your horticu ltural know ledge would be WYCHURST groups w ill explore welcom ed as a great deal of w eeding life in the 11th cen- and preparation of the herb gardens on PROJECT tury! site has to be done. T h ey can b e co n - AND The Project, a tacted through N igel Am os, Wychurst huge undertaking for C o - o r d i n a t o r, 5 K ingsw ood Ro a d , YAC N EW S a private society, is Gillingham M E7 1DZ em ail: THE s e l f-financing and nigel_am os@ yahoo.co.uk . WYCHURST PROJECT AND study of man and not din osau rs, as the Isle of Thanet branch of the YAC evening in M ay w e enjoyed ourselves BBC research ers seem ed to believe! has had an outdoor summer. On a warm washing animal bone fro m last year’s YA C N E W S Kate Kersey dig on the Rom an Villa at THE M i n s t e r. Members had fun trying to identify the WYCHURST various animals, proba- PROJECT bly not very su ccessfully, as din osaur w as the AND p referred identification! YA C N E W S Seven m em bers with THE their parents took part in a history q u iz aroun d WYCHURST Broadstairs H arbo u r in PROJECT Jun e an d in July w e all visited the Shell Grotto AND in Margate. This is a very enigm at- YAC N EW S ic bu ilding w hich h as pu zzled everybody and defied even carbon - dating. YAC members made their ow n su ggestions for its raison d’e- tre and have been collecting sh ells Left: Searching for carvings inside Ston eh en ge. all su m m er read y to m ake their Above, left to right: Privileged visitors at Ston eh en ge, appearing on CBBC’s ‘XChange’ ow n version of a panel fro m the and daub spreading at White Horse W ood. Grotto during the Autum n. Jose Gibbs Autum n 2002 15 bought in 1954, first seen w hen dri- Dr Joan Thirsk CB E ving past on a dark, storm y afternoon with cro w s w h eeling around the oan Thirsk w as elected a Patro n con fiscation of ro yalist lands during tow er, “w e just k n ew w e h ad to live of the KAS in M ay, an accolade th e C ivil War and subsequent there”. A sh ell after partial dem oli- which honoured her lifetime as Restoration. A m ove to Leicester tion by a developer, it was made hab- an em inent historian. I req u est- University to ta k e u p a R e s e a r c h itable during w ork w eekends and is ed an interview to find out about Fellow ship on th e ag rarian history of now a suitably distinctive residence BACK PAGE a career which has specialised in Lincolnshire saw the germ ination of a for occu pan ts of distinction! th e ag rarian past – but so m an y Follow ing her husband’s PEOPLE other facets of her life presented retirem en t, th e fa m ily lived in BACK PAGE them selves during our talk that Oxford for 10 years. In 1983, my departing rem ark concerned finding the training and supervi- PEOPLE the im p ossibility o f c o n d e n sing sion of postgraduates dish earten- BACK PAGE them within a page! ing due to the lack of their Born in London, an em ploym ent prospects, Joan also PEOPLE interest in agricu lture seem ed op ted for retirem en t fro m BACK PAGE unlikely for a city girl. Joan how - University life. At th is point ever, has traced h er ro o ts back to Hadlow Castle becam e their p er- PEOPLE 1780 to the Enfield area, postulat- m anent hom e rather than a BACK PAGE ing that the fam ily n am e of w eekend retreat. PEOPLE Watkins originated through Welsh Throughout our conversation drovers w ho brought animals to ‘altern atives’ w ere a recu rring BACK PAGE Sm ithfield; perhaps farm ing is in them e, fro m th e a lte rn a tive PEOPLE the blood? Her interest in history stance of wom en historians to was superseded by her decision to alternative career options. In BACK PAGE stu dy m od ern languages, at 1997 ‘Alternative A gricu lture – PEOPLE Westfield College for w om en in From the Black D eath to the London. But in 1942, one year Present Day’ was publish ed , deal- BACK PAGE into her cou rse, an ultimatum was ing with recu rring crises in farm - PEOPLE issu ed , req u esting a prom ise to ing. “W e’re cu rren tly in the fourth teach or do war work. Joan ch ose su ch ex p erien ce, with farm ers BACK PAGE search ing for alternatives; I ca n the latter and went into the ATS. Joan outside her hom e at H adlow Castle. PEOPLE Her language skills w ere almost predict events”. Joan is BACK PAGE needed - thus began three years at sch em e d evised for a grand survey of cu rren tly working on food history Bletch ley. She hasn’t seen the recen t England and Wales. The first volum e, betw een 1500 and 1750 and has given PEOPLE film ‘Enigm a’ but did comment on the written b y Jo an , of the m ighty eight sem inars in Am erica on the su b - BACK PAGE glam orisation of a role “w hich w e all ‘A g rarian H istory’, appeared in 1967 ject. She has also been asked to write knew w as important, but was a rou- and was “sparkling, innovative”. She an essay, as the only living member of PEOPLE tine. Nobody had the ‘big picture’ for eventually becam e the editor in 1975; its original executive committee, for BACK PAGE secu rity’s sak e”. H ere she m et her the final volum e (7) appeared in 2000. th e B ritish A gricultu ra l History future husband, m arrying in 1945. H er g ro u n d -b reak ing career path Society describing its form ation in PEOPLE She w as am used on a recent visit to w as accom plish ed w h ilst raising her 1953. Th e S ociety is soon to hold a BACK PAGE the centre to see a photograph fro m ch ildren, born in 1954 and 1956 celebration of her life and work. PEOPLE those days of a party, peopled by those r e s p e c t i v e l y. Com m uting between The ‘su perw om an ’ label applied fro m h u ts 6 and 3, “can’t remember London and Leicester meant that fam - to women during the last two decades BACK PAGE th e occasion, but Asa Briggs is there ily life stayed intact, although her – those who juggle hom e, fam ily and PEOPLE although I’ve been sliced off the side!” su bsequ en t move to O xford (“a very career – applies equally to women like Married, and returning to masculine place!”) to take up a h er d u ring the earlier 20th century, BACK PAGE Westfield after the war, a decision to Readership led to the purchase of a lit- pioneers in their fields. She was keen PEOPLE sw itch su b jects w as h istory’s gain. tle house w here fam ily holidays cou ld to stress though, that “m y whole aca- However, her linguistic studies have be spen t. This was the first of a su c- dem ic life has been tailored not to added a European dimension to her cession of near-derelict houses (fro m disturb m y fam ily – I w ould have historical interpretation, an approach C S Lewis’s in Oxford to southern been tem pted by all sorts of wonder- sh e feels m issing in m any historians Spain), which needed com plete ren o - ful posts otherwise”. Joan w as 80 today. A fem inist stance has increased vation. Joan has mixed and laid con - th is year. Her achievem ents are with age, fuelled by irritation at the crete, built and plastered walls and is undispu ted and her vitality undimin- way in w hich ‘people-orien tated ’ a dab hand at the decorative finish ing ish ed ; the KAS are proud to have her them es (costum e, food and personal touches of paper and paint! Her cu r- as a Patro n . lives) once the derided province of ren t h om e in H adlow C astle w as The Editor 19th century w om en historians, are now tackled in the m edia using m ale presenters. O ffered the CBE in 1994, Copy deadline for the next issue in January is M onday December 2nd. Joan ’s m ixed feelings about the hon- The editor wishes to draw atten tion to the fact that neither she nor the Council of the KAS are answ erable for ou rs system w ere overcom e by the opinions which con tributors may express in their signed articles; each author is alone responsible for the feeling that, as one of few w om en so con ten ts and substance of their work. ch osen , sh e sh ou ld accept. Sh e w as not su rp rised to find herself the only EDITOR :LYN PALM ER woman recipient at the cerem on y. 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU Having gained a first at Westfield Telephone: 01892 533661 Mobile: 07810 340831 sh e w as offered a grad u ate stu - Email [email protected] dentsh ip, and with R. H.Taw ney as her or [email protected] su pervisor, produced a thesis on the Autum n 2002 Publish ed by the Kent Archaeological Society, The Museum, St Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent. ME 14 1LH 16 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk