DOCSLIB.ORG

Living Apart Together in Canada: a National Portrait

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Living Apart Together in Canada: a National Portrait LIVING APART TOGETHER IN CANADA: A NATIONAL PORTRAIT by Lei Chai BA, University of Winnipeg, 2013 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Sociology © Lei Chai, 2015 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be produced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee LIVING APART TOGETHER IN CANADA: A NATIONAL PORTRAIT by Lei Chai BA, University of Winnipeg, 2013 Supervisory Committee Dr. Zheng Wu (Department of Sociology) Supervisor Dr. Barry Edmonston (Department of Sociology) Department Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Zheng Wu (Department of Sociology) Supervisor Dr. Barry Edmonston (Department of Sociology) Department Member Living apart together (LATs) refers to individuals (couples) who are in intimate relationships and do not share the same household. Over the last two decades, LATs have become a new emerging family form in Western societies. Previous research on LATs is generally limited to small-scale surveys and qualitative studies. There are virtually no national studies on this topic using representative data. In this study, I document the incidence and trends of LATs, and provide a national profile of the individual-level characteristics that are associated with those who live in LAT relationships, as well as examine how people from a LAT union differ from those who are married, cohabiting or single. Data from the Canadian General Social Survey (Cycle 25), conducted by Statistics Canada in 2011 is used. The regression results show that LATs are not an alternative to co-residential relationships nor to singlehood. The rate of LATs is associated with age, presence of children, income, main activity, education, place of residence, religiosity and religious affiliation. The implications of these finding are discussed in the context of future families. iv Contents Supervisory Committee .................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... viii Chapter One .................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to this Study ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objective of the Study .................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Contributions ................................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter Two: Review of Literature ................................................................................................ 5 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 The Origin of LATs ...................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Defining and Measuring LATs ..................................................................................... 6 2.3 Demographic, Socioeconomic and Cultural Characteristics ........................................ 8 2.4 Distance between Homes, Frequency of Meetings, and Union Duration .................. 14 2.5 Sexual Orientation ...................................................................................................... 17 2.6 Reasons for Not Living Together ............................................................................... 18 2.7 Criticism of LAT Relationships ................................................................................. 23 2.8 Attitudes toward Partnering and Commitment ........................................................... 23 2.9 Attitudes toward Family Conventionality and Liberalism ......................................... 24 2.10 Intentions to Live Together ........................................................................................ 25 2.11 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter Three: Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses ............................................................. 27 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 27 3.1 Economic theory: Becker’s Economic Theory of Marriage ....................................... 27 3.2 Sociological Theories on Marriage Formation ........................................................... 33 3.3 Hypotheses.................................................................................................................. 38 3.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 41 v Chapter Four: Data and Methodology .......................................................................................... 42 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 42 4.1 Data source ..................................................................................................................... 42 4.2 Study Sample .............................................................................................................. 43 4.3 Variables ..................................................................................................................... 44 4.4 Statistical Analyses ..................................................................................................... 47 4.5 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter Five: Findings .................................................................................................................. 51 5 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 51 5.1 Descriptive Statistics .................................................................................................. 51 5.2 Multivariate Results .................................................................................................... 59 5.3 Predicted Probabilities ................................................................................................ 77 5.4 Robustness .................................................................................................................. 99 5.5 Summary ................................................................................................................... 102 Chapter Six: Discussion .............................................................................................................. 103 6 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 103 6.1 The Prevalence of LATs in Canada .......................................................................... 103 6.2 Are LAT Relationships an Alternative to Singlehood? ............................................ 104 6.3 Are LAT Relationships an Alternative to a Co-residential Relationship? ............... 105 6.4 Summary ................................................................................................................... 107 Chapter Seven: Limitations ........................................................................................................ 109 References ................................................................................................................................... 111 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................... 131 vi List of Tables Table1: Descriptive Statistics of the Selected Independent Variables Used in the Regression Models: Canadians (Age 18-64), 2011…………………………………………………………. 45 Table 2: Descriptive Statistics on Selected Independent Variables, by Union Status: Canadians (18-64), 2011……………………………………………………………………………………. 54 Table 3: Basic Descriptive Statistics on LATs by age group and gender (18-64), 2011……….. 56 Table 4: Descriptive Statistics of Union Status across Gender by Age Groups: Canadians…… 58 Table 5: Multinomial Logistic Regression of Selected Independent Variables for Married vs. LATs …………………………………………………………………………………………….62 Table 6: Multinomial Logistic Regression of Selected Independent Variables for Married vs. LATs …………………………………………………………………………………………….65 Table 7: Multinomial Logistic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • " Doing" LAT: Redoing Gender and Family in Living Apart Together
    MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Denise R. Brothers Candidate for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________ Director Jennifer R. Bulanda, Ph.D. ____________________________ Reader Ronald E. Bulanda, Ph.D. ____________________________ Reader C. Lee Harrington, Ph.D. ____________________________ Reader Kathryn B. McGrew, Ph.D. ____________________________ Graduate School Representative M. Elise Radina, Ph.D. ABSTRACT “DOING” LAT: REDOING GENDER AND FAMILY IN LIVING APART TOGETHER RELATIONSHIPS IN LATER LIFE by Denise R. Brothers Current research on intimate relationships of older adults in the U.S. is predominantly focused on marriage. Furthermore, gender relations in later life relationships have historically been studied within long-term marital relationships, which show patterns of high gender conformance earlier in family life, especially with young children, and less so later in life. Demographic and socio- cultural changes are transforming the ways in which people partner across the life course, including later life. Women’s increasing education and workforce participation has helped alter family and household composition, giving rise to different partnership forms including cohabitation, divorce, remarriage, and living apart together (LAT), an intimate relationship in which the couple maintains separate residences. Very little is known about this type of relationship in the U.S. Using a life course framework I examine how gender is manifested in the formation and maintenance of LAT relationships in later life using social constructivism and the theory of gender as social structure. A grounded theory qualitative study with 13 women and 7 men age 59 to 89 reveals patterns of “doing” gender as well as “doing” family earlier in life.
    [Show full text]
  • Relationship Dynamics
    chapter12 To suggest that one simply starts a friendship, courtship, romantic partnership or marriage and “off it goes” is simple-minded. It is like believing that one can drive down the street merely by turning the ignition key, sitting back, and letting the car take care of itself. —Steve Duck RELATIONSHIP DYNAMICS LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completing this chapter, you should be able to demonstrate mastery of the following learning outcomes: 1. Discuss the functions relationships serve, 4. Describe the factors that influence identifying the characteristics that distinguish interpersonal attraction. one relationship from another. 5. Identify how culture, gender, the media, 2. Use Rawlins’s friendship model and and technology influence relationship Sternberg’s triangle of love to explain the development. relationship spectrum, distinguishing among 6. Identify specific techniques that can facilitate acquaintanceships, friendships, and romantic our mastery of relationship dynamics. relationships. 3. Use Knapp and Vangelisti’s relationship model to describe the stages a romantic relationship may pass through. 326 Part IV: Relationships in Context elationships fascinate us! The success of the Real troubles Russell and Taylor experienced provided much of Housewives franchise on the Bravo cable television the drama in the series’ first season, as did the impending Rnetwork—including The Real Housewives of New divorce of Camille Grammer from her now former husband, York, The Real Housewives of New Jersey, The Real actor Kelsey Grammer. Housewives of Beverly Hills, The Real Housewives of Atlanta, and The Real Relationship dramas—both the ups and the Housewives of Orange County, just Each program downs—are at the heart of all the offerings to name some of the Real Housewives in the Real Housewives franchise.
    [Show full text]
  • Personality Traits and Living Apart Together (LAT) Introduction
    Personality Traits and Living Apart Together (LAT) Introduction Next to cohabitation and same sex unions, LAT (Living Together Apart) unions have been identified in the academic literature not only as a transitional stage to marriage, but as a distinct kind of partnering choice (Levin & Trost, 1999). LAT unions, sometimes referred to as “non- residential partnerships” (Castro-Martín, Domínquez-Folgueras & Martín-García, 2008), are intimate relationships between unmarried partners who live in separate households but identify themselves as part of a couple (Strohm et al., 2009). As a form of partnering, LAT raises questions regarding not only who is involved and why, but also how this practice relates to cohabitation and marriage. Several studies have investigated LAT in light of individual preferences (De Graaf & Loozen, 2004; Loozen & Steenhof, 2004), revealing distinctive gender, education and age patterns in LAT unions. As noted by Borghans et al (2008), personality traits seem to be related both to preferences and to capabilities, and they have been found to be predictive of individual selection into and out of marriage (Lundberg, 2012).In addition, personality is also associated with family outcomes such as fertility and marital satisfaction (Jokela et al., 2009; Skirbekk & Bleksaune, 2013; Tavares, 2010). Studies on living apart have so far mostly used a qualitative approach to investigate the motivation and preferences for forming a LAT union, but they have not been able to provide more information about the link between personality and LAT, mostly due to data limitations and small sample size. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between personality traits and the likelihood of being in a LAT union.
    [Show full text]
  • Stability of Bilocal Relationships – Conditions and Development Paths an Analysis of the First and Second Wave of Pairfam
    Comparative Population Studies – Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft Vol. 37, 3-4 (2012): 429-462 (Date of release: 07.03.2013) Stability of Bilocal Relationships – Conditions and Development Paths An Analysis of the First and Second Wave of Pairfam Jürgen Dorbritz, Robert Naderi Abstract: Bilocal relationships have lost their status as an exclusive living arrange- ment. They occur almost as frequently as unmarried cohabiting couples and can be found in virtually all social groups. Nevertheless, they are characterised by a set of very specifi c traits. The causes behind the increasing number of bilocal relation- ships can on the one hand be seen in a tendency towards greater individualisation, i.e. the desire for greater individual autonomy, and on the other hand in increas- ing demands for work-related mobility, which can only be met by separate house- holds. It is generally assumed that one defi ning characteristic of bilocal relationships is that they are rather short-lived and often merely seen as a temporary or stopgap solution. On the basis of the fi rst and second wave of the pairfam survey, the aim of this paper is to investigate the general circumstances of bilocal relationships and its implications for their future stability. The central question is which conditions lead to the continuation or the breakup of a bilocal relationship or to an eventual shared household. When looking at wave one and wave two in comparison (i.e. a time period of one year), profound changes have already occurred regarding continuation or breakup. From those bilocal relationships found in wave one, more than half of the age-group questioned had not changed their chosen relationship type.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Apart Together in Britain
    Practices and perceptions of living apart together Item Type Article Authors Duncan, Simon; Phillips, M.; Carter, J.; Roseneil, S.; Stoilova, M. Citation Duncan S, Phillips M, Carter J et al (2014) Practices and perceptions of living apart together. Family Science. 5(1): 1-10. Rights © 2014, Taylor and Francis. This is an Author's Accepted Manuscript of an article published in Family Science, 2014. Copyright Taylor & Francis. Available online at: http:// www.tandfonline.com/toc/rfsc20/current#.UynEL6h_vTo Download date 26/09/2021 11:14:04 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5858 The University of Bradford Institutional Repository http://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk This work is made available online in accordance with publisher policies. Please refer to the repository record for this item and our Policy Document available from the repository home page for further information. To see the final version of this work please visit the publisher’s website. Available access to the published online version may require a subscription. Author(s): Duncan, Simon, Phillips, Miranda, Carter, Julia, Roseneil, Sasha and Stoilova, Mariya. Title: Practices and perceptions of living apart together Publication year: 2014 Journal title: Family Science Publisher: Routledge Link to publisher’s site: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rfsc20/current#.UynEL6h_vTo Citation: Duncan, S., Phillips, M., Carter, J., Roseneil, S. and Stoilova, M. (2014). Practices and perceptions of living apart together. Family Science. [Awaiting publication, Mar 2014]. Copyright statement:
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Living Apart Together (LAT)
    1 Living Apart Together (LAT) Relationships in the U.S. Susan L. Brown, Wendy D. Manning, and Krista K. Payne Adult living arrangements have shifted dramatically in recent decades. The marriage rate has plunged by 60% since 1970 (Cruz, 2013). Nowadays, just over one-half of Americans are unmarried. But even though a slight majority of U.S. adults are unmarried, not all of them are single. Instead, many are partnered. The retreat from marriage has coincided with a rapid acceleration in unmarried cohabitation, a common living arrangement not only among young adults but older adults, too. The burgeoning literature on unmarried cohabitation underscores the growing centrality of this union type in the family life course. Cohabitation is now recognized as a viable family context that often serves as a setting for childbearing and childrearing (Smock & Greenland, 2010). Roughly two out five children born in the U.S. are to cohabiting parents. Whereas family scholarship once primarily focused on marriage, the prominence of cohabitation is reflected in the fact that research now emphasizes unions more broadly—both marital and cohabiting unions (Sassler, 2010). Although this approach recognizes the diversity of co-residential couple living arrangements, it obscures non-co-residential partnerships that may play a key role in the lives of unmarried adults. In particular, there is growing recognition in Europe of Living Apart Together (LAT) relationships that are characterized by a long-term couple relationship that does not involve co-residence (Duncan & Phillips, 2010; Levin, 2004; Upton-Davis, 2012). Rather, couples choose to maintain separate residences, spending some of their time (days and nights) together and some of their time apart.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Couple Formation and Sexual Relationships
    3. Couple formation and sexual relationships Sexual relationships are always analogous with being part of a couple. At least they require that an individual finds a partner who is willing or agreeable to make love. Even a temporary sexual relationship is a relationship between two (or more) individuals. The motives, commitment and quality of relationships vary. The needs, opportunities and situations that are associated with couple for- mation are different for different people. Some are not in a couple relationship because they cannot find a suitable partner. Others do not want to be in a sexual relationship at a particular time. Someone else would prefer to have a regular part- ner, but continues to live alone nonetheless. Yet, another could not imagine being without a partner, and demands solid commitment to the relationship from both parties. Then, there is the person who would like to live with a steady partner but who retains the right to occasionally form other relationships. This list of differing desires and situations could go on. In this chapter, we will offer a summary of the development of couple forma- tion in Finland from the early 1970s until the end of the 1990s. We will also ex- amine the form and quality of couple relationships in Finland and its neighboring countries. Then, we will study the kinds of relationships people have wanted, and the extent to which they have succeeded in making their wishes come true. The chapter will also report the number of marriage or cohabitation relationships that people have entered into in their lifetimes, the number of sexual partners, and the proportion of people who have sought various parallel relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Apart Together: Comparing Older Adults in Different Relationship Types
    Living apart together: comparing older adults in different relationship types Edith Gray ([email protected]), Ann Evans and Anna Reimondos The Australian National University Abstract Recent research on people in ‘living-apart-together’ (LAT) relationships shows that older adults are more likely to be in these relationships by ‘choice’. In comparison with young adults and those in middle adulthood, older adults were more likely to state that they made a definite decision to live apart, that they did not intend to live together within the next three years, and that they were unlikely to get married. They also had the longest duration times of LAT (Reimondos et al. 2011). Some researchers have recently suggested that people who opt for a LAT relationship do so because they value independence. Further, people who opt for LAT because they value independence tend to have more liberal views than people in other types of relationships and they tend to be higher educated and less religious. However, while many people lived apart for ideological reasons, it was also clear that others lived in these arrangements because of necessity (Liefbroer et al. 2011). This paper investigates the situation of people in LAT relationships compared with other relationships (or absence of). While it is clear from previous research that there are substantial numbers of people who live apart from their partner in Australia, little is known about their characteristics. This paper will contribute to understanding the types of people who live apart. Using HILDA data this paper compares older Australians who are in a LAT relationship with people who are married, cohabiting, and single in the following domains: (1) relationship histories; (2) attitudes; (3) socio-economic background; and (4) health and wellbeing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transition from Living Apart Together to a Coresidential Partnership Wagner, Michael; Mulder, Clara; Weiß, Bernd; Krapf, Sandra
    University of Groningen The transition from living apart together to a coresidential partnership Wagner, Michael; Mulder, Clara; Weiß, Bernd; Krapf, Sandra Published in: Advances in Life Course Research DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2018.12.002 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2019 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Wagner, M., Mulder, C., Weiß, B., & Krapf, S. (2019). The transition from living apart together to a coresidential partnership. Advances in Life Course Research, 39, 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2018.12.002 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 23-09-2021 Advances in Life Course Research 39 (2019) 77–86 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Advances in Life Course Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/alcr The transition from living apart together to a coresidential partnership T ⁎ Michael Wagnera, , Clara H.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise in Cohabitation – Pre-Marital, Non-Marital and Post
    Currently cohabiting: relationship expectations and outcomes in the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) Ernestina Coast 1 1. INTRODUCTION The rise in cohabitation – pre-marital, non-marital and post-marital – represents one of the most significant changes in union formation patterns in many developed economies. The importance of cohabitation, and the public debates it generates, are reflected in the media attention it receives (Stanley, 2000). In 2006 there were 2.3 million cohabiting couple families in the UK (ONS, 2007) 2. The increase in cohabitation has occurred alongside other, related, major demographic shifts, including: rising levels of divorce; delay in entry into marriage and childbearing; and, a rise in the proportion of births taking place outside marriage. These are all characteristic of the second demographic transition (Van de Kaa, 1987; Lesthaeghe & Surkyn 2004), although rising levels of cohabitation in the UK have only partially offset declining marriage rates (Berrington & Diamond, 2000). Even within Europe, divergent trends in the timing, duration, type and composition of cohabiting unions have been identified (Liefbroer & Dourleijn, 2006; Kiernan, 2001, 2004; Prinz, 1995). Theorising about cohabitation encompasses a broad range of perspectives, from notions of selfish individualism and breakdown of the family (Morgan, 2000) to notions of the democratic, consensual and “pure” relationship (Giddens, 1992; Beck-Gernsheim, 2000). Cohabitation may be narrowly defined as "an intimate sexual union between two unmarried partners who share the same living quarter for a sustained period of time" (Bacharach, Hindin & Thomson, 2000), assuming a defined duration (Mynarska & Bernardi, 2007). Typologies of cohabitation continue to evolve (Haskey, 2001; Martin & Thery, 2001; Casper & Bianchi, 2002), reflecting the changing nature of living arrangements in general and cohabitation in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Ambivalence and Living Apart Together in Later Life: a Critical Research Proposal
    http://www.diva-portal.org Postprint This is the accepted version of a paper published in Journal of Marriage and Family. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Connidis, I A., Borell, K., Ghazanfareeon Karlsson, S. (2017) Ambivalence and Living Apart Together in Later Life: A Critical Research Proposal. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79(5): 1404-1418 https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12417 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36741 Ingrid Arnet Connidis Western University Klas Borell Jönköping University∗ Sofie Ghazanfareeon Karlsson Mid Sweden University∗∗ Ambivalence and Living Apart Together in Later Life: A Critical Research Proposal Most unattached older persons who would like The intimate relationships of older persons in an intimate partnership do not want to remarry the Western world are characterized by continu- or be in a marriage-like relationship. A growing ity and change. Marriage still dominates, and, as trend is to live apart together (LAT) in an ongo- more individuals live longer and healthier lives, ing intimate relationship that does not include many marriages survive well into old age. Nev- a common home. We address the debate about ertheless, notable changes have occurred. In the whether LAT constitutes a new form of intimate past, older people were generally affected indi- relationship in a critical assessment of research rectly by contemporary shifts in intimate ties, on LAT relationships that applies ambivalence for example, by their adult children’s divorces and concepts from the life course perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptualizing LAT Relationships Among Unmarried Older Adults in Later Life
    Conceptualizing LAT Relationships among Unmarried Older Adults in Later Life Huijing Wu Department of Sociology Bowling Green State University 1 Abstract This study investigated living apart together (LAT) relationships in older adulthood by using data from the 2011 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS). Scant research in the United States has examined LAT relationships, particularly using quantitative data. This study constructed an innovative, new measure of LAT relationships in later life. First, I conceptualized LAT relationships by using a set of questions about dating behaviors, relationship features, and demographic characteristics in older adulthood. Second, I examined expectations of cohabitation and marriage to assess whether LAT relationships are a new family form, distinctive from cohabitation and marriage. Nearly all LATs (93%) reported no expectations to either cohabit or marry, reinforcing the notion that LAT relationships are a distinctive family form in older adulthood. 2 Rapid changes in union formation and dissolution have occurred among older adults in recent decades. Unmarried baby boomers have increased since 1980 (Lin & Brown, 2012), and the gray divorce rate doubled between 1990 and 2010 (Brown & Lin, 2010). The increases in singlehood among older adults imply that they have the potential to form a new partnership. However, most researchers focus on marriage or cohabitation among older adults, ignoring non- coresidential relationships, such as dating or living apart together (LAT). Prior research has shown that only modest proportions of older singles repartner through either cohabitation or remarriage after marital dissolution in later life (Brown, Lin, Hammersmith, & Wright, 2018). Older singles are usually categorized as unpartnered in national surveys, which cannot capture the patterns of partnerships accurately because indicators of non-coresidential relationships are lacking.
    [Show full text]