DOCSLIB.ORG

United States Arctic Research Vessels PAPER

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States Arctic Research Vessels PAPER United States Arctic Research Vessels PAPER ABSTRACT may adversely affect the environment and Jonathan M. Berkson human health. The Arctic plays a key role in US Coast Guard Recent concerns with poUution and climate global climate change. Simulations of global cli- Washington, DC change in the Arctic have led to new monitor- mate models show greater effect of global warm- ing and research programs that require the sup- George W. DuPree port of arctic research vessels. This paper ing in the Arctic. During the past decade there US Coast Guard reviews the status of U.s. surface and submers- have been reductions in the thickness and extent Washinton, DC ible research platforms with a focus on surface of sea ice, and large changes in the upper and ships. During the Science Ice Expedition (SCI- intermediate layers of the Arctic Ocean CEX) program in the 1990s, u.s. Navy subma- (National Research Council, 1995; Aagaard et rines were successfuUy used as research vessels al, 1999). The advent of global warming would and extensive oceanographic data were col- likely give rise to large increases in shipping lected during under-ice transits. With the and commercial activity along the routes of an decommissioning of the Sturgeon-class subma- Arctic marine transportation system, particu- rines, future under-ice research cruises are larly through the Northern Sea Route along the uncertain and wiU depend on the availability of other ice-capable submarines or the develop- north Russian coast (Mulherin, Sodhi, and ment of high-endurance automous underwa- Smallidge, 1994) and through the Northwest Pas- ter vehicles. For scientific work on surface sage. research vessels the U.S. has two multi-mis- sion polar icebreakers and a new icebreaking research vessel. In addition, University of SCIENCE INTEREST Alaska has begun concept designs for replacing fter the end of the Cold War, military inter- the R/V Alpha Helix with an intermediate- A est in the Arctic waned along with military sized, ice-strengthened ship for oceanographic funding for Arctic scientific activities. However, and fisheries research around the coast of changing political and climatic regimes have Alaska. Two multi-mission Polar-class Coast recently led to increased interest and funding. Guard cutters, USCGC Polar Star and USCGC Polar Sea, are equipped to serve as oceano- With its changing political situation, Russia graphic research vessels and have made became interested in cooperative efforts and is important contributions to both Arctic and Ant- beginning to open up areas of the Arctic that arctic science programs during the last were previously inaccessible. Meanwhile, the twenty-five years. USCGC Healy, which was United States promoted dual use of military designed from the keel up as a research vessel assets-including submarines-and began to and heavy icebreaker, is capable of supporting declassify large amounts of Arctic bathymetry large multi-disciplinary studies. The ship, and under-ice profiles. Concern about the envi- which wiU be operated as a dedicated Arctic ronment led eight Arctic Nations-United research vessel, was delivered in November States, Canada, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Den- 1999, completed ice and science trials in July 2000, and conducted its first dedicated science mark, Iceland, and Finland-to form the Arctic cruise in the Eastern Arctic in the summer of Council in 1996 to discuss environmental and 2001. The advent of Healy adds significantly other non-military issues. Arctic Council envi- to the U.S. science-support capability in the ronmental subgroups have called for more scien- Arctic. tific measurements. Finally there have been increases in funding for Arctic research and logistical support by the National Science Foun- INTRODUCTION dation (NSF), the National Oceanic and Atmo- ue to its location and natural resources, the spheric Administration (NOAA), and the DArctic plays an important role in the global National Institutes of Health. The recent interest environment and economy. International bound- in health is particularly noteworthy because aries of the United States, Russia, Canada, and historically, health has been a major driver of several Nordic countries lie within the Arctic. U.S. research funding. Large programs that may The region contains twenty-five percent of the require use of arctic research vessels include: world's continental shelf and receives ten per- • International Bathymetric Chart of the cent of the world's fresh-water runoff. Because Arctic Ocean the Arctic Ocean and adjacent ice-covered seas • Nansen Arctic Drilling Program are the prime source of food for many of the • Shelf Basin Interaction (S8I) Program native inhabitants, there are concerns that • Ground truth measurements for satellite organic, inorganic, and radioactive pollutants sensors (e.g. synthetic aperture radar on from river discharges and atmospheric transport ENVISAT and RadarSat II) MTS Journal • Vol. 35, No.3. 31 • Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions underwater vehicles (National Research Coun- (OAIl) Component of Arctic System Sci- cil, 1995). ence (ARCSS) Program • Global Ocean Observation System SUBMARINES (GOOS)-Long-term international envi- ronmental monitoring nited States nuclear submarines have been • Ocean Exploration Initiative (Presiden- Uoperating in the Arctic Ocean on strategic tial Directive of June 2000) missions since 1957. In 1999, extensive bathyme- • Work arising from the Arctic Council's try and under-ice profiles from cruises from Working Groups, e.g. Arctic Monitoring 1957-82 were released. Currently, data from and Assessment Program (AMAP) and cruises during the period 1983-1988 are being Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, processed for release (IOC/IASC/IHO Editorial and Response Working Group (EPPR) Board, 1999). • Follow-on studies from previous or con- The Science Ice Expedition (SCICEX) tinuing programs such as Surface Heat program, which evolved from a test cruise on Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA), Joint the USS Par go in 1993, provided dedicated sub- Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), marine time for scientists riding on Sturgeon- World Ocean Circulation Project class nuclear-powered U.S. Navy attack subma- (WQCE), and Acoustic Thermometry of rines. During this program, almost 100,000 km Ocean Climate (ATOC) of geophysical, biological, chemical, and ocean- • Biocomplexity in the Environment (BE) ographic data in U.S. and international waters • Life in Extreme Environments (LexEn) were collected during five unclassified science • North Pole Environmental Observatory cruises aboard USS CavaUa (1995), USS Pogy • Autonomous Polar Geophysical (1996), USS Arche?jish (1997), and USS Hawk- Explorer (APOGEE) biU (1998 and 1999) (Newton, 1995j Pyle et al, • Study of Environmental Arctic Change 1997; SCICEX 2000 Workshop, 1999). Ofparticu- (SEARCH) lar note are extensive swath bathymetry and subbottom profiler data that were collected (Newton, 2000). However, two developments ARCTIC RESEARCH PLATFORMS may affect the future of this program. First, the submarine fleet has been reduced to half the n addition to ice camps and shore stations, size of the fleet at the beginning of the SCICEX platforms used to support sensors, sampling I program. Second, all cruises were made on the devices, and/or deploy tethered, moored, or drif- fully ice-capable 637-class submarines, the last ting equipment include surface vessels, subma- of which was decommissioned in early 2001. rines, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), Tests are being conducted to determine the aircraft, and satellites. In this paper we discuss capabilities of vessels of the 21, 688, and 688-1 ocean vessels-surface and submarine-used in classes and the future of the program rests with the United States Arctic research program with these results, plus funding and the availability a focus on polar icebreakers. of submarines. It is likely that future science Quiet, stable, fast, long-endurance cruises will be "accommodation missions" con- nuclear submarines operating under ice have ducted by Navy personnel rather than dedicated proven to be effective platforms for certain sci- missions with scientists riding the submarine entific measurements. They are particularly (SCICEX 2000 Workshop, 1999; Newton, 2001). suited for mapping bathymetry and the shallow The last 637-class science cruise was an acco- subbottom, measuring magnetic and gravity modation mission conducted in 2000 by the USS fields, and making measurements of fluores- L. Mendel Rivers, which was enroute to its cence and turbidity in the upper water-column. decommissioning. When AUVs with endurances On the other hand, the space constraints on of weeks and ranges of thousands of kilometers board submarines limit their role in some geo- become operational, "AUVs may replace subma- logical, chemical and biologic work. Polar ice- rines for many applications" (National breakers-with large spaces for laboratories, Research Council, 1995). Replacement of sub- equipment, storage, and with the ability to oper- marines as under-ice platforms for extensive ate in shallower waters-are well-suited for seafloor mapping would require significant operations requiring substantial support facili- advances in AUV technology, including suffi- ties. Icebreakers are particularly effective plat- cient power to operate a swath sonar and endur- forms for dredging, coring, heat-flow measure- ances on the order of 10,000 Ion (Newton, 2000). ments, seismic refraction, multi-channel seis- mic profiling, sampling for chemical and biological studies,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EMB PP25 Research Vessels
    EUROPEAN Next generation Position Paper 25 MARINE BOARD European Research Vessels Next generation European Research Vessels Current status and Foreseeable Evolution Cover Photo: View from the L'Atalante afterdeck while the ship is maneuvering. The L'Atalante is a research vessel of the French oceanographic fleet operated by Ifremer. This operation named Cassiopée, took place in the Pacific Ocean in 2015. Credit: © Ifremer/Ird - N. Lamande European Marine Board IVZW Belgian Enterprise Number: 0650.608.890 Wandelaarkaai 7 I 8400 Ostend I Belgium Tel.: +32(0)59 34 01 63 I Fax: +32(0)59 34 01 65 E-mail: [email protected] www.marineboard.eu EMB_PP25_Research_Vessels_cover_11mm.indd 1-3 17/10/19 21:51 NEXT GENERATION EUROPEAN RESEARCH VESSELS European Marine Board The European Marine Board provides a pan-European platform for its member organizations to develop common priorities, to advance marine research, and to bridge the gap between science and policy in order to meet future marine science challenges and opportunities. The European Marine Board was established in 1995 to facilitate enhanced cooperation between European marine science organizations towards the development of a common vision on the strategic research priorities for marine science in Europe. Members are either major national marine or oceanographic institutes, research funding agencies, or national consortia of universities with a strong marine research focus. In 2019, the European Marine Board represents 33 Member Organizations from 18 countries. The Board provides the essential components for transferring knowledge for leadership in marine research in Europe. Adopting a strategic role, the European Marine Board serves its member organizations by providing a forum within which marine research policy advice to national agencies and to the European Commission is developed, with the objective of promoting the establishment of the European Research Area.
    [Show full text]
  • Turbulent Surface Exchange During the Arctic Ocean 2018 Expedition
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-8362, 2019 EGU General Assembly 2019 © Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Turbulent surface exchange during the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition John Prytherch (1), Michael Tjernström (1), Ian Brooks (2), Peggy Achtert (3), Ben Moat (4), and Margaret Yelland (4) (1) MISU, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden ([email protected]), (2) Institute for Climate & Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, (3) Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK, (4) Marine Physics and Ocean Climate, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK Turbulence-driven air-sea and air-ice exchanges of momentum, heat, moisture and trace gases in sea-ice regions are key boundary layer processes. Turbulent heat fluxes are important for the surface energy budget and determine the interactions between sea ice, the atmospheric boundary layer and clouds. Atmosphere-ice/ocean momentum exchange in the presence of sea ice is determined from surface drag, or roughness. Both drag and heat flux coefficients are prescribed in numerical weather prediction, climate and Earth system models as functions of stability. In addition, sea ice acts as a near-impermeable lid to air-sea gas exchange, but is also hypothesised to enhance gas transfer rates in open water areas (e.g. leads) through physical processes such as increased surface-ocean turbulence from ice-water shear and ice-edge form drag. There are few direct observations of turbulence-driven surface exchange from which to develop parameterisations, particularly in the High (> 85N) Arctic. Recent rapid changes to sea-ice conditions in the region also make older observations less applicable.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Vessel Thomas G. Thompson Ship Specifications
    VESSELS SUPPORTING OCEAN EXPLORATION AND RESEARCH Research Vessel Thomas G. Thompson The R/V Thomas G. Thompson is owned by the U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research and is operated by the Ship Specifications School of Oceanography at the University of Washington. The Thompson measures 274 feet in Length: 273 ft (Global Class) length and draws 19 feet with a full load. Normal Draft: 17 ft cruising speed for the ship is 11 knots. Speed: 11 knots Range: 11,300 nm Endurance: 60 days Core Capabilities Berthing: 22 crew, 38 mission personnel The Thompson is equipped for multidisciplinary Commissioned: 1991 research projects involving large science parties. The Sonar Systems: 30 kHz Kongsberg EM 302 vessel can berth up to 36 scientific personnel, 21 multibeam sonar, 3.5 kHz Knudsen 3260 sub‐ officers and crew, and two marine technicians. bottom profiler, ADCP Laboratory space includes a large dry lab, wet lab, two Other Capabilities: Designed for interoperability bioanalytical labs, and a “hydro” lab. The hydro lab of projects, including full ocean depth CTDs, AUVs, is where scientists typically direct any ROV and AUV and deep ocean ROVs operations. The Thompson has three winches, three cranes, and an A‐Frame for launching scientific equipment. It is also equipped with an EM 302 multibeam sonar system, sub‐bottom profiler, ADCP system, and CTD/rosette. A number of ROV and AUV systems have been deployed from Thompson. OER Use Thompson is one of the primary vessels that OER has used to support major expeditions in remote regions of the Pacific Ocean. The vast majority of these expeditions were identified through the competitive peer review proposal process.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Marine Transport Workshop 28-30 September 2004
    Arctic Marine Transport Workshop 28-30 September 2004 Institute of the North • U.S. Arctic Research Commission • International Arctic Science Committee Arctic Ocean Marine Routes This map is a general portrayal of the major Arctic marine routes shown from the perspective of Bering Strait looking northward. The official Northern Sea Route encompasses all routes across the Russian Arctic coastal seas from Kara Gate (at the southern tip of Novaya Zemlya) to Bering Strait. The Northwest Passage is the name given to the marine routes between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans along the northern coast of North America that span the straits and sounds of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Three historic polar voyages in the Central Arctic Ocean are indicated: the first surface shop voyage to the North Pole by the Soviet nuclear icebreaker Arktika in August 1977; the tourist voyage of the Soviet nuclear icebreaker Sovetsky Soyuz across the Arctic Ocean in August 1991; and, the historic scientific (Arctic) transect by the polar icebreakers Polar Sea (U.S.) and Louis S. St-Laurent (Canada) during July and August 1994. Shown is the ice edge for 16 September 2004 (near the minimum extent of Arctic sea ice for 2004) as determined by satellite passive microwave sensors. Noted are ice-free coastal seas along the entire Russian Arctic and a large, ice-free area that extends 300 nautical miles north of the Alaskan coast. The ice edge is also shown to have retreated to a position north of Svalbard. The front cover shows the summer minimum extent of Arctic sea ice on 16 September 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • 2007 MTS Overview of Manned Underwater Vehicle Activity
    P A P E R 2007 MTS Overview of Manned Underwater Vehicle Activity AUTHOR ABSTRACT William Kohnen There are approximately 100 active manned submersibles in operation around the world; Chair, MTS Manned Underwater in this overview we refer to all non-military manned underwater vehicles that are used for Vehicles Committee scientific, research, tourism, and commercial diving applications, as well as personal leisure SEAmagine Hydrospace Corporation craft. The Marine Technology Society committee on Manned Underwater Vehicles (MUV) maintains the only comprehensive database of active submersibles operating around the world and endeavors to continually bring together the international community of manned Introduction submersible operators, manufacturers and industry professionals. The database is maintained he year 2007 did not herald a great through contact with manufacturers, operators and owners through the Manned Submersible number of new manned submersible de- program held yearly at the Underwater Intervention conference. Tployments, although the industry has expe- The most comprehensive and detailed overview of this industry is given during the UI rienced significant momentum. Submersi- conference, and this article cannot cover all developments within the allocated space; there- bles continue to find new applications in fore our focus is on a compendium of activity provided from the most dynamic submersible tourism, science and research, commercial builders, operators and research organizations that contribute to the industry and who share and recreational work; the biggest progress their latest information through the MTS committee. This article presents a short overview coming from the least likely source, namely of submersible activity in 2007, including new submersible construction, operation and the leisure markets.
    [Show full text]
  • National Defense Reserve Fleet Inventory for the Month Ending
    U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration National Defense Reserve Fleet Inventory For the Month Ending January 31, 2020 Beginning of Month Vessel Count: 89 End of Month Vessel Count: 89 The National Defense Reserve Fleet Inventory is a monthly federal property accounting report for vessels under the ownership or custody of MARAD. The report further officially assigns vessels to an Accountable MARAD Division. Produced and Distributed by Division of Sealift Operations and Emergency Response (MAR-612) on February 11, 2020 02/11/2020 1/15 No Changes Recorded During Period Starting Date: January 01, 2020 Ending Date: January 31, 2020 Effective Date Remarks 02/11/2020 2/15 NATIONAL DEFENSE RESERVE FLEET INVENTORY MAR-612: RESERVE FLEET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MONTHLY REPORT AS OF January 31, 2020 Glossary Program Definition Status Definition Custody Vessels owned/sponsored by Army Vessel sponsor is the Army. other government programs Navy Vessel sponsor is the Navy. or agencies that are being NOAA Vessel sponsor is NOAA. maintained by MARAD in a USCG Vessel sponsor is the Coast Guard. fleet anchorage but not part Title XI Vessel sponsor is the MARAD Title XI program. of the NDRF. RRF RRF vessel not owned by MARAD Non-retention MARAD vessels that no Donation Hold Vessel reserved for donation to a qualified memorial or non-profit or humanitarian organization. longer have a useful Historic Review Vessel under NHPA Section 106 review for National Register eligibility. application and are pending Stripping Being stripped of useful material prior to becoming available for disposal. disposition. Disposal Vessel available for disposal or in the process of being disposed Sold Awaiting Removal Vessel sold for disposal and awaiting removal from fleet site Retention MARAD vessels that are Emergency Sealift Vessel reserverd for sealift support for emergent requirements being preserved for federal Fleet Support Vessel reserved for Reserve Fleet organzation use (e.g., for material storage purposes).
    [Show full text]
  • Research Vessel Safety Standards
    RESEARCH VESSEL SAFETY STANDARDS March 2009 UNOLS RVSS – Ninth Edition – March 2009 UNOLS Office University of Rhode Island – Graduate School of Oceanography 15 South Ferry Road Narragansett, RI 02882 This edition of the Research Vessel Safety Standards is dedicated to Captain Jim Williams of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in appreciation for all of his work with the RVOC, UNOLS and in particular for his work on these standards for the academic research fleet. This edition is also dedicated to Bill Martin of the University of Washington who served as the Chair of RVTEC and as a key member of the Safety Committee, bringing the voice of sea-going marine technicians fully into the process of keeping these Safety Standards current and relevant to the UNOLS Community. The UNOLS Office and the UNOLS Research Vessel Safety Committee would like to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Geological Survey, and Minerals Management Service for support of this project. RVSS Edition 9 – 03/12/2009 PREFACE UNOLS Member Institutions first adopted the Research Vessel Safety Standards (RVSS) in May 1976. Later editions were adopted by members at UNOLS meetings in May 1981, May 1985, October 1989, September 1992, October 1995, July 1999 and March 2003. The UNOLS Council adopted this ninth edition in March 2009. In lieu of published institutional policy, these safety standards are considered the guidelines for UNOLS Research Vessels. For that reason, all UNOLS Members, both Operators and others, should be thoroughly familiar with the contents of this manual and comply with its recommendations as appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • BLÜCHER Marine References
    BLÜCHER Marine References Country Project Shipyard Owner Vessel Type Hull no. Year Argentina Frigate Naval Shipyard Frigate Frigate Refitting 2005 Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 361 2013 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 362 2013 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 363 2013 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 364 2013 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 365 2014 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 366 2014 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 367 2014 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Customs and Austal Ships Australian Customs and Border Cape Class Patrol Boat 368 2014 Border Protection Service Protection Service Australia Australian Defence Civmec/ASC Australian Defence OPV OPV1 2019 Australia Australian Defence - ASC Shipyard Australian Defence Air Warfare Destroyer 2012 AWD Australia Australian Defence - LHD BAE Systems Australian Defence Landing Helicpoter 2012 Dock Australia Dick Smith Tenix Dick Smith Ocean Research Ulysses Blue 2005 Vessel Australia Esso West Tuna Esso Platform 1996 Australia HMAS Arunta BAE Systems Australian Defence ANZAC Frigate ANZAC 2019 Australia Jean de la Valette - Virtu Austal Ships Virtu Ferries High Speed Ferry 248 2010 Ferries Australia RNZN Tenix RNZN Ocean Research 42826 2006 Vessel Australia Taylor Bros.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean of Solutions to Tackle Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss
    to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss ocean-climate.org Production: Marine Lecerf The Ocean & Coordination: Loreley Picourt and Anaïs Deprez Graphic design: Natacha Bigan Climate Platform, COVER PHOTOS: who are we? © Cyrille Barnérias © F. Larrey / Conservatoire du littoral The Ocean & Climate Platform is an international network of more than 90 © Daniel Uribe organisations from civil society - including NGOs, research institutes, foundations, © Franck GAZZOLA / UNDER THE POLE / ZEPPELIN NETWORK local authorities, international organisations and private sector entities - united around a key message: “a healthy ocean for a protected climate”. © Jean Jalbert – Tour du Valat © M.Dagnino / Institut Océanographique The Platform aims to promote scientific expertise and advocate for a better © Maxime HORLAVILLE / UNDER THE POLE recognition of ocean-climate-biodiversity issues by national and international © Nausicaá decision-makers. At the science-policy interface, the Platform supports policymakers in need of scientific information and guidance in the implementation of © Planète Mer - L. Debas public policies. © wpd In addition, the Platform provides a forum for exchange BACK COVER PHOTOS: and reflection: where stakeholders can build a common and holistic approach to the challenge of protecting © Alexis Rosenfield marine ecosystems and tackling climate change. © Sarah Lelong Drawing on its members’ expertise, the © Institut oceanographique/Michel Dagnino Platform brings light to concrete © Shom / Yannick Lenouvel solutions, based on the latest available science, to ©Jifmar Offshore Services preserve the ocean, its © The Sea People biodiversity and © Institut oceanographique/Michel Dagnino the climate. © The Sea People © IPEV - Cyril Gallut © Coral Guardian / Coco Tamlyn RECOMMENDED CITATION: OCEAN AND CLIMATE (2021), Ocean of Solutions to tackle climate 3 change and biodiversity loss, Ocean & Climate Platform, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Automated Underway Oceanic and Atmospheric Measurements from Ships
    AUTOMATED UNDERWAY OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS FROM SHIPS Shawn R. Smith (1), Mark A. Bourassa (1), E. Frank Bradley (2), Catherine Cosca (3), Christopher W. Fairall (4), Gustavo J. Goni (5), John T. Gunn (6), Maria Hood (7), Darren L. Jackson (8), Elizabeth C. Kent (9), Gary Lagerloef (6), Philip McGillivary (10), Loic Petit de la Villéon (11), Rachel T. Pinker (12), Eric Schulz (13), Janet Sprintall (14), Detlef Stammer (15), Alain Weill (16), Gary A. Wick (17), Margaret J. Yelland (9) (1) Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2840, USA, Emails: [email protected], [email protected] (2) CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601, AUSTRALIA, Email: [email protected] (3) NOAA/PMEL, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA, Email: [email protected] (4) NOAA/ESRL/PSD, R/PSD3, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3328, USA, Email: [email protected] (5) USDC/NOAA/AOML/PHOD, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA, Email: [email protected] (6) Earth and Space Research, 2101 Fourth Ave., Suite 1310, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA, Emails: [email protected], [email protected] (7) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission UNESCO, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE, Email: [email protected] (8) Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, NOAA/ESRL/PSD, 325 Broadway, R/PSD2, Boulder, CO 80305, USA, Email: [email protected] (9) National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK, Emails: [email protected],
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden's Strategy for the Arctic Region Cover Image Sarek National Park
    Sweden's strategy for the Arctic region Cover image Sarek National Park. Photo: Anders Ekholm/Folio/imagebank.sweden.se D Photo: Kristian Pohl/Government Offices of Sweden Sweden is an Arctic country. becoming ever more necessary, especially in the climate and environmental area. We have a particular interest and The EU is an important Arctic partner, responsibility in promoting peaceful, and Sweden welcomes stronger EU stable and sustainable development in the engagement in the region. Arctic. Swedish engagement in the Arctic has for The starting point for the new Swedish a long time involved the Government, the strategy for the Arctic region is an Arctic Riksdag and government agencies, as well in change. The strategy underscores the as regional and local authorities, importance of well-functioning indigenous peoples' organisations, international cooperation in the Arctic to universities, companies and other deal with the challenges facing the region. stakeholders in the Arctic region of The importance of respect for Sweden. international law is emphasised. People, peace and the climate are at the centre of A prosperous Arctic region contributes to Sweden's Arctic policy. our country's security and is therefore an important part of the Government's Changes in the Arctic have led to foreign policy. increased global interest in the region. The Arctic Council is the central forum for cooperation in the Arctic, and Sweden stresses the special role of the eight Arctic states. At the same time, increased Ann Linde cooperation with observers to the Arctic Minister for Foreign Affairs Council and other interested actors is 1 Foreword 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General
    Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General The Coast Guard’s Polar Icebreaker Maintenance, Upgrade, and Acquisition Program OIG-11-31 January 2011 Ojfice o/lJlSpeclor General U.S. Department of Homeland Seturity Washington, DC 20528 Homeland JAN 19 2011 Security Preface The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office ofInspector General (OIG) was established by the Homeland Security Act of2002 (Public Law 107-296) by amendment to the Inspector General Act of I 978. This is one of a series of audit, inspection, and special reports prepared as part of our oversight responsibilities to promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness within the department. This report addresses the strengths and weaknesses of the Coast Guard's Polar Icebreaker Maintenance, Upgrade, and Acquisition Program. It is based on interviews with employees and officials of relevant agencies and institutions, direct observations, and a review of applicable documents. The recommendations herein have been developed to the best knowledge available to our office, and have been discussed in draft with those responsible for implementation. We trust this report will result in more effective, efficient, and economical operations. We express our appreciation to all of those who contributed to the preparation of this report. /' -/ r) / ;1 f.-t!~ u{. {~z "/v"...-.-J­ Anne L. Richards Assistant Inspector General for Audits Table of Contents/Abbreviations Executive Summary .............................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]