DOCSLIB.ORG

Diuretics and Asthma Thorax: First Published As 10.1136/Thx.48.3.195 on 1 March 1993

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diuretics and Asthma Thorax: First Published As 10.1136/Thx.48.3.195 on 1 March 1993 Thorax 1993;48:195-196 195 Diuretics and asthma Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.48.3.195 on 1 March 1993. Downloaded from Sometimes novel treatments arise from chance observa- inhaled frusemide (including the early response to aller- tions made with existing drugs. The beneficial effects of gen, adenosine, hyperventilation, exercise, and fog) are an inhaled diuretic, frusemide (furosemide), in asthma believed to be mediated, at least in part, by release of challenge studies has raised the prospect that diuretics mast cell mediators. Indeed, frusemide appears to inhibit may have a role in the treatment of asthma in the future.' the release of histamine and leukotrienes in passively sen- These observations originate from the observation made sitised human lung in vitro.2' In vivo inhaled frusemide by Bianco and colleagues that nebulised frusemide inhib- inhibits the release of neutrophil chemotactic factor dur- ited bronchoconstriction induced by exercise and by neb- ing fog induced bronchoconstriction, suggesting an ulised water in asthmatic patients.2 3 Since then the inhibitory effect on the release of airway mediator in inhibitory effect of inhaled frusemide has been shown in asthma. 12 Furthermore, frusemide has an inhibitory a number of "indirect" challenges (which are thought to action on mediator release from eosinophils in vitro,22 an cause airway narrowing by releasing a bronchoconstrictor effect that appears to be due to inhibition of Cl- trans- rather than via direct contraction of airway smooth port. This may be consistent with the inhibitory effect of muscle). These include bronchoconstriction induced by frusemide on the late response and on the early airway sodium metabisulphite,' adenosine monophosphate,' 6 hyperresponsiveness following allergen challenge.8 9 hyperventilation,@ and the early response to inhaled aller- Although the mechanism of action of cromones in gen,89 in addition to exercise"2101 and fog.3 12 13 In this asthma is still uncertain, there is evidence to suggest that issue of Thorax Rodwell and colleagues describe a similar they have effects on sensory nerve function; similar find- inhibitory effect of inhaled frusemide in hypertonic ings have been reported with frusemide. Both nedocromil saline, another indirect challenge (pp 208-14). In con- sodium and frusemide modulate neuropeptide release trast to the inhibitory effect on indirect challenges, from sensory nerves of guinea pig airways in vitro. 1623 inhaled frusemide has no protective effect in direct bron- Frusemide also has a modulatory effect on cholinergic choconstriction induced by histamine, methacholine, or neural responses, which are not affected by mechanical prostaglandin F(,.4 '7 These in vivo studies are support- removal of the epithelium and are therefore presumed to ed by studies showing that frusemide has no effect on be direct neural effects.'6 The protective effect of inhaled contraction of airway smooth muscle in vitro even when frusemide against metabisulphite induced bronchocon- airway epithelium is intact.'516 This profile of effects is striction in asthmatic patients provides supportive evi- very similar to that observed with sodium cromoglycate dence that an effect on sensory nerves may be important. and nedocromil sodium, suggesting that these cromones Further evidence is provided by the inhibitory effect of may share a common mechanism of action with inhaled frusemide on cough induced by low chloride frusemide. solutions and prostaglandin F20 in normal volunteers.'4-26 It is of interest that nedocromil sodium has an inhibitory http://thorax.bmj.com/ effect on chloride transport in an isolated vagus nerve Mechanism of action preparation,27 suggesting the possibility that frusemide The mechanism of action of inhaled frusemide in indirect and cromones have a common molecular mechanism of challenge is still not clear but several clues are provided action which involves blockade of a particular type of by recent investigations. Frusemide acts as a diuretic by chloride channel in sensory nerves. inhibiting the Na-/K-/2Cl- cotransporter in the ascend- ing limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney.'7 It achieves a high local concentration as it is concentrated within the Role of prostaglandins on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. kidney. It may be of interest that frusemide exerts its The fact that frusemide enhances the synthesis of anti-asthma effect only when given by inhalation in rela- prostaglandin E2 in the kidney, which may affect renal tively high doses (20-40 mg) and is not effective after oral blood flow,28 29 has suggested that inhibitory administration in doses that cause diuresis.2 This sug- prostaglandins, perhaps released from airway epithelial gests that relatively high local concentrations are required cells, may mediate the protective effect of frusemide in and that the target cell is superficially located within the some challenges. Support for this is provided by a recent airway. Bumetanide is a more potent loop diuretic and is study in which the cyclooxygenase inhibitor a more potent inhibitor of the same cotransporter but it indomethacin appeared to reduce the protective effect of is not effective in the same challenges.5" Furthermore, frusemide in exercise induced asthma.'0 This is unlikely, the more potent diuretics piretanide and torasemide have however, as inhibitory prostaglandins released by less protective effect than frusemide.213 18 This strongly frusemide should also be protective against directly act- suggests that the anti-asthma effect of inhaled frusemide ing bronchoconstrictors such as histamine and metha- is unrelated to its diuretic action. In addition other choline. Furthermore, another cyclooxygenase inhibitor diuretics, including acetazolamide and amiloride, are (flurbiprofen) does not modulate the protective effect of either not very effective or are ineffective.49 Frusemide frusemide in metabisulphite induced bronchoconstric- reduces the epithelial potential difference and short cir- tion.30 Similarly, lysine aspirin potentiates rather than cuit current in airways in vitro, suggesting that it may enhances the protective effect of inhaled frusemide in fog have a direct effect on airway epithelial cells.20 Nebulised induced asthma.3' In addition, frusemide has an inhibit- frusemide, however, has no effect on nasal potential dif- ory action against certain cough challenges24-26 whereas if ference even though amiloride, which blocks sodium it released prostaglandin E2 this would be expected to transport in the lumen, is effective.4 enhance cough challenge.32 33 By analogy with sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium, another possible mechanism of action of frusemide is an effect on inflammatory cells, including Clinical implications mast cells. Some of the indirect challenges inhibited by Although inhaled frusemide has a similar effectiveness to 196 Barnes nedocromil sodium in bronchial challenge studies, it is induced asthma (EIA) but bumetamide does not [abstract]. Thorax 1990;45:798P. not yet certain whether it has a useful anti-asthma effect 12 Moscato G, Dellabianca A, Falagiani I, Mistrello G, Rossi G, Rampulla in patients with asthma and studies with regular inhaled C. Inhaled furosemide prevents both the bronchoconstriction and the increase in neutrophil chemotactic activity induced by ultrasonic "fog" effect Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.48.3.195 on 1 March 1993. Downloaded from frusemide are currently under way. The protective of distilled water in asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:561-6. of frusemide appears to be unrelated to its diuretic action 13 Foresi A, Pelucchi A, Mastropasqua B, Cavigioli G, Earlesi RM, and therefore there is a possibility that compounds that Marazzini L. Effect of inhaled fuurosemide and torasemide on bronchial responses to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water in asth- have a more potent anti-asthma effect but are devoid of matic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:364-8. diuretic activity may be discovered. The molecular mech- 14 Stone RA, Yeo TC, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Frusemide inhibits cough but is not bronchoconstriction to prostaglandin F,,, in patients with asthma anism of action of frusemide is still uncertain but it [abstract]. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:A548. possible that a particular type of chloride ion channel is 15 Knox AJ, Ajao P. Effect of frusemide on airway smooth muscle contractil- blocked and that this channel-presumably in mast cells, ity in vitro. Thorax 1990;45:856-9. 16 Elwood W, Lotvall JO, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Loop diuretics inhibit other inflammatory cells, and sensory nerves-is also the cholinergic and non-cholinergic nerves in guinea pig airways. Am Rev target for cromones. This may give insight not only into Respir Dis 1991 ;143: 1340-4. 17 Haas M. Properties and diversity of (Na-K-Cl) co-transporters. Annu Rev the mode of action of cromones in asthma but also into Physiol 1989;51:443-57. the mechanisms of allergic inflammation itself, which 18 Yeo CT, O'Connor BJ, Chen-Wordsell M, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. may lead the way in the future to the development of Protective effects of loop diuretics, piretanide and frusemide, against sodium metabisulphite-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Eur more potent and longer lasting drugs with a safety mar- RespirJ3 1993. gin as enviable as that of cromones. What started out as a 19 O'Connor B, Yeo CT, Chen-Wordsell YM, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Airway responses to sodium metabisulfite are inhibited by acetazo- curious observation has turned into an area of research lamide but not by amiloride. Eur RespirJ 1991;4(Suppl 14):377S. well worth pursuing. 20 Welsh MJ. Inhibition of chloride secretion by furosemide in canine tra- P J BARNES cheal epithelium. JfMembr Biol 1993;71:219-26. Department of Thoracic Medicine, 21 Anderson SD, Wei HE, Temple DM. Inhibition by furosemide of inflam- matory mediators from lung fragments [letter]. N Engl J Med 1991; National Heart and Lung Institute, 324:131. London SW3 6LY 22 Perkins R, Dent G, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. Effect of anion transport inhibitors and extracellular Cl- concentrations on eosinophil respiratory Reprint requests to: Professor P J Bames burst activity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Summary of Product Characteristics
    Sandoz Business use only Page 1 of 9 1.3.1 spc-label-pl - common-spc – 11,006 20191218 (DE/H/1772/001-002-003 – 155347 - validation) TORASEMIDE 100 MG, 200 MG, 50 MG, TABLET 721-6534.01, 721-6535.01, 721-6536.01 SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT [Nationally completed name] 50 mg tablets [Nationally completed name] 100 mg tablets [Nationally completed name] 200 mg tablets 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each tablet contains 50 mg of torasemide. Each tablet contains 100 mg of torasemide. Each tablet contains 200 mg of torasemide. For excipients, see section 6.1 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Tablet. 50 mg tablets: White to off-white round tablet. 100 mg tablets: White to off-white round tablet with break notch. The tablet can be divided into equal doses. 200 mg tablets: White to off-white round tablet with cross break notch on both sides. The tablet can be divided into four equal doses. 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications The administration of [Nationally completed name] 50 mg/- 100 mg/- 200 mg tablets is exclusively indicated in patients with highly reduced renal function (creatinine clearance less than 20 ml/min and/or serum creatinine concentration greater than 6 mg/dl). For maintenance of residual diuresis in case of severe renal insufficiency – even on dialysis if there is a considerable residual diuresis (more than 200 ml/24 hours) – if oedemas, effusions and/or hypertension exist. Note: [Nationally completed name] 50 mg/- 100 mg/- 200 mg tablets tablets are to be used only in case of highly impaired and not in normal renal function.
    [Show full text]
  • Diuretics in Clinical Practice. Part I: Mechanisms of Action, Pharmacological Effects and 1
    Review Diuretics in clinical practice. Part I: mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects and 1. Introduction clinical indications of diuretic 2. Principles of diuretic action and classification of diuretic compounds compounds † 3. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Pantelis A Sarafidis , Panagiotis I Georgianos & Anastasios N Lasaridis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, 4. Osmotic diuretics 1st Department of Medicine, Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece 5. Loop diuretics 6. Thiazides and thiazide-related Importance of the field: Diuretics are among the most important drugs of our diuretics therapeutic armamentarium and have been broadly used for > 50 years, 7. Potassium-retaining diuretics providing important help towards the treatment of several diseases. Although all diuretics act primarily by impairing sodium reabsorption in the renal 8. Conclusion tubules, they differ in their mechanism and site of action and, therefore, in 9. Expert opinion their specific pharmacological properties and clinical indications. Loop diure- tics are mainly used for oedematous disorders (i.e., cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome) and for blood pressure and volume control in renal disease; thiazides and related agents are among the most prescribed drugs for hypertension treatment; aldosterone-blockers are traditionally used for primary or secondary aldosteronism; and other diuretic classes have more specific indications. Areas covered in this review: This article discusses the mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects and clinical indications of the various diuretic classes For personal use only. used in everyday clinical practice, with emphasis on recent knowledge sug- gesting beneficial effects of certain diuretics on clinical conditions distinct from the traditional indications of these drugs (i.e., heart protection for aldosterone blockers).
    [Show full text]
  • Diuretic-Induced Hyponatraemia in Elderly Hypertensive Women
    Journal of Human Hypertension (2003) 17, 151 & 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9240/03 $25.00 www.nature.com/jhh LETTER TO THE EDITOR Diuretic-induced hyponatraemia in elderly hypertensive women Journal of Human Hypertension there were 10 with plasma so- plasma sodium of 111 mmol/l (2003) 17, 151. doi:10.1038/ dium levels in the range 101– when inadvertently rechallenged sj.jhh.1001513 109 mmol/l. Of the 26, 11 had with thiazides, the agent this time plasma potassium levels less than being hydrochlorothiazide copre- My experience of diuretic- 3.5 mmol/l. The age range was scribed with amiloride. I now induced hyponatraemia in the 74–93 and 22 were women. Hy- utilise torasemide as an adjunc- elderly is in accordance with the drochlorothiazide was the offend- tive diuretic in patients with a observations made by the ing agent in 12 cases, having been previous history of thiazide- authors.1 In my personal series coprescribed with amiloride in induced hyponatraemia. The data of 61 cases of severe hyponatraemia 10 instances, and with triamterene presented here extend the obser- (plasma sodium o120 mmol/l), in two. Bendrofluazide was the vations I published previously on compiled over a period of 18 offending agent in nine instances, this topic. years in patients aged 465, 26 the dose being 2.5 mg/day in were attributable to thiazide seven instances (coprescribed diuretics, culprit drugs in seven with amiloride in one instance), References other cases being frusemide (three and 5.0 mg/day in the other two. 1 Sharabi Y et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Phvwp Monthly Report Mar 2011
    24 March 2011 EMA/CHMP/PhVWP/217595/2011 Patient Health Protection Monthly report Issue number: 1103 Pharmacovigilance Working Party (PhVWP) March 2011 plenary meeting The CHMP Pharmacovigilance Working Party (PhVWP) held its March 2011 plenary meeting on 14-16 March 2011. Safety concerns Discussions on non-centrally authorised medicinal products are summarised below in accordance with the PhVWP publication policy. The positions agreed by the PhVWP for non-centrally authorised products form recommendations to Member States. For the publication policy, readers are referred to http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Report/2009/10/WC500006181.pdf. The PhVWP also provides advice to the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) on centrally authorised products and products subject to ongoing CHMP procedures at the request of the CHMP. For safety updates concerning these products, readers are referred to the CHMP monthly report (http://www.ema.europa.eu, go to: about us/Committees/CHMP/Committees meeting reports). High-ceiling diuretics – Evidence does not confirm risk of basal cell carcinoma Evidence does not confirm a causal association between high-ceiling diuretics and basal cell carcinoma. Following the recent publication of a study showing an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) with the use of high-ceiling diuretics, the PhVWP reviewed this possible safety concern1. The PhVWP concluded that the evidence does not confirm a causal association between the use of the high-ceiling diuretics and the development of BCC and that no regulatory action is currently necessary (see Annex 1 for the Summary Assessment Report). 1 The active substances included in this review were bumetanide, etacrynic acid, furosemide, piretanide and torasemide.
    [Show full text]
  • Actual Place of Diuretics in Hypertension Treatment
    Mini Review J Cardiol & Cardiovasc Ther Volume 3 Issue 4 - March 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Farouk Abcha DOI: 10.19080/JOCCT.2017.03.555616 Actual Place of Diuretics in Hypertension Treatment Farouk Abcha, Marouane Boukhris*, Zied Ibn Elhadj, Lobna Laroussi, Faouzi Addad, Afef Ben Halima and Salem Kachboura Cardiology Department of Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia Submission: February 03, 2017; Published: March 07, 2017 *Corresponding author: Marouane Boukhris, Cardiology Department of Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia, Tel: ; Email: Abstract Diuretics represent a large and heterogeneous class of drugs, differing from each other by structure, site and mechanism of action. Diuretics are widely used, and have several indications in different cardiovascular disorders, particularly in hypertension and heart failure. Despite the large number of available anti-hypertensive drugs, diuretics remained a cornerstone of hypertension treatment. In the current editorial, we assessed the actual place of different diuretics in the hypertension guidelines focusing on the concept of tailored approach in prescribing them for hypertensive patients. Keywords: Diuretics; Hypertension; Hydrochlorothiazide; Indapamide; Guidelines Introduction Diuretics represent a large and heterogeneous class of drugs, differing from each other by structure, site and mechanism of action. Diuretics are widely used, and have several indications in different cardiovascular disorders, particularly in hypertension and heart failure. Despite the large number of available anti-hypertensive drugs, diuretics remained a cornerstone of hypertension treatment [1]. Indeed, they are the second most commonly prescribed class of antihypertensive medication. For instance, 12% of US adults were prescribed a diuretic, and the relative increase in prescriptions from 1999 through 2012 was 1.4 [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2016 1/41
    Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2016 ATC code ATC group / Active substance (rout of admin.) Quantity sold Unit DDD Unit DDD/1000/ day A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 167,8985 A01 STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0738 A01A STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0738 A01AB Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment 0,0738 A01AB09 Miconazole (O) 7088 g 0,2 g 0,0738 A01AB12 Hexetidine (O) 1951200 ml A01AB81 Neomycin+ Benzocaine (dental) 30200 pieces A01AB82 Demeclocycline+ Triamcinolone (dental) 680 g A01AC Corticosteroids for local oral treatment A01AC81 Dexamethasone+ Thymol (dental) 3094 ml A01AD Other agents for local oral treatment A01AD80 Lidocaine+ Cetylpyridinium chloride (gingival) 227150 g A01AD81 Lidocaine+ Cetrimide (O) 30900 g A01AD82 Choline salicylate (O) 864720 pieces A01AD83 Lidocaine+ Chamomille extract (O) 370080 g A01AD90 Lidocaine+ Paraformaldehyde (dental) 405 g A02 DRUGS FOR ACID RELATED DISORDERS 47,1312 A02A ANTACIDS 1,0133 Combinations and complexes of aluminium, calcium and A02AD 1,0133 magnesium compounds A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 811120 pieces 10 pieces 0,1689 A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 3101974 ml 50 ml 0,1292 A02AD83 Calcium carbonate+ Magnesium carbonate (O) 3434232 pieces 10 pieces 0,7152 DRUGS FOR PEPTIC ULCER AND GASTRO- A02B 46,1179 OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) A02BA H2-receptor antagonists 2,3855 A02BA02 Ranitidine (O) 340327,5 g 0,3 g 2,3624 A02BA02 Ranitidine (P) 3318,25 g 0,3 g 0,0230 A02BC Proton pump inhibitors 43,7324 A02BC01 Omeprazole
    [Show full text]
  • BEYOND FUROSEMIDE: the ROLE of DIURETICS in CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE Part 1: Torsemide
    PRACTICAL TECHNIQUES FROM THE NAVC INSTITUTE Peer Reviewed BEYOND FUROSEMIDE: THE ROLE OF DIURETICS IN CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE Part 1: Torsemide Marisa K. Ames, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Cardiology) Colorado State University Clarke E. Atkins, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Internal Medicine & Cardiology) North Carolina State University Each year, the NAVC Institute takes place in Orlando, Florida, and top specialists in select areas of veterinary medicine provide hands-on, one-on-one continuing education to the Institute attendees. Practical Techniques from the NAVC Institute—brought to you by the NAVC and Today’s Veterinary Practice—provides the opportunity for you to experience the excellent education provided at the Institute within the pages of this journal. This article reviews information from the session, Cardiology Without Intimidation, presented at the NAVC Institute 2014. The NAVC Institute 2016 takes place in Orlando, Florida, May 15 to 20; visit navc.com/institute for further information. Diuretics are a critical component of the LOOP DIURETICS pharmacotherapy of congestive heart failure Loop diuretics, in general, exemplify the phrase (CHF) (typically pulmonary edema or ascites). “double-edged sword”: They are typically In humans with heart failure, 90% receive necessary—often lifesaving—yet are invariably at least one type of diuretic.1 Of these, loop harmful in some respects, particularly with diuretics—furosemide, bumetanide, and long-term use (Table 1, page 100).2 Although torsemide—are the most potent and commonly adverse effects differ among the loop diuretics, used. When a single drug is administered in complications are common to all diuretics. humans, furosemide is given 87% of the time.1 Loop diuretics are pyridine-3-sulfonurea drugs Furosemide has been, and remains, the diuretic that act on the thick portion of the nephron’s of choice for acute and chronic management of ascending loop of Henle, where they inhibit the CHF in both humans and animals since its release sodium–potassium–chloride (Na+–K+–2Cl–) in 1966.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Effectiveness of Loop Diuretics on Mortality in the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Heart Failure – a Multicenter Propensity Score Matched Analysis
    Täger, T. et al. (2019) Comparative effectiveness of loop diuretics on mortality in the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure – a multicenter propensity score matched analysis. International Journal of Cardiology, 289, pp. 83-90. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/187361/ Deposited on: 31 May 2019 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Title: Comparative effectiveness of loop diuretics on mortality in the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure – a multicenter propensity score matched analysis. Authors: Tobias Täger1, MD; Hanna Fröhlich1, MD; Morten Grundtvig2, MD; Mirjam Seiz1; MD; Dieter Schellberg1, Kevin Goode3, MD; Syed Kazmi3, MD; Torstein Hole4, MD; Hugo A. Katus1, Prof.; Dan Atar5, Prof.; John G. F. Cleland6, Prof.; Stefan Agewall5, Prof.; Andrew L. Clark3, Prof; Lutz Frankenstein1, Prof.. Affiliations: 1University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmology, Heidelberg, Germany, This author takes responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation; 2Medical Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust Division Lillehammer, Lillehammer, Norway, This author takes responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation;3Hull York Medical School
    [Show full text]
  • Diuretic Renal Scintigraphy in Patients with Sulfonamide Allergies: Possible Alternative Use of Ethacrynic Acid
    J of Nuclear Medicine Technology, first published online October 15, 2015 as doi:10.2967/jnmt.115.161331 Diuretic Renal Scintigraphy in Patients with Sulfonamide Allergies: Possible Alternative Use of Ethacrynic Acid. Ba D. Nguyen, M.D. Michael C. Roarke, M.D. Jason Robert Young*, M.D. Ming Yang, M.D. Howard H. Osborn R.N. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (attributed to work) *Department of Radiology, Maricopa Integrated Health System, Phoenix, AZ Correspondence and first author: Ba D Nguyen, M.D., Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E. Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, AZ 85259. Telephone: 480 3016865, Fax: 480 3014303, Email: [email protected] Word Count: 999 Financial Support: None Disclosures: Nothing to disclose Short running title: Ethacrynic Acid for Renal Scintigraphy Diuretic Renal Scintigraphy in Patients with Sulfonamide Allergies: Possible Alternative Use of Ethacrynic Acid. Abstract Furosemide may trigger life threatening sulfonamide cross-hypersensitivity reactions, posing an imaging decision dilemma for patients who need diuretic renal scintigraphy. Methods: The authors present the experience using ethacrynic acid as a non-sulfonamide alternative diuretic in five patients with discussion of diuretic molecular structure, potential side effects, protocol development and imaging results. Results: Diuretic renal scintigraphy using ethacrynic acid provided useful information about the obstructive syndrome status in all cases with no adverse clinical impact. Conclusion: Ethacrynic acid is a potential alternative to furosemide for patients with severe sulfonamide reactions. Key words: Ethacrynic Acid, Diuretic Renal Scintigraphy, Sulfonamide allergy. The objective of this essay is to raise awareness of ethacrynic acid as a possible alternative to furosemide for provocative diuretic renal scintigraphy.
    [Show full text]
  • Azosemide Is More Potent Than Bumetanide and Various Other Loop
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Azosemide is more potent than bumetanide and various other loop diuretics to inhibit the sodium- Received: 21 November 2017 Accepted: 14 June 2018 potassium-chloride-cotransporter Published: xx xx xxxx human variants hNKCC1A and hNKCC1B Philip Hampel 1,2, Kerstin Römermann1, Nanna MacAulay 3 & Wolfgang Löscher1,2 The Na+–K+–2Cl− cotransporter NKCC1 plays a role in neuronal Cl− homeostasis secretion and represents a target for brain pathologies with altered NKCC1 function. Two main variants of NKCC1 have been identifed: a full-length NKCC1 transcript (NKCC1A) and a shorter splice variant (NKCC1B) that is particularly enriched in the brain. The loop diuretic bumetanide is often used to inhibit NKCC1 in brain disorders, but only poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier. We determined the sensitivity of the two human NKCC1 splice variants to bumetanide and various other chemically diverse loop diuretics, using the Xenopus oocyte heterologous expression system. Azosemide was the most potent NKCC1 inhibitor (IC50s 0.246 µM for hNKCC1A and 0.197 µM for NKCC1B), being about 4-times more potent than bumetanide. Structurally, a carboxylic group as in bumetanide was not a prerequisite for potent NKCC1 inhibition, whereas loop diuretics without a sulfonamide group were less potent. None of the drugs tested were selective for hNKCC1B vs. hNKCC1A, indicating that loop diuretics are not a useful starting point to design NKCC1B-specifc compounds. Azosemide was found to exert an unexpectedly potent inhibitory efect and as a non-acidic compound, it is more likely to cross the blood-brain barrier than bumetanide. Te Na+–K+–2Cl− cotransporter NKCC1 (encoded by SLC12A2) plays an important role in Cl- uptake in neu- rons both in developing brain and in adult sensory neurons1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Diuretics for Hypertension-A Review and Update
    REVIEW Diuretics for Hypertension: A Review and Update George C. Roush1 and Domenic A. Sica2 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article-abstract/29/10/1130/2622231 by Xenia Agorogianni user on 17 July 2019 This review and update focuses on the clinical features of hydrochlo- ectopy and reduce the risk for sudden cardiac death relative to thi- rothiazide (HCTZ), the thiazide-like agents chlorthalidone (CTDN) and azide-type diuretics used alone. A recent synthesis of 44 trials has indapamide (INDAP), potassium-sparing ENaC inhibitors and aldos- shown that the relative potencies in milligrams among spironolac- terone receptor antagonists, and loop diuretics. Diuretics are the sec- tone (SPIR), amiloride, and eplerenone (EPLER) are approximately ond most commonly prescribed class of antihypertensive medication, from 25 to 10 to 100, respectively, which may be important when SPIR and thiazide-related diuretics have increased at a rate greater than is poorly tolerated. SPIR reduces proteinuria beyond that provided by that of antihypertensive medications as a whole. The latest hyper- other renin angiotensin aldosterone inhibitors. EPLER also reduces tension guidelines have underscored the importance of diuretics for proteinuria and has beneficial effects on endothelial function. While all patients, but particularly for those with salt-sensitive and resist- guidelines often do not differentiate among specific diuretics, this ant hypertension. HCTZ is 4.2–6.2 systolic mm Hg less potent than review demonstrates that these distinctions are important for man- CTDN, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers, and aging hypertension. calcium channel blockers by 24-hour measurements and 5.1 mm Hg systolic less potent than INDAP by office measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Classes Other Diuretics
    DRUG CLASSES OTHER DIURETICS Loop diuretics and potassium sparing diuretics have limited roles in the management of hypertension although accumulating evidence suggests that potassium-sparing diuretics may have an important place in apparently resistant hypertension. LOOP DIURETICS Examples Bumetamide Furosemide Torasemide Mechanism of action Loop diuretics act on the nephron mainly in the thick ascending links of the Loop of Henle. Although loop diuretics have diuretic efficacy greater than that of thiazide or thiazide-like agents, effects on blood pressure are relatively brief and reflex stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system tends to counter the fall in blood pressure. Pharmacokinetics Loop diuretics are well absorbed after oral administration. Elimination is largely by the renal route with a small contribution from liver metabolism. Like thiazide and thiazide- like diuretics, the renal effects depend on access to the luminal side of the renal tubule; unlike thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics, loop diuretics retain some efficacy in renal impairment. Adverse effects As with thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics, these are mainly metabolic Hypokalaemia is even less common than with low-dose thiazides or thiazide-like diuretics Hyperglycaemia is less marked than with thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics 1 Urate retention risk of acute gout Hypocalcaemia due to increased renal clearance of calcium small risk of ureteric calculi Practical issues Bumetamide and furosemide have a rapid onset and short duration of action. Twice daily dosing is more effective in lowering blood pressure. However, persistent diuresis may limit utility. Torasemide has a longer duration of action and can be given once daily but metabolic complications, particularly hypokalaemia, are more marked than with other loop- diuretics.
    [Show full text]