FAO Pulses and their by-products as animal feed Pulses and their by-products Humans have been using pulses, and legumes Pulses also play an important role in providing in general, for millennia. Pulses currently valuable products for animal feeding and thus play a crucial role in sustainable development indirectly contribute to food security. Pulse Pulses and their by-products due to their nutritional, environmental and by-products are valuable sources of protein economic values. The United Nations General and energy for animals and they do not Assembly, at its 68th session, declared 2016 compete with human food. Available as animal feed as the International Year of Pulses to further information on this subject has been collated promote the use and value of these important and synthesized in this book, to highlight the crops. Pulses are an affordable source of nutritional role of pulses and their by-products protein, so their share in the total protein as animal feed. This publication is one of consumption in some developing countries the main contributions to the legacy of the ranges between 10 and 40 percent. Pulses, International Year of Pulses. It aims to enhance like legumes in general, have the important the use of pulses and their by-products in ability of biologically fixing nitrogen and those regions where many pulse by-products some of them are able to utilize soil-bound are simply dumped and will be useful for phosphorus, thus they can be considered the extension workers, researchers, feed industry, cornerstone of sustainable agriculture. policy-makers and donors alike. Pulses and their by-products as animal feed by P.L. SHERASIA, M.R. GARG & B.M. BHANDERI Animal Nutrition Group, National Dairy Development Board, Anand, India Edited by TEODARDO CALLES Plant Production and Protection Division (AGP) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy and HARINDER P.S. MAKKAR Animal Production and Health Division (AGA) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2017 Recommended citation: Sharasia, P. L., Garg, M. R. & Bhanderi, B. M. 2017. Pulses and their by-products as animal feed, edited by T. Calles & H. P. S. Makkar. Rome, FAO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of AOF . ISBN: 978-92-5-109915-5 © FAO, 2017 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights, should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to copyright@ fao.org FAO information products are available on the FAO Website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. iii Contents Foreword v Acknowledgements vii Glossary ix Abbreviations and acronyms xiii 1. Introduction 1 2. Beans 7 2.1 Common bean 9 2.2 Lima bean 15 2.3 Scarlet runner bean 19 2.4 Tepary bean 21 2.5 Adzuki bean 23 2.6 Mung bean 25 2.7 Mungo bean 31 2.8 Rice bean 37 2.9 Moth bean 43 3. Broad bean 55 4. Pulses nes 67 4.1 Hyacinth bean 67 4.2 Jack bean 77 4.3 Winged bean 83 4.4 Guar bean 89 4.5 Velvet bean 97 4.6 African yam bean 109 5. Bambara bean 115 6. Pea 123 7. Chickpea 131 8. Cowpea 141 9. Pigeon pea 153 10. Lentil 163 iv 11. Common vetch 171 12. Lupins 179 13. A synthesis 191 APPENDIXES A. Major international research centres working on various pulse crops 203 B. Global production of major pulse crops 204 v Foreword The pulse sector is undergoing dynamic changes at global, regional and country levels, to meet the growing demand for protein. Projections indicate that demand for pulses will continue to increase in developing counties due to growing population and rising per capita incomes. Globally, the average share of pulses is only 5 percent of the total protein consumption, but in several developing countries their contribution ranges between 10 and 40 percent. Pulses are an important crop group in the cropping patterns of several developing countries. They are of particular importance for food and nutrition security, particularly in low-income countries. In these countries they are the major source of protein often consumed in the diet along with staples like wheat or rice. Pulses help to improve nutrition and thus health and contribute to reduce poverty and hunger. Moreover, pulses – and legume crops in general – are key components of sustainable, climate-resilient cropping systems. Pulses further play an important role in providing valuable by-products for animal feeding and thus indirectly contribute to food security. There is considerable potential to use crop by-products (e.g. straw and other plant parts) left after harvesting the seeds as ruminant feed. Other by-products such as chunies (a mix of seed coats and endosperm fractions) and husks, obtained during processing of pulses for human consumption, are also good animal feeds. These by-products are valuable sources of protein and energy. They do not compete with human food, but contribute to decreasing cereals and soybean levels in the diets of livestock in intensive livestock production systems. They are used by smallholder farmers, particularly in Asia, in extensive or mixed crop-livestock production systems to extenuate the feed shortage. Also their feeding provides important economic, social and environmental benefits by saving grains used for feeding for animals. There have been considerable research efforts on the use of pulses and their by-products as animal feed, which has resulted in a large body of published and unpublished data. However, an authoritative review in this area has been lacking. In order to fill this gap and to raise awareness on the use of pulses and their by-products as animal feed, we have collated and synthesized the available information in this comprehensive state-of-the- art document. It highlights the nutritional role of pulses and pulse by-products as animal feed and is a contribution to the legacy IZSA © FAO/FERENC vi of the 2016 International Year of Pulses. This document will further enhance the use of these feed resources in other continents, besides Asia, where many pulse by-products are simply dumped. It is also expected that the synthesis presented contributes to make the use of pulses and their by-products as animal feed more efficient. This document will be useful for extension workers, researchers, feed industry, policy-makers and donors alike. Hans Dreyer Berhe Tekola Director Director Plant Production and Protection Division Animal Production and Health Division Food and Agriculture Organization Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations of the United Nations vii Acknowledgements The authors thank the management of the National Dairy Development Board of India for granting permission to take up this assignment. The editors thank the Secretariat and Steering Committee of the International Year of Pulses for the support given to this publication. Financial support of the Global Pulses Confederation (GPC), the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of the Republic of Turkey, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and Fertitecnica Colfiorito is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank Dr Athanasios Tsivelikas from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Dr Daniel Debouck from the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and Dr Michael Abberton and Olaniyi Oyatomi from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) for providing some of the pictures used in this publication. We would like to express our gratitude to Claudia Ciarlantini, Claudia Nicolai, Diana Gutiérrez, Michela Baratelli, Pedro Javaloyes, Riccardo del Castello and many others who have helped in preparing this publication. The authors would like to thank the three anonymous peer reviewers, who made important suggestions for improving the final manuscript. The authors and editors would like to thank Thorgeir Lawrence for final editing to conform to FAO editorial style, Chrissi Redfern for laying out the document and Fabrizio Puzzilli for designing the cover. ix Glossary Ad libitum. Unrestricted consumption of feed or water. Anti-nutritional factors. Anti-nutritional factors are substances that when present in animal feed or water reduce the availability of one or more nutrients. As fed. As consumed by the animal. Bran. Refers to the pericarp or outer coarse coat of the grain, which is removed during processing. Chuni. It consists primarily of the broken pieces of endosperm, including germ and a portion of husks obtained as a by-product during the processing of pulse grains for human consumption. The compound is valued as a concentrate feed, as it is comparatively low in fibre and high in energy and protein contents in comparison with roughages.