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Carte Phytogéographique De La République Centrafricaine

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Carte Phytogéographique De La République Centrafricaine CARTE PHYTOGÉOGRAPHIQUE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE (feuille OUEST - feuille EST) à 1:l O00O00 Par Yves BOULVERT Directeur de Recherches de 1’ORSTOM Editions de I’ORSTOM INSTITUT FRANCAIS DE RECHERCHESCIENTIFIQUE POURLE DEVELOPPEMENT EN COOPERATION COLLECTION NOTICE EXPLICATIVE No 104 Paris 1986 1.;' 1.;' ORSTOM - MINISTÈRE DE LA RECHERCHEET DE LA TECHNOLOGIE (RCA) - 1986 ISBN 2-7099-0784-4 Ce travail a été réalisé par l'Unité de Cartographie de I'ORSTOM à BONDY. - André DOUIBet Rémi DERUELLEont assuré la réalisation de l'ensemble cartographique : 2 coupures B 1 : 1 O00 O00 et légende commune. - Danielle LAIDETa assuré la coordination entre le texte de cette notice explicative et la légende de la carte, qui constituent l'ensemble de cet ouvrage. L'auteur remercie vivement le Dr René LETOUZEY,le Dr Roger SILLANSet Georges FOTIUS, agrostologue de I'ORSTOM, d'avoir bien voulu lire le manuscrit et le faire bénéficier de leurs observations. SOMMAIRE - Introduction - Méthode de travail - Recommandations au lecteur - Note sur I'établissement graphique de la carte (par A. DOUIB, cartographe) CHAPITRE 1 - PRÉSENTATION DU MILIEU NATURELCENTRAFRICAIN CHAPITRE II - LE DOMAINE CONGO-GUINÉEN Secteur de la forêt dense'humide centrafricaine (IV B : unités cartographiques 136 à 143 ; ainsique U.C. 144 146) CHAPITRE 111 - LE DOMAINE CONGO-GUINÉEN Secteur des savanes périforestières (IV A : unités cartographiques 1 O9 à 135) CHAPITRE IV - LE DOMAINE SOUDANO-GUINÉEN (III : unités cartographiques 58 à 108) CHAPITRE V - LE DOMAINE MÉDIO-SOUDANIEN (111 : unités cartographiques 12 à 57) CHAPITRE VI - LE DOMAINE SOUDANO-SAHÉLIEN (I : unités cartographiques1 à 11 CHAPITRE VI1 - DONNÉESPHYTOGÉOGRAPHIQUES COMPLÉMENTAIRES Distributionphytogéographique en relationavec les facteurs du milieu : climats,sols, géomorphologie. - Conclusions - Bibliographie - Annexe 1 : Lexiques des noms vernaculaires centrafricains - Annexe 2 : Documents techniques botaniques du Service des Eaux et Forêts de BANGUI - Annexe 3 : Diverses flores utilisées (dansl'ordre d'utilisation1 - Planches - Aires de répartition de diverses espèces (parordre alphabétique) - Planches - Photographies (Domaines : IV B - IV A - 111 - II - Il - Table des matières 4 INTRODUCTION - MÉTHODE DE TRAVAIL Ce travail n'est pasI'œuvre d'un Botaniste-Systématicien mais d'un Agronome-Naturaliste.II a été entrepris dans le cadre d'une synthèse, à l'origine pédologique, qui s'est progressivement étendue aux divers facteurs du Milieu Naturel physique : substrat géologique, géomorphologie, phytogéographie, climatologie. II ne s'agissait pas seule- ment là d'établir un ensemble de cartes thématiques maisde rechercher les influences réciproquesde ces différents facteurs du milieu. Pour chaque carte thématique, le travail a été effectué par étapes. Ainsi pour la phytogéographie, qui n'était pas notre spécialité, nous avons entrepris une étude bibliographique d'ensemble sur le paysen recensant, pour cha- que espèce végétale identifiée, les relevés localisés si possible par lieu-dit ou par région, qu'ils aient été effectués par des botanistes, forestiers ou agrostologues mais aussipar des ethnobotanistes, des linguistes, des pédologues, sans oublier les relevés des explorateurs. Pour les principales espèces, ligneuses le plus souvent,il nous a été possible dedresser des cartes de répartition à 1 : 5 O00 000, en y joignant les nombreuses observationspersonnelles accumulées pendant plus de quinze années de présence sur le terrain. L'ensemble a été réuni dans un (( Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique : Ecologie som- maire - Distribution 2) (Y. BOULVERT,1977, 4 volumes multigraphiés). Le texte de cette première rédaction était pré- senté comme provisoire. Depuis lors des compléments,des précisions ont été ajoutés. Surtout de nombreuses cor- rections (nomenclature, synonymes) ont été apportées à l'original. Une nouvelle frappe de ce document de travail annoté et corrigé, serait probablement nécessaire. Tandis que la carte pédologique a été obtenue par généralisation d'une cinquantaine de cartes ou d'esquisses morpho-pédologiques à 1 : 200 000, dressées par photo-interprétation (à partir des photographies IGN à 1 : 50 000) et travail deterrain, les limites de la carte phytogéographique ontété, pour une bonne part, reportées sur un assem- blage d'images satellite LANDSAT à 1 :l O00 000. Les districts et stations phytogéographiques ont été identifiésà partir des études régionalessur le terrain. Pour ce faire, un recensement systématique des relevés a été opéré. Les itinéraires avaient été choisis pour recouper des limites géologiques, pédologiques, ou géomorphologiques. II s'avère en effet que l'une ou l'autre deces limites cor- respond souvent à une limite phytogéographique. La méthode de travail avait été présentée avecla première étude régionale : (( Note surles savanes de I'Ouham )> (1969). Dans cette préfecture 2 500 relevés ont été effectués à partir d'itinéraires automobiles ou pédestres cou- vrant les feuilles (cartographiques) de Bossangoa, Bouca, Kouki et Batangafo-Moussafoyo *. II s'agissait autour de chaque fosse pédologique d'un relevé sommaire. La strate herbacée y est souvent mal représentée : les prospec- tions étant faites ensaison sèche, souvent après le passage des feux de brousse ! D'ailleurs, non spécialiste, le pédo- logue ne relève que les espèces qu'il peut identifier (à l'aide de la (( Flore d'AUBRÉVILLE )) !), donc le plus souvent les espèces assez courantes. De ce fait, l'intérêt de ces relevbs neréside pas dans leur complétude, leur précision, mais dans leur multiplicité. En 1964-65, l'auteur a pu bénéficier de deux tournées de terrain avec J.C. BILLE, agrostolo- gue ORSTOM, tandis qu'à Bangui le Colonel GUIGONISdes Eaux et Forêts, créateur de 1'" Herbier National Centrafri- cain n, pouvait alors l'aider à identifier ses échantillons. Ces relevés ont été étendus à d'autres régions cartographiées ; il en existe 500 autour de Bangui, autant sur Kaga Bandoro, Bambari, ainsi qu'en Ouham-Pendé. Pour le reste, des itinéraires de complément ont été effectués aux quatre coins dupays, de Bayanga à Am-Dafok et de Ngaoundayà Ezo, essentiellement le long des pistes carros- sables, pistes rurales, forestières ou de chasse. On peut y ajouter quelques missions héliportéesqui nous ont permis d'atteindre des sites éloignés ou d'accès difficile. * Appelée désormais Maro. 5 L'ensemble de ces relevésa permis d'appréhender la caractérisation des stations phytogéographiques centrafri- caines. L'ensemble a été regroupé dansun rapport multigraphié : (( Notes phytogéographiques régionales en Centra- frique )) (Y. BOULVERT,1980) auquel devra se référer le lecteur recherchantdes renseignements plus détaillés par sta- tions, districts ou régions. Le texte quisuit,établi àpartir de cette documentation de base, doit être considéré comme un essai de synthèse ph ytogéographique par domaines et secteurs. Les stations devraient êtrecaractérisées par des espèces rares ou endémiques. Certaines d'entre elles sontsigna- lées dans le catalogue, mais elles sont souvent localisées de facon imprécise ; il ne nous a donc pas été possible de caractériser les stations de cette facon. En parcourant les notes phytogéographiques régionales, on semble retrouver les mêmes espèces banales avec seulement quelques variations de leurs fréquences *. Cette impression disparaît lors d'une Btude attentive, quand on recense ces espèces en tracant les graphiques des variations de fréquences. Les aires de répartition des espèces végétales se recouvrent largement, elles diffèrent d'une espèce à l'autre ; ces variations ne sont pas aléatoires. Si les Domaines,et Secteursgéographiques sont grossièrement allongés de I'ouest- nord-ouest vers l'est-sud-est, en fonctionde la latitude et surtoutde la pluviosité, les limites de Districts quiles recoupent correspondent également à des changementsde distribution phytogéographique. La flore centrafricaine estB un car- refour : elle a subi des influences camerounaises, soudanaises et même australes. Ce travail n'est évidemment pas définitif. A la suite de ceux d'A. CHEVALIER,A. AUBRÉVILLEet R. SILLANS, il doit être considéré comme une nouvelle approximation, en 1985, des Domaines, Secteurs et Districts phytogéographi- ques. II a pour objectif de montrer que les limites phytogéographiques sont souventliées aux autres facteurs du milieu naturel : climat, roches, sols, relief. II voudrait également montrer les axes de recherches. Nous faisons confiance à nos successeurs pour une caractérisation beaucoup plus précise des stations elles-mêmes. La bibliographie présentée en annexe est celle qui a été utilisée au cours de ces vingt années de travaux. Elle se voudrait également l'amorce d'une bibliographie thématique centrafricaine. * Le nombre de releves diffbre largement d'une station & l'autre. Afin de permettre des comparaisons, les frequences de rencontreont été ramenees en pourcentages : il s'agit donc de fr6quences cent6simales. 6 RECOMMANDATIONS AU LECTEUR Le lecteur ne devra pas s'étonnerde l'apparente hétérogénéité de présentation de l'ensembleU Documents car- tographiques )) et (( Notice explicative )). - Sur la légende de la carte à I :1000 000, l'ordre habituel de présentation, de l'aride vers l'humide, a été con- servé. Cependant, en CENTRAFRIQUE, les affinités sahéliennes ne s'observent que dans une région excentrique. Ce pays est essentiellement situé à la charnière des Domaines congo-guinéen et soudano-guinéen. - C'est pourquoi dans cette notice (comme R. LETOUZEY au CAMEROUN) : la description des
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