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What You Should Know About Carp: Its Origin, Varieties, Physical Appearance, Feeding Habits

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What You Should Know About Carp: Its Origin, Varieties, Physical Appearance, Feeding Habits What you should know about carp: its origin, varieties, physical appearance, feeding habits Item Type article Download date 28/09/2021 06:59:36 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/34367 What you should know about carp its origin, varieties, physical appearance, feeding habits Carps are often grouped on the basis of In natural waters, it attains a length of 15 their natural geographical occurrence: theto so- 30 cm weighing 225 g to 650 g at the end of called Chinese carps, which include the grassfirst year; a length of 60 cm and a weight of 1.8 carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella; the silver carp, to 2.3 kg at the end of the second year. After four Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and the bigheadyears, the weight may be 4.5 kg. carp,Aristichthys nobilisand the so-called Indian The daily growth of grass carp in different major carps, which includecatla, Catla-catla; countries, observed to be 2.8 g in Siberia, 3.3 in rohu, Labeo rohita; mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala; and Turkmenia and South China, 6.6 to 9.8 in Israel, the common carp,Cyprinus carpio. 4.7 in India and 8.3 to 10 in Malacca. In Chinese Grass Carp ponds, grass carp attains a weight of 225 to 680 Grass carp is a natural inhabitant of theg in first year, 1,200 to 2,300 g in second, 2,700 flatland rivers of China and the middle and lowerg in third and 3,800 g in the fourth year. reaches of river Amur in the USSR. It has been Grass carp matures variably depending introduced into many other countries mainlyon for climate and environmental factors, especially temperature. The fish breeds during monsoon months (July-August) in the flowing waters of its natural habitat, the rivers, but does not spawn naturally in the static waters of ponds and tanks. Silver Carp Silver carp naturally occurs in the river systems, Yangtze, West River, Kwangsi and Kwangtung in South and Central China and in the Amur Basin in USSR and has been intro­ duced into many countries for aquaculture. It feeds on both phytoplanktons and zooplanktons, rotifers and copepod nauplii and expands as they grow. Under culture conditions, growth rate de­ pends on stocking rate, natural food available biological aquatic weed control in natural water­and feeds given, competition with other species ways and in natural and man-made lakes. in polyculture, conversion rate of feed and envi­ Grass carp has a specialized pharyngeal teeth, the upper consisting of two small teeth on either side and the lower of strong comb or file- like teeth comprising four on the right and five on the left pharyngeal bone. In small fishes, the lower pharyngeal teeth have a serrated cutting surface, while in larger fish, the teeth are thicker and have double flattened serrated cutting and rasping surfaces. Large fishes can masticate even tough and fibrous grasses. The fry and larger fish take cereal brans, oilcakes, silkworm pupae, kitchen refuse, night soil and dung which are often given as supple­ mentary food. 6 Aqua Farm News Vol. XIV (No. 6) November-December 1996 ronmental conditions. Under favorable rearingCommon Carp conditions, the growth rate of fry of silver carp is The common carp a native of temperate extremely high in the first 10 days, the fish dou­regions of Asia, especially China, has four sub- bling its weight every second day. Silver carpspecies: Cyprinus carpio of the European- attains highest growth rate in length in the Transcaucasiansec­ area;C.c. aralensis of the mid- ond year of life and maximum growth rateAsian in region; C.c.haematopterus of the Amur- weight in the third year. Growth in both lengthChinese or Far Eastern region andviridivio­ C.c. and weight declines sharply after the third year.laceus of north Vietnam. The natural distribu­ Temperature has maximum effect on thetion of common carp maybe restricted to a nar­ maturity of silver carp just like grass carp butrow belt in central Asia and has been introduced may not be applicable in locations other thaninto scores of countries. China. There are varieties and subvarieties or Bighead Carp strains of common carp. The well-known variety Bighead carp is a natural inhabitant ofof the the Kwantung and Kwangsi regions of China river systems Yangtze, West River, Kwangsi andis the ‘big belly carp: and that of the Yangtze Kwangtung of south and central China andregion, has the “long bodied carp.” The well-known been introduced into many countries. Indonesian orange-coloredCyprinus carp ( carpio Primarily a zooplankton feeder, its food var.re­ flavipinnis C.V.) has been split into a number sembles that of the Indian major carp catla whichof subvarieties, such as the lemon-colored also feeds on zooplankton. Its alimentary canalSinyonya and the gold brownKatiera domas. is much shorter, than that of silver carp. A con­There is also the green variety in Indonesia, the siderable measure of competition for food “Puntenmay carp” with stable genetic traits. The be expected between bighead carp and catla.“Majalayan” strain of West Java is also a green­ In aquaculture operations, growth rateish variety. The mirror carpCyprinus ( carpio var. would depend on rate of stocking, food availablespecularis ) of the Galician variety or of the naturally from aquatic fertilization and suppliedFranconian variety were transplanted into Indo­ supplementarily, competition with other speciesnesia in the first half of the 20th century and are The rate of growth of fingerlings may be 6.3distinct g/ from the Aischgrunder (Germany) or day and of young adults, 14.7 g/day. Royale (France) varieties. The Russian mirror The maximum growth in length, occurscarp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis) is now split on the second year and maximum growthinto in two varieties, the scale carpC.c. ( var. weight, on the third year. The pattern of attain­communis) and the leather carp (C.c. var. nudus). ment of maturity follows the same principle Theas other varieties of common carp are the Japa­ that of silver carp and grass carp. nese races which go by the name of Asagi and The fish breeds during monsoon monthsYamato; Ropsha and Kursk of USSR; Dinnyes (July-August) in the flowing waters of its naturalof Hungary and Nasice of Yugoslavia. habitat, the rivers, but does not spawn naturally next page p le a s e ... in the static waters of ponds and tanks. Aqua Farm News Vol. XIV (No. 6) November-December 1996 7 Common carp bigger than 10 cm thrivestion points out that the fish also explores the on decayed vegetation containing tubificids,midlayers mol­ of water. luscs, chironomids, ephemerids and Catla is the fastest growing species of the trichopterans. Common carp digs and burrowsmajor Indian carps and matures in its second into pond embankments and sides in searchyear. of In ponds catla matures after 22 months and food. The fish gulp in mud sifting digestible mat­in rivers, the second year. ter thus making pond water turbid. The spawning season of catla coincides Under favorable conditions, growth of com­with the southwest monsoon in north-eastern In­ mon carp varies in different countries. Commondia and Bangladesh, where it lasts from May to carp breeds naturally in rivers as well as in pondsAugust and in north India and Pakistan, from and tanks. The eggs are adhesive and theJune fish to September. In south Indian rivers, the requires suitable floating matters for attachments.spawning season is variable. Catla Rohu Catla is a natural inhabitant of the fresh­ Rohu is found in the freshwater sections water sections of the rivers of northern India,of the rivers of north India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Burma. Its favoriteBurma and the Tera region of Nepal. It has been habitat are the deep rivers of north India andtransplanted has into some of the rivers of peninsu­ been transplanted into Sri Lanka and China.lar India and Powai Lake, Bombay, Sri Lanka and Mixed seed of Indian major carps, which gener­to Mauritius. Mixed along with the seed of catla ally include catla, rohu and mrigal, has beenand ex­ mrigal, rohu has been exported to USSR, ported to several countries. Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, Nepal and some While no distinct races or varieties of catlacountries of Africa. are known, catla, as a species is often confused Rohu is both a bottom and column feeder with an allied form occurring in Thailand,and prefers to feed on plant matter including de­ Catlocarpio siamensis (Boulenger) due to their extraordinary superficial resemblance, especially their enormous heads. A pair of five hybrids artificially produced in India, was induced to spawn by injecting pitui­ tary hormone, producing a second generation of the hybrid. In 1960, several hundreds of golden colored catla were obtained from one artificially- bred specimen, and when interbred, all the prog­ enies were found to be colored. Catla is mainly a water column feeder and have a browsing habit as well. The presence of certain unattached submerged floating vegeta­ caying vegetation; it is less adapted to take zooplankton than even mrigal. Utilization of plant matter is much better in mrigal and rohu than in catla. Rohu fingerlings subsist on unicellular and filamentous algae, rotting vegetation, rotifers and protozoans and crustaceans. The rotten veg­ etation component in the food increases in big­ ger fish. Rohu is a quick growing fish although slower than catla and generally spawns during southwest monsoon in India. 8 Aqua Farm News Vol. XIV (No. 6) November-December 1996 Mrigal Mrigal is a natural inhabitant of the fresh­ water sections of the rivers of northern India, Bangladesh, Burma and Pakistan. It has been transplanted into waters of peninsular India for aquaculture. A large number of intergeneric hybrids has been produced at the Pond Culture Division of the Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, India.
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