DOCSLIB.ORG

AERAGRAM Newsletter Name on Card Treasures

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
AERAGRAM Newsletter Name on Card Treasures VOL. 9 NO. 2 GRAM FALL 2008 ANCIENT EGYPT RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Groundbreaking Archaeology Archaeological Science: Deciphering Ancient Code 2 Small Finds, Big Results 4 Ann Lurie Egypt's Oldest Olive on Board RainerEgypt's Gerisch, Oldest charcoal Olivespecial- ist,Rainer has identified Gerisch, charcoal olive wood analyst, in his 6 sampleshas identified from the olive 4th woodDynasty at Heit el-Gurobthe 4th Dynasty settlement, Lost the City earliest of Two Royal Towns: olivethe inPyramids Egypt to settlement, date. the Old Digs, New earliest olive in2 Egypt to date. Finds 3 8 Giza: Overviews and Ground Truths 14 http://www.aeraweb.org Egypt's Oldest Olive were used to transport oils. Some ar- Archaeological Science: Deciphering Ancient Code chaeologists believe they carried olive oil ERA researchers have discovered new early date? The because they have been found in olive oil ost of what we analyze is not Below: Looking something like a tiny guard's hut, or a secret entrance into the Great Pyramid, this A evidence suggesting that olive wood most likely factory sites in the Levant, where peo- diminutive entryway to the AERA Field Laboratory gives access to six rooms on two levels where Mentirely natural stuff. It is products was present in ancient Egypt 500 to 700 possibility ple have pressed olives since the 4th scientists study material culture from the Lost City of the Pyramids. Nestled among the tombs of or material left over after people have the nobles in the Western Cemetery, the lab is home to the AERA Archaeological Science and years before previously believed, a find is that it was imported, and there Millennium BCE. AERA ceramicist processed, worked, or digested it in Material Culture program. View to the east. The circles show the lab interior. that may provide new insights into the is much evidence to support this Anna Wodzińska has identified 14 some way. Archaeologists call it “mate- life of the pyramid builders. idea. Egyptians carried on a lively combed ware sherds at the Lost City site. rial culture." People select natural mate- “software” passively. In various ways pottery, animal bone, plant remains, The discovery, made by AERA char- trade with the Levant going back to the If the imported jars carried olive oil, this rial (clay, stone, mud, plants, animals, material culture, from the monumental chipped and ground stone tools, char- coal analyst Rainer Gerisch, suggests 1st Dynasty (roughly 2900–2730 BCE). might explain the presence of the wood. earth, wood, etc.), modify it, and distrib- to the elementary structures of every- coal, clay sealings, faience, pigments, that olive wood was at least present, if The main imports were woods, as well as Prunings from the orchard might have ute it according to the shared ideas that day life, actively affected the evolution mudbricks, and objects of everyday life) not grown, in Egypt as early as the time oils, resins, and wine. Egyptians sought come along with the jars as some sort of make up culture—the ideas behind their of ancient Egyptian society. The task of methodically analyze the enormous of Pharaoh Menkaure (about 2551–2523 wood for buildings, ships, and funer- packing material or shipping crates. social organization, needs, per- building on such a colossal scale quantities of material that we have BCE), builder of the third Giza pyramid. ary equipment since their native trees It is also possible that Egyptian work- ceptions, beliefs, and pat- required that the Egyptians amassed, in order to unlock the code: Until now, the earliest known traces of offered very little good timber. The Pal- ers brought in the olive twigs with wood terns of behavior. Culture organize and adapt their the ideas, and values of the people olive were fruit pits found in 12th Dy- ermo Stone mentions 40 ships arriving shipments. When crews were dispatched influences the shape human and natural who created and inhabited the Lost nasty deposits at Memphis. Even then, with wood during the reign of Sneferu to the Levant to fell trees and transport potters give vessels, resources, their social City of the Pyramids. The lab team there are almost no other archaeologi- (2543–2510 BCE). It is possible that olive the logs back, they may also have taken the ornamentation order and bureau- works under the aegis of the AERA cal finds of olive until the 18th Dynasty was among the wood imports during the firewood to use on their return voyage they add, the people cracy. They also had to Archaeological Science and Material (about 1569–1081 BCE). From this period Old Kingdom. or to fill out extra space on their ship. who use the pots, the adapt their most basic Culture program, directed by Dr. Mary and thereafter olive leaves begin to ap- But two important facts undermine Gerisch found the olive with small pieces means by which they structures, like bread Anne Murray. pear in tombs, suggesting that olive cul- this hypothesis. First, it is unlikely that of charcoal from other Levantine trees— procure them, how they pots and bakeries, for The results of the lab team, combined tivation had begun in Egypt. But the first olive wood ended up in the timber trade. cedar, pine, and deciduous and evergreen use and reuse the vessels, an intensification of pro- with the data from the site, allow us to definitive evidence that Egyptians were Olive trees are extraordinarily long-lived oaks—suggesting that they may have and how they discard them. duction that in turn may have “read” the patterns of everyday life in the growing olives dates from the Graeco- and valued for their fruit. The tree does come from the Levant together. Material culture both pas- affected how people used Lost City, and to relate these patterns to Roman era (305 BCE–337 CE). not yield good timber as it is pruned But what about the possibility that sively reflects and actively those structures back in the record of Old Kingdom monumental Gerisch first identified several olive vigorously to keep it short and produc- Egyptians were growing olive trees? In influences the ideas their everyday lives. architecture, art, and texts long-studied wood charcoal fragments in 2001 in tive. Second, the specimens found at the New Kingdom Queen Hatshepsut and values that people In search of the by Egyptologists. charcoal samples from the Lost City of AERA’s site are mostly from twigs. Thus maintained a botanical garden of exotic share. (The gigantic code—the software— In this issue of AERAGRAM we pres- the Pyramids site. But there was not the wood was probably not imported plants. Perhaps Menkaure made an early pyramids are material we compulsively, scru- ent two of the stories to emerge from enough evidence to rule out the possi- for carving small objects either. Carving and undocumented effort to cultivate culture writ large!) pulously try to recover the Arch Sci Program: the earliest evi- bility that these were intrusive. Gerisch could have left scraps for firewood that olive trees in palace gardens. every scrap of material dence of olive wood in Egypt to date and continued to find olive charcoal from might have ended up as charcoal. The Pyramid Age is early for olive in Raw Data and Code culture, from the largest the mystery of the odd stones that hint- different areas of the Lost City. With Perhaps then, our olive wood was not Egypt, but few Old Kingdom town sites So in a sense material cul- objects down to the small- ed of a 4,500 year old crank-shaft drill. that and additional finds this year, we an import in its own right, but rather have been excavated extensively and ture is like certain computer est seeds. Our archaeologists • Mark Lehner can now conclude that the olive wood entered Egypt with other products, pos- sampled methodically for wood char- software (especially in object-ori- assign every lot of material an ID tag, is genuinely part of the Old Kingdom sibly olive oil. Beginning in the 1st Dy- coal. Gerisch’s work may inspire others ented programming) in that it contains the number of the deposit from which settlement remains, dating at least 500 nasty, combed ware pottery vessels from to carry out similar studies and perhaps both raw data—the clay, bone, stone, they excavated the material. The “feature years earlier than any other known spec- the Levant appeared in Egypt. Made of a discover more early olive remains. etc.—and code—the ideas. In our work number” stays with the material through imens in Egypt. So how did olive wood very hard ceramic decorated with stria- • Rainer Gerisch, Wilma Wetterstrom, we are not so much interested in things- its registration and analysis in the turn up at the Lost City site at such an tions impressed with a comb, the jars By the Numbers and Mary Anne Murray as-such. We want to know the "software" AERA Field Laboratory. Specialists analyze enormous quantities that created the "hardware" of the pyra- of material every season. These are some Under the Microscope: Identifying Wood Charcoal mids, tombs, and temples. This highly Unlocking the Code of the numbers: All woods have distinctive patterns of cells and other microscopic structures symbolic, monumental material culture Thirty-eight scholars and Royal Administrative Building 12,049 animal bone fragments (2007) that are used to distinguish one species from another. Rainer Gerisch examines not only reflects the ancient Egyptians’ scientists (specialists in 12,950 diagnostic sherds (2007) 1 micron 1 micron Olive these features in split surfaces of the charcoal fragment, working at magnifica- 12,837 chipped stone tools & waste tions of 40 to 500 x.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • City in the Sand Ebook
    CITY IN THE SAND PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Mary Chubb | 213 pages | 29 Jan 2000 | Libri Publications Ltd | 9781901965025 | English | London, United Kingdom City in the Sand PDF Book Guests staying in any of The Castle accommodations will find The Castle is the perfect beachfront and oceanfront location. That has to be rare indeed. Open Preview See a Problem? I thought was an excellent addition to the main book. If the artifacts are indeed prehistoric stone tools, then it means humans settled on the shores of ancient Pleistocene lake more than 30, years ago. The well was the only permanent watering place in those parts and, being a necessary watering place for Bedouin raiders, had been the scene of many fierce encounters in the past, [12]. According to those overseeing the project, Neom has already invited tenders from a range of international firms, while plans are moving forward to build a road bridge to Egypt. In the valley of the Tombs, to the east of the city, the "houses of the dead," veritable underground palaces, were decorated with particularly fine sculpture and frescoes. Most tales of the lost city locate it somewhere in the Rub' al Khali desert, also known as the Empty Quarter, a vast area of sand dunes covering most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula , including most of Saudi Arabia and parts of Oman , the United Arab Emirates , and Yemen. Biotech City of the Future Healthcare. Original Title. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Emir Fakhr ad-Din was still using Palmyra as a place to exercise his police, however he was anxious to have greater security than offered by the ruined city, so he had a castle built on the hillside overlooking it.
    [Show full text]
  • 11. References
    11. References Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). State Transportation Improvement Program. December 1994. Associated Cultural Resource Experts (ACRE). Boulder City/U.S. 93 Corridor Study Historic Structures Survey. Vol. 1: Final Report. September 2002. _______________. Boulder City/U.S. 93 Corridor Study Historic Structures Survey. Vol. 1: Technical Report. July 2001. Averett, Walter. Directory of Southern Nevada Place Names. Las Vegas. 1963. Bedwell, S. F. Fort Rock Basin: Prehistory and Environment. University of Oregon Books, Eugene, Oregon. 1973. _______________. Prehistory and Environment of the Pluvial Fort Rock Lake Area of South Central Oregon. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene. 1970. Bernard, Mary. Boulder Beach Utility Line Installation. LAME 79C. 1979. Bettinger, Robert L. and Martin A. Baumhoff. The Numic Spread: Great Basin Cultures in Competition. American Antiquity 46(3):485-503. 1982. Blair, Lynda M. An Evaluation of Eighteen Historic Transmission Line Systems That Originate From Hoover Dam, Clark County, Nevada. Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies, Marjorie Barrick Museum of Natural History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. 1994. _______________. A New Interpretation of Archaeological Features in the California Wash Region of Southern Nevada. M.A. Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. 1986. _______________. Virgin Anasazi Turquoise Extraction and Trade. Paper presented at the 1985 Arizona-Nevada Academy of Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada. 1985. Blair, Lynda M. and Megan Fuller-Murillo. Rock Circles of Southern Nevada and Adjacent Portions of the Mojave Desert. Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. HRC Report 2-1-29. 1997. Blair, Lynda M.
    [Show full text]
  • F Scott Fitzgerald's New York
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1993 His Lost City: F Scott Fitzgerald's New York Kris Robert Murphy College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the American Literature Commons Recommended Citation Murphy, Kris Robert, "His Lost City: F Scott Fitzgerald's New York" (1993). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625818. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-zdpj-yf53 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HIS LOST CITY: F. SCOTT FITZGERALD’S NEW YORK A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of English The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Kris R. Murphy 1993 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Author Approved, July 1993 Scott Donaldson Christopher MacGowan Robert Maccubbin TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................iv ABSTRACT.............................................................................. ...................................... v CHAPTER I. ‘The far away East. .the vast, breathless bustle of New York”. 3 CHAPTER II. “Trips to New York” (1907-1918)........................................................ 11 CHAPTER III. ‘The land of ambition and success” (1919-1920) ................................ 25 CHAPTER IV. ‘The great city of the conquering people” (1920-1921)...................... 53 CHAPTER V.
    [Show full text]
  • How Archaeologists Found the Lost City of Troy
    How archaeologists found the lost city of Troy This doomed city at the heart of the Trojan War was lost for thousands of years until a team of German archaeologists uncovered the ancient site. HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN, THE German archaeologist, was in Turkey in the late 19th century on an eccentric quest. He was excavating a tell—an artificial mound that covers long abandoned settlements. The site, known as Hisarlik, was familiar to only a few specialists. But as Schliemann dug, he was pinning his hopes on finding the ruins of the most famous city in classical literature: Troy. PHOTOGRAPH BY EOSGIS . C O M The trouble was that Troy might not even have existed. The acclaimed Greek poet Homer popularized the Trojans and their city in The Iliad and The Odyssey, the 8th-century B.C. epic poems. These works told the story of a 10-year war between Greece and Troy, fought by such timeless characters as the kings Priam and Agamemnon, the warriors brave Hector and mighty Achilles, and the survivors crafty Odysseus and loyal Aeneas. The poems tell of bloody battles, fantastic adventures, heroic deeds, and tragic consequences. But was Troy a real place? Schliemann set out to prove it was. (Homer's Iliad contains timeless lessons of war.) And he did. Hisarlik is now widely accepted as the setting for Homer’s epic tales. Studies have revealed that the 100-foot-high mound contains not just one, but nine Troys, each built over the ruins of the one before. Today archaeologists consider Troy VI—the sixth counting from the bottom up—to be the likeliest candidate for Homer’s Troy.
    [Show full text]
  • Lost City of the Incas by Hiram Bingham
    Name Class Date Pacific South America Primary Source Lost City of the Incas by Hiram Bingham ABOUT THE READING In July of 1911, VOCABULARY American archaeologist Hiram Bingham inaccessible not able to be traveled to Peru to explore the Inca ruins. reached or entered easily He never expected to stumble upon one of the greatest archaeological wonders of all succession one after time—the lost Inca city of Machu Picchu. another He recounts this famous discovery in his prevailing common best-selling book, Lost City of the Incas, first published in 1948. As you read the passage below, think about how it would feel to make a tremendous historical discovery like Hiram Bingham. It fairly took my breath away. What could this place be? Why had no one given us any idea of it? Even Melchor Arteaga, Richarte, and Melchor Arteaga was only moderately interested Alvarez were Indian farmers and had no appreciation of the importance of the who Bingham met in his travels. Arteaga had directed Bingham ruins which Richarte and Alvarez had adopted for to some ruins on a ridge called their little farm. Perhaps after all this was an isolated Machu Picchu. small place which had escaped notice because it was inaccessible. Then the little boy urged us to climb up a steep hill over what seemed to be a flight of stone steps. Surprise followed surprise in bewildering succession. We came to a great stairway of large granite blocks. Then we walked along a path to a clearing where the Indians had planted a small vegetable garden.
    [Show full text]
  • Looking for the Lost City of Atlantis 13 March 2011, by David Isgur
    Looking for the Lost City of Atlantis 13 March 2011, by David Isgur Could the fabled lost city of Atlantis have been Atlantis. located? Using satellite photography, ground- penetrating radar and underwater technology, a The lost city of Atlantis is one of the world's most team of experts (led by University of Hartford famous mysteries. According to Plato who wrote professor and archaeologist Richard Freund) has about it almost 2,600 years ago, Atlantis was "an been surveying marshlands in Spain to look for island situated in front of the straits which are by proof of the ancient city. If the team can match you called the Pillars of Hercules" (The Straits of geological formations to Plato's descriptions and Gibraltar were known as the Pillars of Hercules in date artifacts back to the time of Atlantis, we may antiquity.), Using Plato's detailed account of the be closer to solving one of the world's greatest mysterious city as a map, Finding Atlantis searches mysteries. the Mediterranean and Atlantic for the best possible location for Atlantis. A new National Geographic Channel documentary, Finding Atlantis, which will be broadcast nationally The film journeys to Turkey and the Greek islands on Sunday, March 13, at 9 p.m. ET/PT, follows a of Crete and Santorini before heading to southern team of American, Canadian, and Spanish Spain, beyond the Pillars of Hercules. Plato says scientists as they employ satellite space that Atlantis once faced a city called "Gadara," photography, ground penetrating radar, which is the ancient name for modern Cadiz.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade in Molluskan Religiofauna Between the Southwe Stern
    TRADE IN MOLLUSKAN RELIGIOFAUNA BETWEEN THE SOUTHWE STERN UNITED STATES AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA by WILLIAM HOYT SMITH A DISSERTATION Pres ented to the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2002 --------------- ---- ii "Tr ade in Molluskan Religiofauna Between the Southwestern United States and Southern California ," a dissertation prepared by William Hoyt Smith in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Anthropology. This dissertation has been approved and accepted by: Dr . C. a ining Committee Committee in Charge : Dr. C. Melvin Aikens Dr. Jon Erlandson Dr. Don Dumond Dr. Leland Roth Dean of the Graduate School L iv An Abstract of the Dissertation of William Smith for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy the Department Anthropology to be taken June 2002 Title: TRADE IN MOLLUSKAN RELIGIOFAUNA BETWEEN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Approved: Dr. C. Melvin Aikens This dissertation describes prehistoric trade between Native American groups of the North American Southwest and southern California. Archaeologic and ethnographic sources have been used to create a major new quant ive database on Southwest-southern California trade. I draw on this data base to characterize the routes and intensity of exchange, as well as speci objects involved in native trade networks. facts made of Olivella and Halio s shells were traded eastward from the southern California Channel Islands into the Anasazi, Mogollon, and Hohokam regions of the Southwest in south Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Lljionacfsp^TIGN AREA . Arizori^^Nevada I «U
    I «U Wfmm.^m A^H H ^^^^ I JH B I i B **• miWmm\ •%P> ' '-•• A „„ |"^ llJIONACfSp^TIGN AREA . Arizori^^Nevada A QUICK VIEW OF THE AREA to 5 p.m. On this trip you will become better acquainted with • Boating is enjoyable all year. Public launching ramps are Hoover Dam, one of the seven engineering wonders of the provided at many places around both lakes. Boats and motors Lake Mead National Recreation Area consists of two vast LAKE MEAD world. Self-guided tours are maintained at Davis Dam each may be rented, purchased, or chartered from concessioners. blue lakes and the surrounding terrain of brilliantly colorful day. Mooring facilities for privately owned boats are available at desert, lofty plateaus, and narrow, deep canyons. NATIONAL RECREATION AREA • Interpretive Services. Evening illustrated programs are concession sites. Monthly charge for this service is deter­ It extends for 240 miles from Grand Canyon National Mon­ presented at the Boulder Beach Campground throughout the mined by the length of the craft. ument on the east to the Colorado River below Davis Dam on • Open All Year • spring, summer, and autumn. See posted schedules for current the south. Within this stretch you will find 93 miles of the times and topics. For public safety and health, specific regulations affecting famed Grand Canyon of the Colorado River, Qontents Exhibits that explain features of the area are on display at water safety, sanitation, navigation, and boat operations must The altitudinal range is great, extending from 517 feet along Boulder Beach and Echo Bay Ranger Stations, Lakeview Point, be observed.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Pompeii & Herculaneum Archaeological Sites: Conservation
    Pompeii & Herculaneum Archaeological Sites: Conservation and Management By Jessica Petrillo Canterbury Christ Church University Thesis submitted for the degree of MA by Research Year 2019 1 Abstract This first part of the paper begins with an historical overview of the development of Pompeii and Herculaneum as an archaeological site and heritage attraction, providing an insight concerning the culture and nature of these ancient cities during the Roman period. A focus will be given on the context of these rediscoveries, and their impact within Italy and around the world and most importantly who owned, managed, and/or visited the sites throughout their history. The paper also looks at how the ideas about the fame of Pompeii affects tourism, management, and the creation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The conclusion compares the potential of the recent public/private partnership initiative at Herculaneum ‘The Herculaneum Conservation Project’ and the latest fully public funded project at Pompeii ‘The Great Project Pompeii’. 2 Table of Contents ➢ 1. INTRODUCTION. p. 11 1.1 Background. p. 11 ➢ 2. LITERATURE REVIEW. p. 14 2.1. Background. p. 14 ➢ 3. ANCIENT POMPEII AND HERCULANEUM. p. 19 3.1 The Historical Origins of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia . p. 19 3.2. The Political History of Pompeii and Herculaneum. p. 20 3.3 The Economies of Pompeii and Herculaneum. p. 21 3.4 Architecture and recreation in Pompeii and Herculaneum. p. 22 3.5 The House in Pompeian Society. p. 24 3.6 The Earthquake of 62 AD . p. 25 3.7 Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. p. 26 3.8 Pompeii and Herculaneum after the eruption of 79 AD.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Lost and Found Cities
    AU J.T. 8(3):135-145 (Jan. 2005) Learning from the Experiences of Past Cultures, Lost and Abandoned Urban Centers Elfren B. Paz School of Architecture, Assumption University Bangkok, Thailand Abstract The lure of discovering lost and abandoned cities has led adventurers, archeologists, men of science, and amateur explorers to probe the earth, to dive to the bottom of the seas, to scale mountains and to hack their way through jungles, and risk Tsunamis. More often than not, the dream ends in disillusion, even tragedy - but not always. Keywords: Ankor Wat, Peruvian Incas, Moche Pyramids, Pagan, Pompeii, Troy, Phoenicians Trojan, Tsunami, archeology, lost cities. Introduction Power of the Elements Strange and mysterious as they may sound, Although natural disasters can lost and abandoned cities do exist. The discovery sometimes occur suddenly, causing sites to be of abandoned places over the centuries has abandoned very rapidly, environmental occurred in a number of ways. Apart from sites disasters are usually slow and insidious, and which have become completely buried or cause a site to decline gradually, but eventually sufficiently ruined to be unrecognizable. Some leading to abandonment. In many instances it is buried sites may have been anticipated as a clear that such changes in the environment potential archeological site before they were have actually been caused by people, through identified with a known historical place, as in the factors such as over-exploitation of agricultural case of Troy. Often lost sites have been land and deforestation. discovered, not quite by chance, but at least unintentionally. Explorers have set off in search of Angkor: How Far Out the City one place of which they have heard, only to discover another unknown place.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenoyer, Keys to Lost Indus Cities
    UNCOVERING THE KEYS TO THE LOST INDUS CITIES Author(s): Jonathan Mark Kenoyer Source: Scientific American, Vol. 289, No. 1 (JULY 2003), pp. 66-75 Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/26060364 Accessed: 07-01-2018 01:04 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Scientific American This content downloaded from 132.174.254.116 on Sun, 07 Jan 2018 01:04:29 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms This content downloadedCOPYRIGHT from 2003 132.174.254.116 SCIENTIFIC on AMERICAN, Sun, 07 Jan INC. 2018 01:04:29 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Recently excavated artifacts from Pakistan have inspired a reevaluation of one of the great early urban cultures—the enigmatic Indus Valley civilization ) above and left UNCOVERING THE KEYS TO THE LOST INDUS CITIES By Jonathan Mark Kenoyer ; DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS, GOVERNMENT PAKISTAN ( COLORFUL STONE BEADS such as those from Mohenjo Daro (above) were more than mere baubles for the ancient peoples of the Indus River Valley civilization; they served Aurora Photos as symbols of wealth, status and power.
    [Show full text]
  • Machu Picchu
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Alumni Travel Reading Lists Penn Libraries 2013 Machu Picchu John Weeks University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/alumni_reading Part of the Latin American Languages and Societies Commons, and the Latin American Literature Commons Recommended Citation Weeks, John, "Machu Picchu" (2013). Alumni Travel Reading Lists. 6. https://repository.upenn.edu/alumni_reading/6 Weeks, J. (2013). Machu Picchu. In Penn Alumni Travel. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/alumni_reading/6 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Machu Picchu Abstract Suggested readings for the Penn Alumni Travel trip to Machu Picchu. See the Library Guide for this bibliography here. Keywords machu picchu, peru, bibliography, penn, alumni, travel, guidebooks Disciplines Latin American Languages and Societies | Latin American Literature Comments Weeks, J. (2013). Machu Picchu. In Penn Alumni Travel. This other is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/alumni_reading/6 Alumni Travel Bibliography Machu Picchu Prepared by Penn Library Subject Specialist: John Weeks Head Museum Librarian Anthropology and Archaeology [email protected] Machu Picchu (“old pyramid or mountain” in Quechua) is an archaeological site located in the Cusco region, Urubamba province, in Peru. It is often referred to as the "Lost City of the Incas."The Inca built the royal estate around 1450, but abandoned it a century later at the time of the Spanish conquest. It was brought to international attention in 1911 by the American historian (and later Governor of Connecticut and US Senator) Hiram Bingham. Machu Picchu has since become an important tourist attraction, and perhaps the most familiar icon of Inca civilization.
    [Show full text]