Touch in the Helping Professions
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TOUCH IN THE HELPING PROFESSIONS Touch in the Helping Professions.indd 1 18-03-06 11:00 Page left blank intentionally Touch in the Helping Professions.indd 2 18-03-06 11:00 TOUCH IN THE HELPING PROFESSIONS Research, Practice and Ethics EDITED BY Martin Rovers, Judith Malette and Manal Guirguis-Younger University of Ottawa Press 2017 Touch in the Helping Professions.indd 3 18-03-06 11:00 The University of Ottawa Press gratefully acknowledges the support extended to its publishing list by Canadian Heritage through the Canada Book Fund, by the Canada Council for the Arts, by the Ontario Arts Council, by the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, and by the University of Ottawa. Copy editing: Michael Waldin Proofreading: Thierry Black Typesetting: Édiscript enr. Cover design: Édiscript enr. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Touch in the helping professions: research, practice, and ethics / edited by Martin Rovers, Judith Malette and Manal Guirguis-Younger. Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-0-7766-2755-7 (softcover). ISBN 978-0-7766-2756-4 (PDF). ISBN 978-0-7766-2757-1 (EPUB) ISBN 978-0-7766-2758-8 (Kindle) 1. Touch—Therapeutic use. I. Rovers, Martin, 1949-, editor II. Malette, Judith, 1963-, editor III. Guirguis-Younger, Manal, 1967-, editor IV. Title. V. Title. RC489.T69T54 2018 615.8’22 C2018-901015-0 C2018-901016-9 The use of the term “therapeutic touch” used in this book refers to touch within a psychotherapeutic relationship and does not refer to the registered intellectual property of Therapeutic Touch® which is a therapeutic practice and modality used in clinical practice that does not necessarily require physical touch. The Therapeutic Touch Network of Canada is the Canadian trademark owner and readers may find more information about this clinical practice on its website at www.ttnc.ca. © Martin Rovers, Judith Malette and Manal Guirguis-Younger, 2017 under Creative Commons License Attribution — Non Commercial Share Alike 4.0 International. (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) Printed in Canada Touch in the Helping Professions.indd 4 18-03-06 11:00 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................... xi INTRODUCTION Exploring Touch ..................................................................................... 1 Outline of the Book ......................................................................... 6 PART I THE THEORY OF TOUCH CHAPTER I Touch Deprivation and Counselling as Healing Touch.................... 13 What Is Touch? ................................................................................ 14 Touch Deprivation .......................................................................... 15 Touch Deprivation and Attachment ............................................. 18 Counselling as Healing Touch ...................................................... 21 Healing Touch in Couple Counselling......................................... 23 Case Study 1 ............................................................................. 25 Case Study 2 ............................................................................. 26 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER II Thinking About Touch .......................................................................... 33 Hume on Thinking ......................................................................... 34 Descartes: Touch as Confused Thinking ..................................... 36 What Is Touch? ................................................................................ 39 Individuating Touch ....................................................................... 40 Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Touch ............................. 43 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 49 Touch in the Helping Professions.indd 5 18-03-06 11:00 CHAPTER III Contributions of Sensory Anthropology and Durand’s Anthropology to the Symbolic Study of Touch and the Understanding of Boundaries in Psychotherapy .............................. 51 The Contributions of Sensory Anthropology ............................. 52 Schopenhauer’s Parable of the Porcupines ................................. 54 The Contributions of Durand’s Anthropology of the Imaginary .............................................................................. 57 The Mythical World of the Mystical Type ............................ 58 The Mythical World of the Heroic Type ............................... 59 The Mythical World of the Synthetic Type .......................... 59 Defining Boundaries in Human Life and in the Context of Psychotherapy ............................................................................ 61 Application of Durand’s Theory to the Understanding of Boundaries ................................................................................... 62 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER IV Healing and the Forbidden Touch: A Reflection on Selected Scripture Stories ..................................................................................... 69 Introduction: On the Meaning of Touch ...................................... 69 From Sight to Touch ....................................................................... 70 To Touch or Not to Touch? ............................................................ 72 Touching Jesus and the Hemorrhaging Woman (Mk 5: 25–34) 73 Is Touch a Gender Issue? .............................................................. 74 Does Touching Contribute to Healing? ...................................... 75 Do Not Touch Me: Forbidden Touch (Jn 20: 11–18) ................... 76 Closeness and Distance: Who Is Allowed to Touch? ................. 77 The Impossibility of Touch and Transgressive Touch ............... 78 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 79 PART II THE PRACTICE OF TOUCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY CHAPTER V The Intervention of Touch in Psychotherapy and Trauma Treatment .......................................................................... 85 Introduction to Touch in Psychotherapy and Trauma Treatment ................................................................... 85 Touch in the Helping Professions.indd 6 18-03-06 11:00 Exploring Theory and Research: A Rationale for Touch in Trauma Therapy ........................................................................ 86 The Importance of the Nervous System in Emotional Regulation and Trauma Treatment ........................... 88 Potential Impact of Touch on Clients ........................................... 90 Types of Touch in Psychotherapy ................................................ 93 Guidelines for Safe and Effective Touch in Psychotherapy ...... 95 Case Example of Using Touch/Physical Contact with a Teenage Client .................................................................... 97 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 101 CHAPTER VI A Puppy’s Touch: Destressing with Dogs in a University Environment ........................................................................................... 107 Introduction ..................................................................................... 107 Initial Research ................................................................................ 109 Biophilia Hypothesis ............................................................... 110 Social Support Hypothesis ..................................................... 111 Context of the Research ................................................................. 113 Methodology ................................................................................... 114 Findings ............................................................................................ 114 1. Energy of the Dogs .............................................................. 117 2. Distraction from Current Stress ......................................... 117 3. Touch or Contact with the Dogs ........................................ 117 4. Unconditional Love and Acceptance ................................ 118 5. Reminder of Home or Pet ................................................... 118 Discussion ........................................................................................ 118 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 122 CHAPTER VII Inter-Partner Touch in Couple Counselling: Theory and Emerging Practice ............................................................. 125 What is Touch? ................................................................................ 125 Defining Touch ......................................................................... 125 Psychobiological Function of Touch ..................................... 126 What is the Importance of Touch for Psychological Well-Being? ...................................................................................... 127 Touch Promotes Human Development ................................ 127 Touch Provides Attachment Security.................................... 128 Touch for Comfort and Well-Being ....................................... 130 Touch in the Helping Professions.indd