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Optimising Nutrition for Productive and Sustainable Farm Forestry Systems –Pasture Legumes Under Shade

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Optimising Nutrition for Productive and Sustainable Farm Forestry Systems –Pasture Legumes Under Shade ` Optimising nutrition for productive and sustainable farm forestry systems –pasture legumes under shade A report for the RIRDC/ Land & Water Australia/ FWPRDC MDBC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program by Bob Congdon and Heath Addison James Cook University, Townsville October 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/113 RIRDC Project No. UJC-6A © 2003 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 0642 58679 9 ISSN 1440-6845 Optimising nutrition for productive and sustainable farm forestry systems – pasture legumes under shade Publication No. 03/113 Project No. UJC-6A The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186. Researcher Contact Details R.A. (Bob) Congdon School of Tropical Biology James Cook University P.O., Townsville, Qld 4811 Phone: (07) 4781 4731 Fax: (07) 4725 1570 Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 4539 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected]. Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Published in October 2003 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint ii Foreword With the closure of North Queensland rainforests to logging following World Heritage Listing, timber plantations are being established on degraded and other agricultural land. Experimental evidence indicates that current fertiliser regimes produce suboptimal growth in many species, particularly on the less fertile soils. Further there is public concern about the possibility of fertilisers in agricultural runoff having adverse effects on the downstream environment. Added to this, fertilisers are a significant economic cost to the landowner that affects returns from farm forestry enterprises. Significant acceptance of silvo-pastoral (tree plantation-pasture) systems has been impeded by the belief that productive pasture cannot be maintained under tree canopies. The benefits of raising livestock in conjunction with tree plantations include increased and diversified income, better use of land resources, soil stabilisation, and the potential for higher plantation crop yield through better weed control, nutrient cycling and nitrogen accretion. The chief aim of this research was to identify a suite of pasture legumes that can be used to improve pasture quality in agroforestry systems under differing rainfall regimes. Nitrogen fixed by these legumes is also likely to benefit tree growth. This project was funded by three R&D Corporations — RIRDC, LWA and FWPRDC together with the Murray Darlin Basin Commission, through the Joint Venture Agroforestry Program. These Corporations are funded principally by the Australian Government. This report, a new addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 900 research publications, forms part of our Agroforestry and Farm Forestry R&D program, which aims to integrate sustainable and productive agroforestry within Australian farming systems. Most of our publications are available for viewing, downloading or purchasing online through our website: downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Index.htm purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop Dr Simon Hearn Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation iii Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the funding support provided by the Joint Venture Agroforestry Program and the Community Rainforest Reforestation Program (CRRP). We would also like to acknowledge the generosity of Mr Errol Wiles (Babinda) and the Burdekin Agricultural College in allowing us access to the their tree plantations for our field studies. Our colleagues Dr Joe Holtum (ecophysiology), Mr Chris Gardiner (forage legumes), Associate Professor Ross Coventry (soils), Adjunct Professor Peter Brownell (plant nutrition), and Ms Cherie Stafford (research assistance) provided much valued advice and assistance with various parts of this project. Dr Bruce Cook (QDPI), Dr Arthur Cameron (DPIF - NT), Dr Harry Bishop (QDPI) and the Genetic Resources Centre (CSIRO Cunningham Laboratory) generously provided seed of suitable legume accessions. We are also obligated to Jeff Corfield (CSIRO Davies Laboratory) for his advice on pasture sampling technique and data analysis. We thank Rod Collins, Gary Sexton and Sue Vize of the North Queensland Afforestation Association for their support. We also thank Professor Richard Pearson, Head of the School of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, who made laboratory, office and shade-house space available, and the staff of the Research Office, James Cook University, who provided extremely valuable assistance with the financial management of this project. iv Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Agronomic performance of forage legumes under shade........................................................................ 3 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................. 4 2.3 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Physiological performance of forage legumes grown under shade....................................................... 30 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 30 3.2 Materials and methods................................................................................................................. 31 3.3 Results ......................................................................................................................................... 32 3.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 46 Performance of selected species beneath tree plantations..................................................................... 48 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 48 4.2 Materials and methods................................................................................................................. 49 4.3 Results ......................................................................................................................................... 53 4.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 74 Pasture production and legume performance beneath an African Mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) Nelder Wheel sown with four commercially available pasture legumes .............................................. 76 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 76 5.2 Materials and methods................................................................................................................. 76 5.3 Results ......................................................................................................................................... 78 5.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 85 Chapter 6 - Research Outcomes. ........................................................................................................... 90 6.1 Conclusions from the shade-house trials.....................................................................................90 6.2 Conclusions from the field trials ................................................................................................. 91 6.3 Further research........................................................................................................................... 92 References ............................................................................................................................................. 93 v Executive Summary Significant acceptance of tree plantation-pasture systems has been impeded by the belief that productive pasture cannot be maintained under tree canopies. The
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