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Trophic Relationships of Prey Species (Etrumeus Whiteheadi

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Trophic Relationships of Prey Species (Etrumeus Whiteheadi TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS OF PREY SPECIES (ETRUMEUS WHITEHEADI, MYCTOPHIDAE AND SEPIA) AND THEIR PREDATORS (MERLUCCIUS CAPENSIS, MERLUCCIUS PARADOXUS, LOPHIUS VOMERINUS AND TRACHURUS CAPENSIS) OFF NAMIBIA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA BY VICTORIA NDINELAGO ERASMUS: 200405004 FEBRUARY 2015 Main supervisor: Dr. E. Julies (University of Namibia) Co-supervisor: Dr. J.A Iitembu (Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources) ii Abstract This study was conducted in Namibian waters that forms part of the Benguela current ecosystem. This upwelling-driven ecosystem supports high abundances of fish species, some of which have been the backbone of Namibian commercial fishery for decades. The study of the trophic relationships of prey species of commercial fish is important, as it improves understanding of the ecology of their predators and considers multi-species interactions in fisheries management. The objectives of this study were to assess the trophic levels of Sepia spp, Etrumeus whiteheadi and Myctophidae, to determine the trophic relationships among these species, to identify their potential trophic roles in the marine ecosystem and to determine the likely contributions of these prey species to the diet of Merluccius capensis, Merluccius paradoxus, Lophius vomerinus and Trachurus capensis, using stable isotopes. Muscle tissues were sampled from E. whiteheadi, Myctophidae, Sepia spp, M. capensis, M. paradoxus, L. vomerinus and T. capensis. Isotope analyses revealed that all the prey species analysed are on the same trophic level except for L. hectoris that fed at a slightly higher trophic level. δ15N values of prey species varied among all prey species. Symbolophorus boops had the most depleted δ15N, while L. hectoris had the most enriched δ15N values. Significant differences were noted in δ13C', with D. hudsoni having the most depleted and E. whiteheadi the most enriched δ13C'. Isotope-based population metrics showed over lapping of trophic niches of all species, with S.boops having a significantly wider trophic niche. All prey species analysed are important in the ecosystem since they all contributed to the diet of the four predators, although their contribution varied. A Bayesian isotope mixing iii model showed no significant difference in relative contribution of prey an indication that prey availability is possibly a greater determining factor of prey dietary contribution. Etrumeus whiteheadi was a dominant prey item in the diets of the predators with an exception of that of M. paradoxus. This study contributes towards understanding of prey trophic interactions, which can aid the implementation of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management in Namibia. Key words: stable isotopes, trophic niche, trophic relationships, trophic level, prey species, carbon, nitrogen, Etrumeus whiteheadi, Myctophidae, Sepia spp. iv Table of Contents Abstract..........................................................................................................................................ii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... iv List of tables................................................................................................................................viii List of Figures............................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................................xii Dedication .................................................................................................................................... xv Declarations ................................................................................................................................ xvi Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .........................................................................................................1 1.2 Orientation of the study ....................................................................................7 1.3 Statement of problem........................................................................................8 1.4 Objectives of the study ....................................................................................10 1.5 Hypotheses of the study ..................................................................................10 1.6 Significance of the study .................................................................................11 Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Literature review......................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 The Benguela current marine ecosystem ...........................................................14 2.2 Trophic relationships ...........................................................................................16 2.3 Prey species under study......................................................................................20 2.3.1 Etrumeus whiteheadi ......................................................................................21 2.3.2 Myctophidae...................................................................................................22 v 2.3.3 Sepia spp. ........................................................................................................26 2.4 Predators under study..........................................................................................28 2.4.1 Merluccius paradoxus and Merluccius capensis ..........................................28 2.4.2 Trachurus capensis.........................................................................................30 2.4.3 Lophius vomerinus...........................................................................................31 Figure 9: Lophius vomerinus (photo: Gamatham, 2011) ............................................32 2.5 Methods of assessing trophic relationships ........................................................32 2.5.1 Stomach content analysis.................................................................................32 2.5.2 Behavioural studies in the laboratory ..............................................................34 2.5.3 Compound specific isotopes ............................................................................34 2.5.4 Fatty acid signature..........................................................................................35 2.5.5 Immunological methods ..................................................................................36 2.5.6 DNA identification techniques ........................................................................37 2.5.7 Stable isotopes ................................................................................................38 2.5.7.1 What is a stable isotope? ............................................................................38 2.5.8 Use of stable isotopes in feeding ecology studies .........................................38 Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 50 Materials and Methods............................................................................................................... 50 3.1 Study area .............................................................................................................50 3.2 Sampling.................................................................................................................52 3.2.1 Sampling procedure .........................................................................................52 3.2. 2 Sampling Techniques......................................................................................54 3.2.3 Collection of predator samples ........................................................................55 vi 3.2.4 Preparations of samples ...................................................................................57 3.3 Stable isotope analysis............................................................................................58 3.4 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................60 3.4.1 Trophic level calculations................................................................................60 3.4.2 Trophic relationship of the prey species looking at δ15N and δ13C values ......61 3.4.3 Trophic niche calculations ............................................................................62 3.4.4 Dietary contributions of different prey species to the diets of commercial species.......................................................................................................................63 Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 65 Results .........................................................................................................................................
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