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A Descriptive Analysis of Baseline Study in Haveri, Karnataka

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Mahila Samakhya: A descriptive analysis of a baseline study in Haveri, Karnataka Final Draft1 Centre for Budget and Policy Studies, Bengaluru, India February 2018 1This report is part of a study to understand the effect of the Mahila Samakhya programme on the economic empowerment of rural women in India. The study was conducted in two states - Karnataka and Bihar. Through the use of mixed methods, the overall study sought to understand the definition of women’s empowerment and the dynamics and the processes of change, in addition to documenting and reviewing the programme at various levels. The study is funded by the International Development Research Centre, Canada, under the GrOW project. The Institute for Financial Management and Research (IFMR), Chennai conducted the survey for CBPS. This report is prepared by CBPS’ GrOW research team based on an analysis undertaken by CBPS. Executive summary Studying women’s economic empowerment engages primarily with questions of economic security, social justice and agency. These three characteristics of economic empowerment function within a certain set of social and economic rules, norms, and identities of social groups. Therefore, it becomes important to study economic empowerment in the larger context of women’s emancipation and equality. In order to study this broader definition of economic empowerment, we examined Mahila Samakhya (MS) - a women’s empowerment programme in India- that has been using collective action and education as key factors to empower women in rural areas. MS was designed as an empowering and learning process where poor and marginalised women come together into collectives to question, analyse, gain new information and knowledge and take informed decisions and actions. The expected outcome of this process was the recognition of women’s equal social and economic role in the development process, the realisation of their rights and the creation of a more gender-just environment. To understand MS’ role in enhancing women’s empowerment, we conceptualised a research study that focused on understanding three central and interconnected themes: (1) the mechanisms that lead to long-term sustainable economic empowerment, (2) the barriers to economic empowerment of women, and (3) probable interventions that can address these barriers. We designed a mixed-methods framework to answer the research questions. The quantitative method was a randomised-control trial (RCT) experiment conducted in Karnataka, the baseline results of which are presented in this report. The qualitative methods employed came in the form of an embedded ethnography that followed the unfolding of the MS process closely in the field. The quantitative baseline was able to capture the basic demographic profiles of the women, household assets, savings, debt and loan behaviour and history, details related to employment and education and self-efficacy. The qualitative aspects of the experiment elicited the mechanisms and processes of the changes through the course of our study. Our overall analysis of the data from this study in Karnataka showed us a few interesting trends. Nearly half of the women are likely to be employed or have savings. Most women, when employed, work as agricultural labour for other employers, which we see as a major reason for the compression of time and the inability to engage fully in the empowerment activities. Independent decision-making is low with almost half of the women not taking part in decisions related to their own employment and mobility. The awareness levels of women are also low and there are several indications of underage marriages of children. Promoting education and building awareness around the postponing the age of marriage are important areas of MS work and will continue to be important for future interventions. The research also identified areas in which MS can re-structure and re-think a few of its strategies, especially given the proliferation of a wide network of private microfinance enterprises. Our ethnographic work strongly suggests that the proliferation of microfinance groups has major implications for the formation and the nature of the sanghas and these have to be taken into account while designing future interventions. Financial and programmatic support for the organizational processes also emerged as a necessary step in creating long-term and sustainable social impact. We find evidence that because of the strong knowledge base of MS in the form of individuals who have imbibed the philosophy, mores, and cultures and belief systems of empowerment, MS can truly influence changes at the local level, and can influence the economic empowerment of women in rural areas. Acronyms AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BPL Below Poverty Line CBPS Centre for Budget and Policy Studies DAWN Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era DFID The Department for International Development DPEP District Primary Education Programme DWARCA Development of Women and Child in Rural Areas DWCD Development of Women and Child Development EDP Economic Development Programme GDI Gender Development Index GEM Gender Empowerment Measure GII Gender Inequality Index HDR Human Development Report HH Household HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IDS Institute of Development Studies IIMA Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad INR Indian Ruppee JRP Junior Resource Person MGNREGA / MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act MHRD Ministry of Human Resource Development MS Mahila Samakhya MSK Mahila Samakhya Karnataka NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NHM Non-Hindu Minority NLRM National Rural Livelihoods Mission NPE National Education Policy OBC Other Backward Caste PCA Principal Component Analysis PDO Panchayat Development Officers PG Post Graduate POA Programme of Action RCT Randomised Control Trial RTI Right to Information Act SC Scheduled Caste SD Standard Deviation SEWA Self-Employed Women’s Association SHG Self Help Group SS / SSP Stree Shakthi Programme ST Scheduled Tribe UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations International Children's Education Fund UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development VAW Violence against Women WAD Women and Development WDP Women's Development Project WHO World Health Organisation WID Women in Development Contents Executive summary ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Contents ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Figures .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Tables .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2: Empowerment and the MS approach ................................................................................................................................ 9 Conceptual framework of empowerment ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Antecedence of empowerment programmes in India ............................................................................................................... 11 The Mahila Samakhya programme ................................................................................................................................................... 13 Genesis and objectives ....................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Concept, structure and methods ................................................................................................................................................... 15 Funding and evaluation of the programme .............................................................................................................................. 18 The MS story in Karnataka ................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 3: Research framework and methodology ....................................................................................................................... 23 Research questions .................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Original framework of the research study and the questions ..........................................................................................
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