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Some Aspects of the Ecology of Vernonia Cinerea (Linn.) Less

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Some Aspects of the Ecology of Vernonia Cinerea (Linn.) Less International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 9, September 2015 1 ISSN 2250-3153 Some Aspects of the Ecology of Vernonia cinerea (Linn.) Less. in Awka Town, Anambra State, Nigeria. Nwaogaranya, U. P. and E. I. Mbaekwe Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State,Nigeria. Abstract- This study was carried out to assess how the presence flowers are administered to treat conjunctivitis and the root is of Vernonia cinerea (Linn.) Less. impacts on plant biodiversity given in cases of dropsy, whereas the seeds are also employed as wherever it occurs, and to determine the species diversity in the an antihelmintic and alexipharmic (Tadesse et al., 1993). The plots where V. cinerea was present and those in which the plant leaves either ground or as a decoction, are also used to treat skin was absent. Abundance measures of V. cinerea and other diseases (Oliver, 1986). associated species in its natural environment and species Hopkins (1974) noted that one qualitative method of analysis diversity (using Shannon-Wiener Index) were determined using of a community is to list all the species present. The number of the quadrat method. Four different plots were chosen for the species in a community is important ecologically since the study: two plots were chosen from sites where V. cinerea was species diversity seems to increase as the community becomes present and the other two plots were chosen from sites where V. stable (Michael, 1984). In ecological methods, Jackson and cinerea was absent. Results from the species abundance of V. Forrester (1974) stated that a typical modern technique is to cinerea and other associated species in plots where V. cinerea select a proportion of the total population from which the was present showed that V. cinerea had low density, frequency characteristics of the whole can be inferred. Smith (1991) noted and importance value; implying that, V. cinerea had very low that in a simple random sample at a given size, all such subsets of species abundance. While the observations from the diversity of the frame are given an equal probability. Sutherland (1997) species showed that although, the plots where V. cinerea was stated that a quadrat is a frame of any shape that can be placed present and absent had high species diversity, plots where V. over vegetation so that cover can be estimated, plants counted cinerea was present had a higher number of species and these and species listed. Curtis and McIntosh (1950) noted some species were more evenly distributed. It is concluded from the important quantitative analysis such as density, frequency, and results that the presence of V. cinerea did not have any abundance of plant species. Communities are often described by observable impact on the plant biodiversity in areas where it the species or genera that are determined to be the most occurred and V. cinerea is, therefore, not an invasive species. important in the community. This is quantified by calculating the statistics known as Importance Value (Schmidt, 2005). Clarke Index Terms- Abundance measures, quadrat, species diversity, and Warwick (2001) stated that Shannon diversity is a very Vernonia cinerea. widely used index for comparing diversity between various habitats. The objectives of this study are to determine the abundance I. INTRODUCTION of Vernonia cinerea and other associated species in areas where ernonia cinerea (Linn.) Less. is a member of the Asteraceae V. cinerea is present, and also, to determine the species diversity V family, belonging to the class: Dicotyledonae; order: in areas wherever V. cinerea is present and absent, so as to Asterales and tribe: Vernonieae. Vernonia cinerea is an annual determine the impact of the presence of V. cinerea on plant plant widely distributed in Africa, India, Bangladesh and biodiversity. Srilanka. It is commonly known as little iron weed. Its other names include; blue fleabane, inflammation bush, strongman bush, tropical fleabane, goat weed and ash-coloured fleabane II. MATERIALS AND METHODS (Herrera et al., 1980). V. cinerea is native to Africa (e.g Benin, Description of the study areas Cameroon, Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar Ecological field studies were carried out in Awka town, etc.), tropical and temperate Asia (e.g China, Fujian, Bangladesh, Anambra State. Awka town lies between latitudes 7˚00 and 7˚10 Jiangxi, India, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia etc.) and Australia N and longitudes 6˚05 and 6˚15 E (Richards, 2005). The study (Harborne and Williams, 1977). It occurs mostly in sunny or area is in the tropical rain forest zone of Nigeria. The temperature slightly shaded habitats, in general, corresponding with young in Awka is generally 27-30˚C between June and December but secondary vegetation, wasteland, roadsides, disturbed areas, rises to 32-34˚C between January and March, with the last few cultivated land and other anthropogenic habitats (Harborne and month of the dry season marked by intense heat. The rainfall is Williams, 1977). V. cinerea reproduces and spreads by seeds intensive with an annual range of between 1200 mm and 1500 which are adapted to wind dispersal. In addition, seeds may be mm and it occurs in a single season from April to November secondarily dispersed as a contaminant in crop seeds, pasture (Akamigbo, 1992). The pedology of the area shows that the soil seeds, and in agricultural machinery (Holm et al., 1997). V. is of sedimentary origin with sandstone and shale as the two cinerea is a plant of high medicinal importance. In India, the www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 9, September 2015 2 ISSN 2250-3153 dominant parent materials (Akamigbo, 1992). The study areas (7) Extrapolation = e.g if in 15 m2, the density of V. cinerea were of uniform elevation, very well exposed and homogeneous. for infested plot was 0.67/m2. Therefore, in 225 m2, the density would be 225 m2 x 0.67 m-2 = 150.75 per 225 m2, and in one hectare, the density would be METHODOLOGY 10,000 m2/ha × 0.67 m-2 = 6,700 /ha (Note that one can extrapolate density in either per square A total of four plots were chosen for the study: two plots 2 were chosen from sites where V. cinerea was present and the metres (/m ) or per hectare (/ha)) other two plots, adjacent to the first, were chosen from sites (8) Species Diversity: using Shannon-Wiener Index where V. cinerea was absent. s Mapping Out of Four Sampling Areas Step 1 H= - ∑ (Pi) x (ln Pi) An area of 225 m2 (15 m by 15 m) was mapped out in the i-1 four different plots with a 30 metre tape. Pegs were inserted at (Where Pi is the sum of each species divided by sum of all the four corners of the study areas. Rope was used to demarcate species) the measured areas. Sampling Technique Used Step 2: HMax = ln S The sampling unit used for counting species in the study areas was the quadrat. (Where S is the total number of species) The sampling percentage intensity used in the study areas H was 6.67 %. Step 3: E = Quadrat Method HMax A 1 m2 quadrat was placed fifteen times in each of the mapped out areas. This, therefore, gave a sample area of 15 m2 Where, Pi = Sum of individual species divided by sum of all for each site. species. H = Shannon Wiener’s Index of diversity Sampling Method HMax = Maximum diversity possible Random sampling method was used in sampling the study S = Number of species areas. At each random point, the quadrat was placed in such a E = Equitability way that the random point was in the centre of the quadrat. The i-1 = individual species to one species present were counted and identified. Only plants that (Note that equitability value ranges from 0.1 to 0.99 and the were actually rooted inside the quadrat were counted. The higher the value, the higher the species diversity) number and type of species present in each quadrat were recorded. This procedure continued until the fifteen random points were sampled for each of the infested and the un-infested III. RESULTS plots. Code numbers were given to all plants that could not be Density and Importance Value of species in the plots identified in the field. They were collected, preserved, properly where V. cinerea was present and in those ones where the labeled and taken to the Botany Department Herbarium of the plant was absent university, for identification. Oldenlandia herbaceae had the highest density, followed by Scoparia dulcis and Eleusine indica, while Emilia praetermissa Computation of Data had the lowest density, followed by Cyperus rotundus in plot 1 From the results obtained, the following were determined for where V. cinerea was present (Table 1). Oldenlandia herbaceae both the infested and the un-infested plots. had the highest frequency, followed by Eleusine indica, Scoparia dulcis, Calapogonium mucunoides, Pennisetum purpureum and (1) Sampling intensity = X Cocculus pendulus, with the same frequency, while Euphorbia That is, = 6.67 % heterophylla had the lowest frequency, followed by Emilia X praetermissa and Spigelia anthelmia, with the same frequency (2) Density = (Table 1). Oldenlandia herbaceae had the highest importance value, followed by Scoparia dulcis and Eleusine indica, while (3) Relative density = X Emil ia praetermissa had the lowest importance value, followed by Euphorbia heterophylla in plot 1 where V. cinerea was = present (Table 1). Vernonia cinerea in this plot had low density, X (4) Frequency frequency and importance value (Table 1). Oldenlandia herbaceae had the highest density, followed by = X Scoparia dulcis and Eleusine indica, while Crotalaria retusa had the lowest density, followed by Mimosa invisa and Andropogon (5) Relative frequency tectorum in plot 1 where V.
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