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Pereira Lr Me Sjrp Par.Pdf (1.157Mb) RESSALVA Atendendo solicitação do autor, o texto completo desta dissertação será disponibilizado somente a partir de 03/07/2022. Lucas Ramos Pereira Efeito do ambiente e da disponibilidade de oxigênio no perfil hematológico e na frequência cardíaca de Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812) São José do Rio Preto 2020 Lucas Ramos Pereira Efeito do ambiente e da disponibilidade de oxigênio no perfil hematológico e na frequência cardíaca de Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812) Dissertação apresentada como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Biologia Animal junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal do Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto. Financiadora: CAPES Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Claudia Regina Bonini Domingos São José do Rio Preto 2020 Lucas Ramos Pereira Efeito do ambiente e da disponibilidade de oxigênio no perfil hematológico e na frequência cardíaca de Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812) Dissertação apresentada como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Biologia Animal junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal do Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto. Financiadora: CAPES Comissão Examinadora Profª. Drª Claudia Regina Bonini Domingos UNESP – Campus de São José do Rio Preto Orientadora Prof. Dr. Renato de Mei Romero IFAL - Câmpus Marechal Deodoro / Instituto Federal de Alagoas Profa. Dra. Maria Isabel Afonso da Silva Centro de Educação e Letras (CEL)/ Universidade Federal do Acre São José do Rio Preto 03 de julho 2020 Dedicatória Aos meus pais, João Paulo e Noemia. Ao meu irmão, Thiago. À minha orientadora, Claudia. À família “postiça” que me acolheu ao longo desse tempo, Nadir, Ana Luisa, Ana Carolina e Marquinho. Aos amigos, companheiros de jornada e contribuintes deste trabalho. Agradecimentos Agradeço, Aos meus pais, João Paulo e Noemia, por todo o incentivo, força, apoio e, principalmente, pelo seu amor incondicional. À minha orientadora, Claudia, por não me deixar desistir, por todos os ensinamentos, por todo o companheirismo e por toda a luta. Ao meu irmão, Thiago, que por diversas vezes teve de ser compreensivo com minhas ausências nos almoços de domingo, nas apresentações das crianças. À minha família postiça, Vó Nadir, Ana Luisa, Ana Carolina, Marquinho e Renato. Todos os nossos momentos juntos fizeram parte da construção desse trabalho, da minha formação como ser humano e, também, da manutenção da minha sanidade em momentos tão sombrios. Ao meu parceiro, Henrique, pela paciência, pelos ensinamentos, pelos bons momentos, pelo apoio e por tudo aquilo que vivenciamos juntos. Aos companheiros de laboratório que, desde 2013, compartilharam seus conhecimentos comigo, dividiram alguns bons momentos e fizeram desse processo de construção científica o mais leve possível. Aos amigos que, embora longe, estão sempre próximos, Thaís, Marcelo, Patrícia, Daniel, Guilherme, Lidiane, Kauan, Fernanda e Ingrid. A saudade também serve como combustível para os momentos em que eu me vi desanimado, cansado e desiludido com relação à ciência. Aos companheiros de trabalho que auxiliaram nas diferentes jornadas, nos momentos necessários e, principalmente, na luta em busca de uma educação da melhor qualidade e mais acessível. Aos companheiros do Laboratório de Fisiologia Comparada do Ibilce/UNESP, pelos ensinamentos, pelo companheirismo nos momentos de instrumentação e por todo o auxílio e ao Prof. Dr. Luis Henrique Florindo por ter cedido o espaço de seu laboratório para que essa pesquisa pudesse ser realizada. À Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa e Extensão de São José do Rio Preto (FAPERP) pelo auxílio financeiro para comparecimento em eventos e ao IBAMA, pela concessão de licença de coleta e manejo dos espécimes. O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001. Epígrafe “While it is always best to believe in one’s self, a little help from others can be a great blessing.” (Uncle Iroh, 2006) Resumo Phrynops geoffroanus é um quelônio dulcícola conhecido popularmente como cágado-de-barbelas que habita o continente sul-americano em quase sua totalidade. Este animal é encontrado em ambientes com elevado nível de contaminantes e de ação antrópica, como rejeitos de construção civil e despejo de esgoto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aferir a frequência cardíaca e diversos parâmetros hematológicos (hemograma e dosagem de metahemoglobina) em diferentes situações de normalidade na disponibilidade de oxigênio, mergulho forçado e retorno à normalidade, para que pudesse ser realizado um processo comparativo. O experimento consistiu na coleta de seis animais, seu transporte ao Centro de Estudo de Quelônios, no qual foram inseridos em tanques de água com restos de sedimentos do ambiente natural, visando manter-se um meio semelhante àquele encontrado na vida livre. Estes animais foram instrumentados de acordo com o triângulo equilátero de Einthoven, para aferir a frequência cardíaca, e tiveram 2mL de sangue retirados em cada etapa do processo. O sangue foi analisado de acordo com o hematócrito, dosagem de hemoglobina circulante, contagem total de eritrócitos, contagem total de leucócitos e contagem diferencial de leucócitos, o que caracteriza o hemograma, além da dosagem de metaemoglobina. Os resultados demonstraram uma diminuição na frequência cardíaca sequencial, de acordo com as horas de experimento, e seu posterior retorno à normalidade, com a remoção da restrição de respirar. Além disso, os resultados de hematócrito também foram estatisticamente significativos e relacionados à diminuição do aporte de gás oxigênio a nível pulmonar. Com relação aos leucócitos, foi possível observar diferenças na quantidade de linfócitos, heterofilos e eosinófilos, indicando um efeito de preparo para o estresse oxidativo (POS) nestes animais. Quanto aos demais parâmetros, sua não diferença estatística indica a ocorrência de mecanismos de controle da concentração de oxigênio no organismo, evidenciando, por exemplo, a respiração cloacal já demonstrada na família Chelidae, à qual pertence o grupo de estudo. Palavras chave: cágado-de-barbelas; hematologia; sistema cardiovascular. Abstract Phrynops geoffroanus is freshwater turtle popularly known as Geoffroy’s side- necked turtle that inhabits the South American continent in almost its entirety. This animal is found in environments with a high level of contaminants and anthropic action, such as waste from civil construction and sewage dumping. The objective of this work was to measure heart rate and several hematological parameters (blood count and metahemoglobin dosage) in different situations of normality in oxygen availability, forced diving and return to normality, so that a comparative process could be performed. The experiment consisted of the collection of six animals, their transport to the Centro de Estudo de Quelônios, in which they were inserted in water tanks with sediment debris from the natural environment, aiming to remain an environment similar to that found in free life. These animals were instrumented according to the equilateral triangle of Einthoven to measure the heart rate, and had 2mL of blood removed at each stage of the process. Blood was analyzed according to hematocrit, circulating hemoglobin dosage, total erythrocytes count, total leukocytes count and differential leukocyte count, which characterizes the blood count, in addition to metaemoglobin dosage. The results showed a decrease in sequential heart rate, according to the hours of the experiment, and its subsequent return to normality, with the removal of the breathing restriction. In addition, hematocrit results were also statistically significant and related to the decrease in oxygen gas intake at the pulmonary level. Regarding leukocytes, it was possible to observe differences in the amount of lymphocytes, heterophiles and eosinophils, indicating a preparation effect for oxidative stress (POS) in these animals. As for the other parameters, their non-statistical difference indicates the occurrence of mechanisms to control the concentration of oxygen in the body, evidencing, for example, the cloacal respiration already demonstrated in the Chelidae family, to which the study group belongs. Keywords: Geoffroy’s side-necked turtle; haematology; cardiovascular system. Lista de Figuras Figura 1. Métodos de retração de pescoço em Testudines. Cryptodira (A) e Pleurodira (B).....13 Figura 2. Esquema de carapaça (A) e plastrão (B) de um indíviduo da espécie Hydromedusa maximiliani. m = escudos marginais; n = escudo nucal; v = escudos ventrais; c = escudos costais; i = escudo intergular; g = escudo gular; h = escudo humeral; p = escudo peitoral; ab = escudo abdominal; f = escudo femoral e an = escudo anal.........................................................14 Figura 3. Espécime de Phrynops geoffroanus...........................................................................14 Figura 4. Esquema do coração de um quelônio, com destaque para a crista muscular no processo de sístole. AAD = arco aórtico direito; AAE = arco aórtico esquerdo; AD = átrio direito; AE = átrio esquerdo; AP artéria pulmonar; SV = sinus venosus; VP = veia pulmonar...................................................................................................................................15
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