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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42864-4 — the Creole Debate John H Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42864-4 — The Creole Debate John H. McWhorter Index More Information Index Aboh, Enoch, 3–4, 8–9, 16, 25, 35, 69, cycle, 82 130–131, 144, 148 Feature Pool hypothesis and, 43–45, creoles as a product of competition 62, 144 and selection, 121–122 Angloromani, 53 creolization as second-language Ansaldo, Umberto, 8–9, 110, 113, 121, acquisition, 84 137, 143–144 criticism of the Creole conception of creoles, 3–4 Exceptionalism hypothesis, 110, creole analyticity, 123, 130, 148 119–121 Creole Exceptionalism hypothesis as discussion of elision in grammatical Eurocentricity, 105, 122–128 gender, 148 approximations of approximations, Feature Pool hypothesis, 39, 108, 49–51 110–111, 121 Arabic, 23, 40–41, 82 inflectional affixation, 111 Arabic-based creoles, 40–41, 60, 93 inflectional loss and syntax, 112–113 Aramaic, 145 intertwined language, 54 Asia Minor Greek, 124 OV order, 116 Australian Aboriginal languages, 44 response to the Palenquero Australian English, 61 Challenge, 113–115 Australian language groups, 82 Saramaccan derivation, 117–119 Austronesian, 108 second-language acquisition, 129 tone of writing, 137 Bajan creole, 58 Universal Grammar hypothesis, 140 Baker, Philip, 21, 49 verbal reduplication, 116–117 Bakker, Peter, 20, 31, 73, 92, 114–115, Aboriginal English creole varieties, 49 125, 134–137 Abun, 95 Balkan languages, 3, 131 African serial verbs, 44 Bambara, 100 African-American, 48, see also Bantu, 40, 42, 44–45, 53, 55, 82, 139 American Black English “analytic” indigenous, 46 Afrikaans, 106, 138 overspecification in southern African Aghem, 76 varieties, 94 Akan, 46, 109 Bari, 40 Akha, 128, 133 basilectalization, 50 Albanian, 131 Bass, Trevor, 134 Aleut, 53 Bengali, 42 Amazonian Sprachbunds, 131 Bentz, Christian, 93 American Black English, 57–59 Berber, 23 analyticity, 123, 130, 147–148 Berdicevskis, Aleksandrs, 93 as a normal condition of grammars, Berwick, Robert, 134 125–127 Biberauer, Teresa, 88 165 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42864-4 — The Creole Debate John H. McWhorter Index More Information 166 Index Bickerton, Derek, 1–2, 33–34, 72, analyticity as a normal condition of 87–88, 145 grammars, 125–127 bilingualism, 52, 54 Ansaldo’s view of, 110, 122–128 bioprogram hypothesis, 1–2, 33, 87 creole cluster, 30–32 Bislama, 47, 49 creole vs. intertwined languages, Black English. See American Black 20–21 English creoles come from pidginization, Bloom, Alfred H., 106 9–15 Bobangi dialects, 23 creole creators prepose the Bøegh, Kristoffer Friis, 136 lexifier’s negator to the verb, Bolinger, Dwight, 24 14 Bolton, Kingsley, 52 demonstration cases, 14–15 Bonami, Olivier, 105 elimination of case distinctions in Borchsenius, Finn, 31 lexifier pronouns, 11–12 Boyé, Gilles, 105 generalization of the infinitive, Brain and Behavioral Sciences 11–12 (journal), 1 omission of the copula, 10 Brousseau, Anne-Marie, 86 DeGraff’s view of, 72–73, 83, 89 DeGraff’s view of adherents, 64–65, Cajun French, 61 81 Cape Verdean Portuguese, 26 explanation for Saramaccan Caribbean English creoles, 1, 23 derivation, 118–119 Casamance, 125 grammatical complexity, 105–109 case-neutral pronouns, 67 myth of refutation, 129–130 CE. See Creole Exceptionalism review of the latest Uniformitarian hypothesis work, 131–136 Celtic, 131 sociopolitical element, 136–141 Charpentier, Jean-Michel, 14, 49 substrate contribution, 9–17 Chaudenson, Robert, 34, 49–51 creole genesis, 15, 85, 115, 132 Chemakuan, 77 Aboh’s view of, 110, 115, 120–121 Chinese, 127, see also Mandarin as a language mixture, 33 Chinese; Old Chinese as a mixture of features, 40 Chinese Pidgin English, 125 Mufwene’s view of, 4, 34–35, 60 Chinese Pidgin Russian, 23 role of second-language acquisition, Chinook Jargon, 15–16, 47, 49, 52, 60, 35, 129–130 72, 113, 124 simplification as central to, 55 Aboh’s “vulnerability” account, syntactocentric approach, 85 122 top-down conception, 50 evidential markers, 77–78 Uniformitarian view of, 144, Feature Pool analysis, 41–42 147–148 Chrau, 24, 26 Creole Prototype hypothesis, 21–27, Coast Salish, 77 90, 132 Cockney English, 16, 48 DeGraff’s criticism of, 63 Colarusso, John, 91, 99 in sociohistorical reality, 29–30 copula, omission of, 10 inflection, 22–23 CP. See Creole Prototype hypothesis lexicalization, 24–27 Cree, 91 over time, 28–29 Creole Exceptionalism hypothesis, 8, refutation of, 10–27 35, 85, 114, 117 tone, 23–24 Aboh’s criticism of, 110, 119–121 vs. complexity claim, 108–109 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42864-4 — The Creole Debate John H. McWhorter Index More Information Index 167 creole studies, 144–145 Universal Grammar hypothesis, 140 debate over validity, 141–143 view of the Creole Exceptionalism creolization, 7, 14, 88, 116, 120, 131, hypothesis, 72–73, 83, 89, 133 146–147 view of the Creole Exceptionalism analyticity and, 130 hypothesis adherents, 64–65, 81 Creole Exceptionalism hypothesis Déprez, Viviane, 87 and, 21 derivational morphology, 117–119 elision of more than inflectional descent of man, The (Darwin), 81 affixation, 113 Dinka, 98 Feature Pool hypothesis and, 35, 37, Dixon, R. M. W., 91–92, 125 39, 54, 118 Dravidian language groups, 82 inflectional loss not always Dutch, 12–13, 128 compensated for by syntax, 112–113 Edo, 147 loss of inflection in, 111 Egyptian, 82 opaque derivation and, 26 English, 3, 53, 78, 86, 93, 138 Parameters, Periphery and Functional as a “creole,” 131–134 Categories hypothesis and, 2, counterfactuality, 106 64, 71–73, 85–88 grammatical complexity, 106 representative of second-language impact of Scandinavian, 84 acquisition, 84, 143 lack of grammatical gender marking, Crowley, Terry, 49 69 Culicover, Peter, 88, 92 predicate negator morpheme, 13 Cupopia, 55 varieties and the Feature Pool Cushitic, 3, 53 hypothesis, 57–59 Czech, 148 ergativity in Indo-Portuguese creoles, 74–75 Dahl, Östen, 92 Ethio-Semitic languages, 3 Dale, Rick, 92, 127 evidential marking, 77–78, 99, 128 Daman Creole Portuguese, 74 Darwin, Charles, 81 Fanakalo, 16 Daval-Markussen, Aymeric, 31, 92, Faraclas, Nicholas, 105 125, 134–136 Feature Pool hypothesis, 6–7, 32–34, DeGraff, Michel, 2–6, 8–9, 16, 30, 60–62, 144 90–91, 110–111, 117, 139, 144, Aboh and, 110–111, 113–114, 118, 148, see also Parameters, 121 Periphery and Functional analysis of Palenquero Creole Categories hypothesis Spanish, 37–40, 124 complex features in Haitian Creole, claims of misrepresentation, 59–60 101–104, 108 competition and selection, 121–122 creole studies as essentialist mistake, critical evaluation 146 comparison between language English as a creole, 131 contact varieties, 56–59 failure to discuss Sãotomense, 148 creoles did not emerge via gradual on measures of grammatical “approximations,” 49–51 complexity, 99 evidence of pidginization, 46–49 on structural elaboration, 96 influence of interpreters rather than overspecification, 95 pidgins, 51–52 phylogenetic evidence, 134–135 intertwined language challenge, second-language acquisition, 129 53–56 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42864-4 — The Creole Debate John H. McWhorter Index More Information 168 Index Feature Pool hypothesis (cont.) Good, Jeff C., 92, 101 unfalsifiability, 43–45 Gould, Stephen Jay, 100, 107 incompatibility with creoles other Goulden, Richard J., 48 than Palenquero, 40–43 Grace, George W., 92 Mufwene’s presentation of, 36–37, grammars 108 analyticity as a normal condition of, schema, 34–36 125–127 Flores, 144 application of the Pararmeters, Fongbe, 7, 10, 17–19, 108, 126 Periphery and Functional analyticity, 37, 127, 147 Categories hypothesis, 67–71 compared with Sranan, 5–7, 78 grammatical complexity, 83–84, 88, 90 features in Saramaccan, 19, 71 Creole Exceptionalism hypothesis free morphemes, 113 adherents’ assumptions, 105–107 grammatical complexity, 135 Creole Exceptionalism hypothesis compared with Haitian Creole, opponents’ assumptions, 103–104, 113 107–108 influence on Haitian Creole, 131 Creole Prototype hypothesis and, serial verb constructions, 44, 86, 113, 108–109 120 creoles compared with older Foucault, Michel, 137 languages, 99–105 FP. See Feature Pool hypothesis arbitrariness, 99–100 French, 34, 131, 146 inflectional affixation, 104–105 inflectional morphology, 73 list of features, 101–104 predicate negator morpheme, 13 speculation vs. demonstration, vernacular, 42 100–101 weak inflection, 65 differences in, 90–93 French colloquial dialects, 11 irregularity, 98–100, 105, 132–133 French creoles, 12, 29–30, 50 overspecification, 94–96, 100, 105 gender marking, 69 structural elaboration, 96–98, 105, generalization of infinitive, 11 132 French Guyanais, 125 English, 132–134 French plantation creoles, 10 features used in measurement, 93–99 origins, 78 grammatical gender marking, 22, frequency (transformational process), 69–70, 112, 114–115 65–66, 75–77 vs. biological gender marking, 86 Fula, 23 grammaticalization, 5–7, 142, 144–145 functional category ellipsis, 66, 70, Grant, Anthony, 49 75–76, 78, 130 Greek, 124 Guadeloupean, 125 Gao, Yongming, 99 Guinea-Bissau Creole Portuguese, 40–41 Gbe, 42, 46, 68, 109–110, 116, 120 Gujarati, 74 OV-ordered constructions, 116 Gulf of Guinea Portuguese creoles, 50, Generative studies on creole languages 59, 73, 115 (Muysken, 1981), 1 Gullah Creole English, 42, 58–59, 146 German, 81 Gurindji Kriol, 125 heterogeneous verb placement, 96 German-based creoles, 60 Haida, 77 Germanic, 82, 106, 132 Haitian Creole,
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