156595837813.Marigold.Pdf.Pdf
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MARIGOLD 1.Introduction In India marigold is one of the most commonly grown flowers and used extensively on religious and social functions in different forms. Because of their ease incultivation, wide adaptability to varying soil and climatic conditions, long duration of marigolds have become one of the most popular flowers in our country. Flowers are sold in the market as loose or as garlands. Due to its variable height and colour marigold is especially use for decoration and included in landscape plans. Cultivation tends to be located close to big cities like Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, Mysore, Chennai, Calcutta and Delhi. The estimated area on which flowers are grown in India is about 1,10,000 hectares. Major growing states are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. Traditional flowers, including marigolds, occupy nearly two thirds of this area. In northern India in Himachal Pradesh, small scale farmers are growing marigold and other flower crops for garlands and decoration. Scientific Classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Angiosperms Order Asterales Family Asteraceae Tribe Tageteae Genus Tagetes 2.Land selection and Preparation Soils The marigolds are hardy and can be successfully grown in different types of soils and climate. Marigold can be successfully cultivated on a wide variety of soil. The French marigold grows best in light soil while the African marigold requires a rich, well- manured and moist soil. However, the soil is deep fertile friable having good water holding capacity well drained and near to neutral in reaction viz.pH 7.0-7.5 is most desirable. Preparation of Land The land is ploughed 4-6 times, 45-50 t/ha of farmyard manure is applied at the time of ploughing , ridges are formed and channels formed at convenient size (60cm apart). Seedlings are transplanted on the sides of the ridges (40 cm). 3. Season and Climate Season Marigold can be grown three times in a year – rainy, winter and summer seasons. The season of sowing and transplanting of seedlings for obtaining flower at different seasons of the year are given below: Season Sowing time Transplanting 1. Rainy season Middle of June Middle of July 2. Winter season Middle of August Middle of September 3. Summer season First week of January First week of Februay Climate They can grow in almost all seasons except in very cold weather, as they are susceptible to frost. Marigolds require mild climate of luxuriant growth and profuse flowering. For seeds germination optimum temperature ranges 180 to 300 C. Soil and planting is carried out during rainy season winter and summer season hence flowers of marigold can be had almost throughout the year. Mild climate during growing period (14.5°-28.6°C) greatly improves flowering while higher temperature (26.2°-36.4°C) adversely affects flower production. A sunny location is ideal for marigold cultivation. Under shade, it produces more vegetative growth and do not produce any flowers. 4. Selection of crop/ variety/ planting material There are 33 species of marigold and numerous varieties. There are two common types of marigold: I) The African Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Origin: African marigold: Mexico II) The French Marigold (Tagetes patula) Origin: French Marigold: Mexico and South America Botanical Description African marigold (Tagetes erecta) The African marigold plant is hardy, annual; about 90 cm tall erect and branched. Leaves are pinnately divided and leaflets are lanceolate and serrated. Flowers are single to fully double with large globular heads. The florets are either 2-lipped or quilled. Flower colour varies from lemon yellow to yellow, golden yellow or orange. There are also dwarf varieties (20 to 30 cm) having large double flowers. The important varieties are: Giant Double African Orange, Giant Double African Yellow, Cracker Jack, Climax, Dubloon, Golden Age, Chrysanthemum Charm, Crown of Gold, Spun Gold. French marigold (Tagetes Patula) The French marigold is a hardy annual, about 30 cm tall, forming a bushy plant. Foliage is dark green with reddish stem. Leaves are pinnately divided and leaflets are linear lanceolate and serrated. Flowers are small, either single or double The colour flowers may be yellow, orange, golden yellow, primrose, mahogany, rusty red, tangerine or deep scarlet or a combination of these colours. The important varieties are: Red Borcade, R colour varies from yellow to mahogany red. Signet marigold or golden marigold (Tagetes tenuifolia) Tagetes tenuifolia is an annual herb sometimes reaching as much as 50 cm (20 inches) tall. Leaves are less than 3 cm (1.2 inches) long, deeply divided into many small parts. The plant produces many small flower heads in a flat-topped array, each head with 5 ray florets and 7- 9 disc florets. Golden Gem, Lulu, Pumila, Ursula. However, in the market mostly orange coloured varieties are preferred. Indigenous varieties of African Marigold: 1. Pusa Narangi Gainda: The plant of this variety is medium strature, grows a heit of 8085 cm. the plant remain vegetative for 100 days and flowers in 125-135 days. The flowering duration ranges from 45-60 days. The colour of flower is orange with big ruffled florets.The yield of variety 25-30 tonnesw/ ha. This is an open pollinated variety and seed can be multiplied in farmers field. 2. Pusa Basanti Gainda: The plant of this variety are medium strature, which grows a height of 60-65 cm. the plant remain vegetative for 135 days and takes 140-145 days to flowers.the plant need to pinch 45-50 days. The variety sown in October and transplanted during November. It is an open pollinated variety and yield up to 75-100 kg of seeds/ha. 2. Pusa Arpita: It is summer growing marigold. The plant have dense foliage. It is also an open pollinated variety. 4. Serakal: this variety was identified in Eastern India. The specialty of this variety is uniform and bushy growth of the foliage and uniform size of flowers as well. The plant is generally grown by cutting. This plant can be propagated throughout the year. Planting Land should be ploughed 2 to 3 times to bring the soil to a fine tilth. One month old seedlings with 3-4 leaves are fit for transplanting. Watering of nursery bed one day prior to uprooting will lessen the damage to root system. Uprooting of seedlings and transplanting should be done in the evening hours for better establishment. Time of Transplanting Mid July, mid October and February-March are suitable time for transplanting. At the time of transplanting they should of 7 to 10 cm height and bear 3-4 true leaves. Transplanting should be done in well prepared land in the evening hours. Proper spacing between plants is required for better development of plants and for higher flower yield. The following spacing is recommended for marigold. 1) African marigold 60 X 30 cm or 45 X 30cm. 2) French marigold 20 X 20cm or 20 X10cm Propagation Marigold is generally propagated either by seed or by herbaceous cuttings. By Seed Marigold is mainly propagated by seeds, besides crop raised from seeds is tall, vigorous and heavy bloomer. For raising seedling for one hectare, about 1.0 kg seed is required. For raising seedlings seeds can be sown in pots, seed boxes or on flat or raised nursery beds. Seeds should be sown thinly and be covered with light soil or sand or sieved leaf mould and watering should be done by fine nose. By herbaceous cuttings Varieties like Gaint African yellow, Gaint African orange do not set seed. Therefore these are usually multiplied by herbaceous cuttings. For cutting method, 6-10 cm long cuttings are made from the apical portion of the shoot and treated with root promoting hormones like IAA and IBA. Cuttings planted in sand or vermiculite root easily and rooted cutting are transferred in bed or pots for flowering. 5. Water Management Marigold takes about 55-60 days to complete vegetative growth and to enter into reproductive phase. At vegetative and flowering period sufficient amount of moisture in soil is essential. The frequency and quantity of water mainly depends upon soil and climatic condition. Though plants tolerate dry weather upto 10 days without irrigation but growth and flower production is affected adversely. From April to June, frequent irrigation at the interval of 4-5 days is required. 6. Integrated Nutrient Management INM refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner. 6.1) Organic FYM is given @ 50 tones/ha at the time of field preparation. 6.2) Bio fertilizer Soil application of 2 kg each of Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria per ha at the time of planting. Biofertilizers are to be mixed with 100kg of FYM and applied. Application of DNP-G @ 3-4 bags per acre, PH-50 @ 10 Kg / acre , Amino-G @ 10 Kg/acre results better yield and also maintain soil fertility. Spray Bio-max @ 3ml and 5g 19:19:19 per lit of water results better growth and flower production. 6.3) Chemical fertilizers Incorporate 20 tonnes of Farm Yard Manure during the last ploughing. Apply 20-40 kg N, 80 kgs of P2O5 and 80 kgs of K2O per acre. Half of nitrogen, entire dose of phosphorus and potash should be applied as basal dose, preferably one week after transplanting and rest half nitrogen should be applied one month after the first application. Irrigate after application. 6.4) Speciality fertilizers 6.41) Soil application : Application of DNP-G @ 3-4 bags per acre, PH-50 @ 10 Kg / acre , Amino-G @ 10 KTg/acre results better yield and also maintain soil fertility.