Izvornik: the Swerve. How the World Became Modern
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stephen greenblatt, skretanje. kako je svijet postao moderan Jure Šućur (izvornik: the swerve. Odjel za arheologiju / Department of Archaeology how the world became Sveučilište u Zadru / University of Zadar Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV., 2 modern) HR - 23000 Zadar [email protected] Prikaz / Review Primljeno / Received: 18. 11. 2015. Zagreb: Algoritam, 2014., 335 stranica, 12 ilustracija, prijevod s engleskoga Lidija Bernardić. Izdavačka kuća Algoritam pokrenula je 2003. go- In 2003 the Algoritam publishing company dine biblioteku Facta u kojoj je dosad izašlo preko launched Facta edition in which over 120 titles have 120 naslova, a njima se krajem 2014. godine pri- been published. Pulitzer-winning work by Stephen družilo i djelo za koje je autor Stephen Greenblatt Greenblatt from 2012 was published in Croatia at 2012. godine dobio Pulitzerovu nagradu. Iako je u the end of 2014. Despite great number of books navedenoj biblioteci objavljen velik broj knjiga, ve- published in the mentioned series these are mostly ćinom se radi o djelima iz prirodnih i društvenih works dealing with natural and social sciences, but znanosti, no knjiga o kojoj je ovdje riječ nalazi se na the book in question is on the borderline of two hu- razmeđu dviju humanističkih disciplina – povijesti i manistic disciplines – history and literature. književnosti. Stephen Greenblatt is the main representative of Stephen Greenblatt glavni je predstavnik novog new historicism and he is often mentioned as one historizma i često se navodi kao jedan od začetnika of the initiators of this theoretical school.1 This toga teorijskog pravca.1 Taj je smjer književne i kul- school of literary and cultural theory was formed turalne teorije formiran u SAD-u početkom 1980-ih in the USA at the beginning of 1980s by means proučavanjem renesanse u okviru književne teorije. of study of the Renaissance within literary theory. Pristup koji se javio pod utjecajem Michela Fouca- The approach which emerged under the influence ulta podrazumijevao je proučavanje ne samo djela of Michel Foucault implied study of not only the već i konteksta u kojem je djelo nastalo – povije- work but also the context in which the work was snog, pravnog, ekonomskog … Iako je Greenblatt created – historical, legal, economic, etc. Although zaslužan za širenje navedenog termina, kasnije je Greenblatt promoted spreading of the mentioned ipak preferirao naziv kulturalna poetika.2 term, later the term cultural poetics was preferred.2 1 Teorijski književnopovijesni pravac new historicism u hrvat- 1 English term for this theoretical literary and historical skom se jeziku javlja u dvama oblicima – novi historizam i school “new historicism” has been translated in Croatian novi historicizam. Iako se u djelu koristi oblik novi histori- twofold – as novi historizam and novi historicizam. Despite cizam, odlučio sam se za drugi oblik koji se javlja u hrvat- the fact that the book translator chose the variant novi his- skoj enciklopediji (Hrvatska enciklopedija, sv. 7 (Mal – Nj), toricizam, I’ve used the former, which is also in use in both Zagreb, 2005: 770, s. v. Novi historizam), kao i u drugim Croatian encyclopaedia (Hrvatska enciklopedija, sv. 7 (Mal djelima koja predstavljaju taj pravac hrvatskoj publici (D. – Nj), Zagreb, 2005: 770, s. v. Novi historizam) and other ŠPORER 2005.). works presenting this theoretical school to Croatian audi- 2 R. PALLARDY 2016; D. ŠPORER 2005: 16. ence (D. ŠPORER 2005). 2 R. PALLARDY 2016; D. ŠPORER 2005: 16. 153 prikazi / reviews Novi historizam, naravno, ne nastaje bez ranijih New historicism was not created ab ovo of temelja, a epitet novi stavlja ga u odnos s histo- course, and the epithet new defines its relation with rizmom. Historizam je također bio svjestan da na historicism in which attention was also paid to place djelo utječu mjesto i vrijeme nastanka, a praktičari and period of work formation, and practitioners of novog historizma svjesni su (ili bi bar trebali biti) new historicism were aware (or were supposed to da je i naš način gledanja na djelo i postavljanja be aware) that our perspective of the work and se- pitanja rezultat mjesta, vremena i kulture u kojoj lection of questions asked were also conditioned by to radimo.3 place, time and culture in which we function.3 Rađanje toga književnopovijesnog pravca ne- Birth of this literary-historical school is insepa- odvojivo je vezano uz proučavanje renesansne rable from the study of the Renaissance literature, književnosti, iako su s vremenom postavke novog although principles of new historicism were grad- historizma primijenjene i pri proučavanju drugih ually applied in the study of other periods. In his razdoblja. Greenblatt u knjizi Skretanje. Kako je book The Swerve. How the world became modern svijet postao moderan svoje zanimanje praktično Greenblatt exhibited his interest in the range from iskazuje u rasponu od 1. st. pr. Kr. do danas. U tom the 1st century BC to the present day. In this work djelu Greenblatt iznosi hipotezu kako je ponovni Greenblatt presents hypothesis that rediscovery of pronalazak filozofskog epa Tita Lukrecija KaraDe the philosophical epic poem by Titus Lucretius Ca- rerum natura (O prirodi) 1417. godine bio bitan rus De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things) in događaj koji je doveo do rađanja svijeta kakvog 1417 was an important event leading to birth of the danas poznajemo. world as we know it. “Predgovor” (str. 9-19) autor počinje prisjeća- Preface (pp. 9–19) starts with author’s recollec- njem iz studentskih dana kada je u knjižari za deset tions from his student days when he bought transla- centi kupio prozni prijevod Lukrecijeva djela. Kroz tion of Lucretius’ work in prose for ten cents. Two predgovor se provlače dvije linije pripovijedanja. S narration lines alternate in the Preface. On the one jedne strane tu je pronalaženje utjecaja koje je to hand it is finding influence of this work on the per- djelo vršilo na osobnoj razini gdje je srž Lukrecije- sonal level where the essence of Lucretius poem is ve pjesme “terapeutska meditacija nad strahom od “therapeutic meditation on the fear of death” (p. smrti” (str. 11). S druge strane tu je šira promjena 11). On the other hand there is a broader change in- koju je djelo potaklo – “priča o tome kako je svijet cited by the work – “This is a story then of how the skrenuo u novom smjeru” (str. 17). Lukrecijevo se world swerved in a new direction.” (p. 17). Lucre- djelo sporadično spominje od 4. do 9. st., a zatim je tius’ work was mentioned sporadically from the 4th zaboravljeno ležalo na polici samostanske knjižni- to the 9th century, and then it lay forgotten on the ce dok ga 1417. godine nije u ruke uzeo humanist i shelf of the monastery library until a humanist, “the “lovac na knjige” Poggio Bracciolini. book hunter” Poggio Bracciolini rediscovered it. Prvo poglavlje zove se upravo tako – “Lovac na That is exactly the title of the first chapter – The knjige” (str. 21-28). Poglavlje počinje odličnim opi- Book Hunter (pp. 21-28). It starts with an excel- som puta na kojem se našao Poggio u južnoj Nje- lent description of the journey that Poggio took in mačkoj u zimu 1417. godine. No fokus nije sam southern Germany in winter of 1417. However the put, već atmosfera i putnik – “izolirani pojedinac”, focus is not on the journey but the atmosphere and “zbunjujuća figura” (str. 22) – netko potpuno neti- the passenger – “isolated individual”, “baffling fig- pičan u to vrijeme. Greenblatt vješto opisuje men- ure” (p. 22) – someone quite atypical at the time. talno stanje u kojem se Poggio vjerojatno nalazio. Greenblatt skillfully describes Poggio’s probable Upravo je ostao bez posla, egzistencije, gospodara mental state. He had just lost his job, existence, and jer je papa, čiji je apostolski tajnik bio u tom tre- master because the pope for whom he worked as nutku, zatočen u zatvoru. U takvom nesigurnom i papal secretary was imprisoned. In such uncertain nezavidnom momentu Poggio se nije vratio u po- and troublesome moment Poggio did not return to znato okruženje Italije, već ga je strast navela u safe environment of Italy but his passion led him to neizvjesno pretraživanje samostanskih knjižnica s uncertain search of monastery libraries on the other onu stranu Alpa. side of the Alps. 3 D. MIKICS 2007: 144, 205-206. 3 D. MIKICS 2007: 144, 205-206. 154 prikazi / reviews Drugo poglavlje – “Trenutak otkrivenja” (str. The second chapter – The Moment of Discovery 29-51) – usprkos naslovu ne odnosi se na trenutak (pp. 29-51) – despite its title does not refer to the otkrića rukopisa. Greenblatt će oslikati dodatne as- moment of manuscript discovery. Greenblatt will pekte vremena prije tog momenta, a u ovom po- represent additional aspects of period before that glavlju to je cijelo ozračje humanističke potrage za moment, and in this chapter it is the entire atmos- starim antičkim djelima. Opsesivna potraga zapo- phere of humanistic search for works of classical čela je nakon što je Francesco Petrarca oko 1330. antiquity. Obsessive search started after Francesco godine kompletirao Livijevu Povijest Rima, uz pro- Petrarca completed Livy’s History of Rome around nalazak djela Cicerona, Propercija i drugih autora. 1330, alongside finding works by Cicero, Propertius Nakon općeg opadanja pismenosti od doba kasne and other authors. After general decline of literacy antike uslijedio je rani srednji vijek kada su samo- in Late Antiquity, in the Early Middle Ages the mon- stani bili gotovo jedini otoci pismenosti. Obaveza asteries were among rare islands of literacy. Obliga- redovnika da dio vremena posvete čitanju čuvala je, tion of the monks to devote some of their time to ali i uništavala kodekse. S jedne strane zbog obaveze reading preserved and destroyed codices. On the one čitanja redovnici su postali i glavni proizvođači i ču- hand the monks became main producers and keep- vari knjiga, a s druge, zbog nedostatka papira i slo- ers of books but on the other hand due to lack of žene proizvodnje pergamenta, često su brisali stare paper and complex production of parchment they tekstove kako bi na pergament prepisivali teksto- often erased old texts in order to copy other texts ve koji su im bili zadani.