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BEFORE the IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL the Hague
BEFORE THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL The Hague The Netherlands The Islamic Republic of Iran, Claimant, v. Claim No . A/30 United States of America, Full Tribunal Respondent. STATEMENT OF DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES Sean D . Murphy Agent of the United States Counsel: Michael J . Matheson Jeffrey D . Kovar BEFORE THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL The Hague The Netherlands The Islamic Republic of Iran, Claimant, v. Claim No . A/30 United States of America, Full Tribunal Respondent. STATEMENT OF DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES On August 12, 1996, the Islamic Republic of Iran filed a Statement of Claim (Doc . 1) in a new interpretive dispute against the United States, Case No . A/30, alleging that the United States has violated its commitments under the Algiers Accords by interfering in Iran's internal affairs and implementing economic sanctions against Iran . Pursuant to the Tribunal's Order of August 21, 1996 (Doc . 3), and subsequent extension orders (Docs. 5, 9, and 12), the United States submits this Statement of 1 Defense. 1 In the event the Tribunal permits Iran to file further written statements or other materials in this case (Rules of Procedure, Art . 22-23), the United States requests that the Tribunal accord it the right to respond thereto . - 2 I . INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY The Government of Iran, which has a long record of using terrorism and lethal force as an instrument of state policy, is seeking a ruling from the Tribunal that the United States has violated the Algiers Accords by intervening in Iran's internal affairs and enacting economic sanctions against it . -
1 Khomeinism Executive Summary: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Khomeinism Executive Summary: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the country’s first supreme leader, is one of the most influential shapers of radical Islamic thought in the modern era. Khomeini’s Islamist, populist agenda—dubbed “Khomeinism” by scholar Ervand Abrahamian—has radicalized and guided Shiite Islamists both inside and outside Iran. Khomeini’s legacy has directly spawned or influenced major violent extremist organizations, including Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), as well as Lebanese-based terrorist organization and political party Hezbollah, and the more recently formed Iraqi-based Shiite militias, many of which stand accused of carrying out gross human rights violations. (Sources: BBC News, Atlantic, Reuters, Washington Post, Human Rights Watch, Constitution.com) Khomeini’s defining ideology focuses on a variety of themes, including absolute religious authority in government and the rejection of Western interference and influence. Khomeini popularized the Shiite Islamic concept of vilayat-e faqih—which translates to “guardianship of the Islamic jurist”— in order to place all of Iran’s religious and state institutions under the control of a single cleric. Khomeini’s successor, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, relies on Khomeinist ideals to continue his authoritarian domestic policies and support for terrorism abroad. (Sources: Al-Islam, Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic, Ervand Abrahamian, pp. 15-25, Islamic Parliament Research Center, New York Times) More than 25 years after his death, Khomeini’s philosophies and teachings continue to influence all levels of Iran’s political system, including Iran’s legislative and presidential elections. In an interview with Iran’s Press TV, London-based professor of Islamic studies Mohammad Saeid Bahmanpoor said that Khomeini “has become a concept. -
Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region
KURDISTAN RISING? CONSIDERATIONS FOR KURDS, THEIR NEIGHBORS, AND THE REGION Michael Rubin AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region Michael Rubin June 2016 American Enterprise Institute © 2016 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any man- ner whatsoever without permission in writing from the American Enterprise Institute except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. The views expressed in the publications of the American Enterprise Institute are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. American Enterprise Institute 1150 17th St. NW Washington, DC 20036 www.aei.org. Cover image: Grand Millennium Sualimani Hotel in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, by Diyar Muhammed, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons. Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Who Are the Kurds? 5 2. Is This Kurdistan’s Moment? 19 3. What Do the Kurds Want? 27 4. What Form of Government Will Kurdistan Embrace? 56 5. Would Kurdistan Have a Viable Economy? 64 6. Would Kurdistan Be a State of Law? 91 7. What Services Would Kurdistan Provide Its Citizens? 101 8. Could Kurdistan Defend Itself Militarily and Diplomatically? 107 9. Does the United States Have a Coherent Kurdistan Policy? 119 Notes 125 Acknowledgments 137 About the Author 139 iii Executive Summary wo decades ago, most US officials would have been hard-pressed Tto place Kurdistan on a map, let alone consider Kurds as allies. Today, Kurds have largely won over Washington. -
Iran and the Islamic Revolution International Relations 1802Q Brown University Fall 2018
Iran and the Islamic Revolution International Relations 1802Q Brown University Fall 2018 Instructor: Stephen Kinzer Office: Watson Institute, Room 308 Office Hours: Wednesdays 10-12 Email: [email protected] Class Meeting: Wednesdays 3-5:30, Watson Institute 112 Course Description The overthrow of Mohammad Reza Shah in 1979 and the subsequent emergence of the Islamic Republic of Iran shook the Middle East and reshaped global politics. These events have continued to reverberate for four decades, in ways that no one could have predicted. Hostility between the US and Iran has remained almost constant during this period. Yet despite the growing importance of Iran, few Americans know much about the country or its modern history. The shattering events of 1978-80 in Iran unfolded against the backdrop of the previous decades of Iranian history, so knowing that history is essential to understanding what has become known as the Islamic Revolution. Nor can the revolution be appreciated without studying the enormous effects it has had over the last 39 years. This seminar will place the anti-Shah movement and the rise of religious power in the context of Iran's century of modern history. We will conclude by focusing on today's Iran, including the upheaval that followed the 2009 election, the election of a reformist president in 2013, the breakthrough nuclear deal of 2015, and the United States’ withdrawal from the deal three years later. This seminar is unfolding as the United States launches a multi-faceted global campaign against Iran. Given the urgency of this escalating crisis, we will devote a portion of every class to discussion of the past week’s events. -
Iranian Espionage in the United States and the Anti-SAVAK Campaign (1970-1979)
The Shah’s “Fatherly Eye” Iranian Espionage in the United States and the Anti-SAVAK Campaign (1970-1979) Eitan Meisels Undergraduate Senior Thesis Department of History Columbia University 13 April 2020 Thesis Instructor: Elisheva Carlebach Second Reader: Paul Chamberlin Meisels 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Historiography, Sources, and Methods ......................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1: Roots of the Anti-SAVAK Campaign ......................................................................... 14 Domestic Unrest in Iran ............................................................................................................ 14 What Did SAVAK Aim to Accomplish? .................................................................................. 19 Chapter 2: The First Phase of the Anti-SAVAK Campaign (1970-1974) .................................... 21 Federal Suspicions Stir ............................................................................................................. 21 Counterintelligence to Campaign ............................................................................................. 24 Chapter 3: The Anti-SAVAK Campaign Expands (1975-1976) ................................................. -
Articles on the Political Sociology of Iran) by Ervand Abrahamian and Soheyla Torrabi-Farsani Review By: Maziar Behrooz Source: Iranian Studies , Spring, 1999, Vol
Review Reviewed Work(s): Maqālātī dar jāmi'ah-yi shināsī-yi siyāsī-yi Īrān (Articles on the Political Sociology of Iran) by Ervand Abrahamian and Soheyla Torrabi-farsani Review by: Maziar Behrooz Source: Iranian Studies , Spring, 1999, Vol. 32, No. 2, The Uses of Guile: Literary and Historical Moments (Spring, 1999), pp. 288-290 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of International Society of Iranian Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/4311253 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Taylor & Francis, Ltd. and are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Iranian Studies This content downloaded from 130.212.169.64 on Wed, 24 Jun 2020 17:51:03 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 288 Reviews The last person Buchta interviewed was the Shici cleric Salehi-Najafabadi. Salehi-Najafabadi is also a critic of the present regime and is a proponent of the idea of vikalat rather than vildyat, arguing that the leader of Iran was not to be legitimized by God alone, but had to be elected by and subject to the people. In his books, Salehi-Najafabadi criticizes tendencies in Shicism that lead to isola- tion from the Sunnis. -
Beyond Religion: Ulama and Politics in Pre-Revolutionary Iran
İran Çalışmaları Dergı̇ si ISSN: 2536-5029 Cilt: 1, Sayı: 2, ss. 39-57 Geliş Tarihi: 14.12.2017 Kabul Tarihi: 16.01.2018 Beyond Religion: Ulama and Politics in Pre-revolutionary Iran Agah Hazır* Abstract The primary aim of this paper is to investigate the relations between the ulama and politics in Iranian history throughout the period between the 1950s to late 1970s. It will focus on two interrelated questions: 1. Were the ulama always led the mass opposition movements in Iranian history, as they often claimed or were credited to be? 2. Did the Iranian Revolution occurred mainly thanks to the ulama`s efforts? By analyzing the relations between the ulama and politics in three consecutive periods in modern history of Iran, which are 1951-1953 period of oil nationalization, 1963 the White Revolution and finally the revolutionary struggles of 1977-1979, the paper shows that there was not a predetermined area of conflict or cooperation between these two domains, but a dynamic interaction shaped by the very political interests of the actors. Keywords: Iran, ulama, religion and state relations, mass opposition movements, Islam and politics * Assist. Prof. Agah Hazır, Yüzüncü Yıl University, [email protected] 39 The Journal of Iranian Studies ISSN: 2536-5029 Vol: 1, No: 2, pp. 39-57 Received: 14.12.2017 Accepted: 16.01.2018 Dinin Ötesine Bakmak: Devrim Öncesi İran’da Ulema ve Siyaset Agah Hazır* Öz Bu makale İran’da, 1950’lerden 1970’lerin sonuna kadar olan dönemde, ulema- siyaset ilişkisini incelemektedir. Birbiri ile ilişkili iki soruya yoğunlaşmaktadır: 1. Sıklıkla iddia edildiği gibi, İran tarihinde büyük siyasi kitle hareketleri ulema tarafından mı yönlendirilmiştir? 2. -
UN ODIEUX GUET.APENS Leparti D'abdul Rahman Ghassemlou
INSTITUT URD DE PARIS Information and liaison bulletin ISpecial Issue I July-August 1989 This bulletin is issued in French, German, Enghh. Kurdish, Spanish and Turkish. Price per issue: (France) 25 FF, (ElsewheJe): 30 p:.. Annual subscribtion (12 issues) France: 240 FF, (E sl'where) 265 FF Monthly review Director of publication: Mohamad HASSAN numero de la Commission Paritaire: 659 i5 A.S. ISSN 0761 1285 INSTITUT KURDE 106, rue La Fayette - 7iOlQ PARV; Tel.: (1) 48 24 64 64 - Fax: (1) 47 70 99 Oit spec/a/Issue: A. R. GHASSEMLOU SUMMARY o TRIPLE MURDER IN VIENNA o WHO ARE THE ASSASSINS AND WHAT HAS BECOME OF THEM? o ATTITUDE OF THE AUSTRIAN GOVERNMENT o PUBLIC EMOTIONS AND THE SILENCE OF STATES o FUNERAL SERVICES IN PARIS : MOMENT OF STRONG KURDISH NATIONAL UNITY o PORTRAITS OF THE KURDISH MARTYRS o SPECIAL RESOLUTIONSOF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN PARIS o ACCOUNT OF THE NEGOTIATIONS BETWEENTHE IRANIAN KURDISH MOVEMENT AND THE TEHRAN AUTHORITIES o BRIEF PRESSREVIEWS TRIPLE MURDER IN VIENNA n Thursday, July 13th 1989, at approximately 7 Socialist Congress, having come to Vienna on Tues- pm, the Kurdish Iranian leader AbelelRahman day evening, July 11th,to meet with Iranian emissaries Ghassemlou, Secretary General of the Demo- delegated by RAFSANDJANI, the then powerful presi- O cratic Party of Kurdistan of Iran, and two other dent of the Iranian Parliament and declared candidate important Kurdish individuals, Abdoullah GHADERI- for the presidency of the Republic. The following day, AlAR, representative of the PDKI in Europe, and along with Ghaderi-Azar and Dr. F. Rassoul, Ghas- Dr. -
Topics in Middle East Politics: the Iranian Revolution V77.9751 Prof
Topics in Middle East Politics: The Iranian Revolution V77.9751 Prof. Haggai Ram Overview: More than 30 years have passed since 1979, the year when a self-styled Islamic Revolution unfolded in Iran. Historian Eric J. Hobsbawm branded this revolution as "one of the central social revolutions of the twentieth century"; and social scientist Richard Cottam described it as perhaps "the most popular revolution in the history of mankind." Whatever the case may be, we are now permitted to use the benefit of hindsight to revisit the 1979 revolution. In the first part of the course we will review the manifold causes of the 1979 revolution in a historical perspective, tracing the social, political, economic and cultural bases of the rise of the revolutionary movement and political Islam (or Islamism) in Iran. We will then move on to situate the revolution in a global context. This will enable us to examine Iranian history since 1979 in comparative perspective as well as integrate the revolution into the "entangled histories" of modernity of which it is part. At the same time we will examine the cultural dimensions of the post-1979 state in Iran. We will consider cultural production in the Islamic Republic of Iran as a site of state domination and oppositional resistance. We will suggest that the Islamic Republic is a "scopic regime," developing a symbolic Islamism as a tool of propaganda and hegemony. At the same time, literature, cinema, and the visual arts have been sites of resistance. Course Requirements: 1. Active participation: 20%. 2. Class presentation: 10%. 3. -
UNIIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ MODERNITY, SECULARISM, and the POLITICAL in IRAN a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Satisf
UNIIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ MODERNITY, SECULARISM, AND THE POLITICAL IN IRAN A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICS with an emphasis in FEMINIST STUDIES by Omid Mohamadi December 2016 The Dissertation of Omid Mohamadi is approved: _________________________________ Professor Vanita Seth, Chair _________________________________ Professor Megan Thomas _________________________________ Professor Anjali Arondekar _________________________________ Professor Minoo Moallem ________________________________ Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Omid Mohamadi 2016 Table of Contents List of Figures iv Abstract v Acknowledgements viii Introduction: “Neither Secularism Nor Islamic Republic” 1 Chapter 1: The Iranian Women’s Movement: Hybridity, Rights, and Political Imaginaries 39 Chapter Two: The Politics of Time in Iran 95 Chapter Three: Art & The Islamic Republic 144 Epilogue: Historiography & Politics 189 Bibliography 201 iii List of Figures Figure 1: Shahyad Monument/Azadi Tower 158 Figure 2: The Imperial-Colonial Enemy 165 Figure 3: The Velayat-e Faqih 165 Figure 4: The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the export of the revolutionary tradition to Muslim lands” 165 Figure 5: Martyrs of the Iran-Iraq War 165 Figure 6: Moral Proclamation 165 Figure 7: Beautification Mural 165 Figure 8. Beautification Mural 1 by Ghadyanloo 169 Figure 9. Beautification Mural 2 by Ghadyanloo 170 Figure 10: Beautification Mural 3 by Ghadyanloo 171 Figure 11: Beautification Mural 4 by Ghadyanloo 172 Figure 12: “Woman with Dish Soap” by Black Hand 174 Figure 13: “Gaza” by Black Hand 174 iv Abstract Modernity, Secularism, and the Political in Iran by Omid Mohamadi In the last decade, theorists in anthropology and other disciplines have vigorously critiqued commonplace distinctions between secularism and religion. -
Chapter 6 Factional Rivalries and Iran-European Union Relations | 187
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The Iranian political elite, state and society relations, and foreign relations since the Islamic revolution Rakel, E.P. Publication date 2008 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Rakel, E. P. (2008). The Iranian political elite, state and society relations, and foreign relations since the Islamic revolution. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:29 Sep 2021 Chapter 6 Factional Rivalries and Iran-European Union Relations | 187 Chapter 6 Factional Rivalries and Iran-European Union Relations 6.1 Introduction Chapter 6 and 7 discuss the relations between Iran and the EU158 since the Iranian Islamic revolution until 2007. Chapter 6 focuses on the foreign policy of the IRI towards the EU and its main member countries that are the EU countries with the most diplomatic and economic ties to Iran (Britain, France, Germany, and Italy). -
The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran: Pastoral Nationalism/ Farideh Koohi-Kamali
The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran Pastoral Nationalism Farideh Koohi-Kamali The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran This page intentionally left blank The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran Pastoral Nationalism Farideh Koohi-Kamali Department of Social Sciences, New School University, New York Q Farideh Koohi-Kamali 2003 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. MacmillanT is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 0–333–73169–7 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.