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Graduate Thesis Research Project ESTABLISHMENT OF BLACKBERRIES AND DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF RASPBERRY CROWN BORER By Edward Heard A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Horticulture in the Department of Plant and Soil Science Mississippi State, Mississippi November 2006 ESTABLISHMENT OF BLACKBERRIES AND DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF RASPBERRY CROWN BORER By Edward Heard Approved: ____________________ ____________________ Frank B. Matta Blair J. Sampson Professor of Horticulture Professor of Entomology (Major Professor) ____________________ ____________________ John H. Braswell Juan L. Silva Professor of Horticulture Professor of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion ____________________ ____________________ Vance H. Watson William L. Kingery Dean of the College of Professor of Agriculture, Forestry and Plant and Soil Sciences Veterinary Medicine Graduate Coordinator Name: Edward Heard Date of Degree: December 8, 2006 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Horticulture Major Professor: Dr. Frank Matta Title of Study: ESTABLISHMENT OF BLACKBERRIES AND DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF RASPBERRY CROWN BORER Pages in Study: 53 Candidate for Degree of Master of Science Evaluations of tactics for detection and management of raspberry crown borer, RCB, Pennisettia marginata (Harris) on blackberries were performed in Mississippi from January 2005 - July 2006. Randomized split plots with infested blackberries and certified nursery stock of two recommended cultivars, thorny ‘Chickasaw’ and thornless ‘Apache’ were planted. Pest management tactics targeting RCB included drenches: chemical insecticide bifenthrin, recently registered for RCB management; experimental pesticide E2Y45; and entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae. Insect pheromones (E,Z)3-13-octadecadien-1-ol and (E,Z)3-13-octadecadien-1-yl-acetate were evaluated as RCB lures. Effects of fungicides captan, pyraclostrobin + boscalid, lime-sulfur and insecticide acetamiprid on viability and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode species, S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were evaluated in laboratory bioassays with host greater wax moth larvae. RCB larvae and soil pests on and around infested blackberry plants were observed. Bait traps with 5 mg of (E.Z)3-13-octadecadien-1-ol captured an adult RCB on October 19, 2005. Laboratory bioassays indicated that lime-sulfur and pyraclostrobin + boscalid decrease nematode movement and infectivity. DEDICATION I dedicate this manuscript to my thoughtful and caring parents who supported me throughout my studies at Mississippi State University. Without them this research would not be possible. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I acknowledge my gratitude for the support, understanding and many challenges presented by my major advisor Dr. Frank B. Matta. He provided the opportunity and guidance necessary for accomplishment. His academic professionalism proved steadfast in coordination of our achievement. I appreciate the contribution of knowledge and expertise extended by Dr. Blair Sampson, Dr. John Braswell, Dr. Juan Silva, Dr. David Nagel, Dr. Blake Layton, Dr. Donn Johnson, Dr. Gary Lawrence, Dr. Alan Henn, Clarissa Balbalian and Jessie Quarrels. Their brilliance illuminates the way, allowing the scientific method to proceed. I thank Gerry Ferguson, Keith Daniels and the staff of the Oktibbeha County MAFES Experiment Station for facilitating my field research project. I am indebted to the North American Bramble Grower’s Association and the USDA IR-4 Project for providing the funds necessary to undertake this work. Their continuous support has been beneficial beyond expectations. I commend the sacrifices made by Elizabeth Montgomery, Jackie McKern, Pam Reid, Shardendu Singh, Heather Wilson and Ne Chewe. Their time and energy were valuable and their contributions were a credit to this project. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION............................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................ 3 Establishment of Blackberries ............................................ 3 Life Cycle of the Raspberry Crown Borer.......................... 7 Detection of Raspberry Crown Borer ................................. 8 Management of Raspberry Crown Borer............................ 9 Entomopathogenic Nematode Interactivity with Pesticides........................................................................ 11 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................. 14 Establishment of Blackberries ............................................ 14 Detection of Raspberry Crown Borer ................................. 15 Management of Raspberry Crown Borer............................ 16 Entomopathogenic Nematode Interactivity with Pesticides........................................................................ 17 Dilution of S. feltiae from sponges ............................ 17 Examination, counting and identifying commercially produced nematodes....................... 17 Exposure of S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora nematodes to pesticide solutions........................... 19 In vitro pesticide bioassays ........................................ 19 iv CHAPTER Page IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................. 21 Establishment of Blackberries ............................................ 21 Detection of Raspberry Crown Borer ................................. 24 Management of Raspberry Crown Borer............................ 24 Entomopathogenic Nematode Interactivity with Pesticides........................................................................ 26 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ............................................ 32 LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................. 35 APPENDIX A. WORK LOG FOR BLACKBERRY RESEARCH PLOT AT OKTIBBEHA COUNTY MISSISSIPPI AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY EXPERIMENT STATION (MAFES) NORTH FARM ...................................................................... 41 B. CALCULATIONS....................................................................... 51 Field pesticide applications................................................. 52 Fertilizer.............................................................................. 52 Nematode pesticide exposure treatment groups ................. 53 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1. Effects of pesticides on movement of S. feltiae after 24 and 72 . hours of exposure.................................................................... 28 2. Effects of pesticide exposure on infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes................................................. 31 vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1. Raspberry crown borer (photos) .................................................. 8 2. Treatment group yields ................................................................ 22 3. Research Plot 17Sept2005 with pheromone bait traps set along rows......................................................................................... 23 4. Movement of H. bacteriophora after 24 and 72 hour pesticide exposure .................................................................................. 27 5. Movement of S. feltiae after 24 and 72 hour pesticide exposure .................................................................................. 27 6. Effect of variable pesticide rates on infectivity of S. feltiae........ 30 7. Effect of variable pesticide rates on infectivity of H. bacteriophora..................................................................... 30 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Blackberries, Rubus spp. L., are a high value crop native to and historically grown in this region (Westwood, 1993). Local production of blackberries is important for fresh market sales. The high price for fresh market blackberries is mostly due to the short postharvest life of the fruit that limits shipping from foreign production areas with lower labor costs. In 2002, US farmers harvested 56 million pounds on 8,370 acres. Most production is in Oregon and California (Rieger, 2005). In 1996, Oregon harvested 28,700,000 lbs. of blackberries grown on 5,030 acres that sold for $25,433,000 (ORBC, 2005). Average sales produced $5,056 / acre. Several years ago, there were more than 50 farms producing blackberries locally. According to Dr. Barbara Smith (2004), expert on blackberry pests and diseases at the Poplarville, MS USDA Horticultural Research Experiment Station, the primary limiting factor for blackberry production in Mississippi is the raspberry crown borer (RCB), Pennisettia marginata (Harris), (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). RCB larvae bore into the crown and canes of blackberries, severely limiting fruit production, causing wilting and lodging of infested canes (Williams, 1991). While larvae are feeding inside subterranean crowns and canes, irreversible damage to plantings can occur 1 2 before the pest is detected. Dr. Smith reported that most blackberry farms in Mississippi have recently gone out of
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