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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation SOUNDS AND SMELLS OF A SUBTERRANEAN SESIID: ACOUSTIC DETECTION AND MATING DISRUPTION OF GRAPE ROOT BORER By WILLIAM RYAN SANDERS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 William Sanders 2 To Patato 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Oscar Liburd for the opportunity of completing my Masters thesis in his laboratory. I would like to thank Richard Mankin for giving my idea a chance, sticking with it, and for all his input throughout the writing process. I would also like to thank Lukasz Stelinski for his open mind, ideas, patience, and input. I would also like to thank his lab, especially Wendy Meyer, and the entire Small fruit and vegetable IPM lab at the University of Florida in Gainesville. Their input and advice has been instrumental to the success of my program. I would like to thank the Florida Grape Growers Association for their financial support early on in my project and SARE for financial support throughout the rest of my program. I would like to thank all the grape growers that gave their time and allowed the use of their land for our experiments. This work could not have been done without their support, especially Bob Paulish, John Sirvent, Antonio Fiorelli, and Terry McKnight. Finally, I would like to thank Joshua Betz. He was a tireless and invaluable help with data analysis. Finally, I would like to thank Simone Harbas for her support and encouragement. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 12 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 12 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 13 Description and Life Cycle ................................................................................ 13 Reproduction .............................................................................................. 15 Egg ............................................................................................................ 16 Larva .......................................................................................................... 17 Pupa .......................................................................................................... 18 Adult ........................................................................................................... 19 Damage ............................................................................................................ 19 Management .................................................................................................... 20 Monitoring .................................................................................................. 20 Weed control .............................................................................................. 20 Mounding ................................................................................................... 21 Biological control ........................................................................................ 22 Chemical control: Lorsban® ........................................................................ 22 Chemical control: attract-and-kill ................................................................ 23 Mating disruption ........................................................................................ 24 Justification ............................................................................................................. 27 Goal and Hypotheses ............................................................................................. 28 Specific Objectives ................................................................................................. 28 2 INVESTIGATION OF GRB ANTENNAE AND SENSILLA USING SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ................................................................................... 30 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 30 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 31 Insects .............................................................................................................. 31 Scanning Electron Miscroscopy ....................................................................... 31 Results and Discussion........................................................................................... 32 Morphology of Antennae .................................................................................. 32 Scape and pedicel ..................................................................................... 32 Trichoid rich region .................................................................................... 33 5 Club-like region .......................................................................................... 34 Apical region .............................................................................................. 35 Morphology of Sensilla ..................................................................................... 35 Bohm’s bristles ........................................................................................... 35 Sensilla trichoidea ...................................................................................... 35 Sensilla basiconica .................................................................................... 36 Sensilla coeloconica .................................................................................. 37 Sensilla squamiforme ................................................................................. 38 Sensilla chaetica ........................................................................................ 39 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 39 3 ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF GRAPE ROOT BORER ........................................... 46 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 46 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 48 Acoustic Instruments, Signal Recording, and Soil Sampling Procedures ......... 48 Listener Assessment of Infestation Likelihood .................................................. 49 Digital Signal Processing and Classification ..................................................... 49 Results .................................................................................................................... 50 Spectral Profiles ............................................................................................... 51 Insect Sound-Impulse Bursts ............................................................................ 52 Assessments of Infestation Likelihood ............................................................. 53 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 53 4 PHEROMONE ATTRACTIVENESS AND MATING DISRUPTION STUDIES ........ 60 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 60 Grape Root Borer ............................................................................................. 60 Chemical Control .............................................................................................. 61 Mating Disruption ............................................................................................. 62 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 65 Chemicals and Dispensers ............................................................................... 65 Experimental Sites ........................................................................................... 65 Citra ........................................................................................................... 65 Lithia .......................................................................................................... 66 Bradenton .................................................................................................. 66 Pheromone Attraction Experiments .................................................................. 66 Determining the relative attractiveness of pheromone blends with trapping ................................................................................................... 66 Direct observation of male GRB response to pheromone blends in the field ......................................................................................................... 67 Determining the relative attractiveness of SPLAT
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