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L'architecture À Chicago

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L'architecture À Chicago L'architecture à Chicago PDF générés en utilisant les outils open source mwlib. Voir http://code.pediapress.com/ pour plus d’informations. PDF generated at: Sun, 09 Aug 2009 15:35:50 UTC Contenu Articles Architecture à Chicago 1 Charles B. Atwood 9 Auditorium Building 10 Basilique Notre- Dame- des- Douleurs de Chicago 11 Solon Spencer Beman 14 Daniel Burnham 14 Cathédrale Saint- Jacques de Chicago 15 Cathédrale du Saint- Nom de Chicago 19 Chicago Water Tower 23 Civic Opera House 24 École de Chicago (architecture) 25 Bertrand Goldberg 26 Henry B. Clarke House 27 John J. Glessner House 28 William Le Baron Jenney 29 Merchandise Mart 29 Palmer Mansion 30 Passerelle BP 31 Pavillon Jay Pritzker 31 Second Presbyterian Church (Chicago) 32 Skidmore, Owings and Merrill 32 Louis Sullivan 34 Références Sources et contributeurs de l'article 36 Source des images, licences et contributeurs 37 Licence des articles Licence 40 Architecture à Chicago 1 Architecture à Chicago Cet article traite de l'architecture à Chicago, la troisième plus grande ville des États-Unis. L'architecture de Chicago a influencé et reflété pendant longtemps l'histoire de l'architecture américaine. La ville de Chicago comprend certains des premiers bâtiments réalisés par beaucoup d'architectes importants. Comme la plupart des bâtiments dans le centre-ville ont été détruits par le grand incendie de Chicago en 1871, les bâtiments de Chicago sont notés pour leur originalité plutôt que pour leur ancienneté. Peut-être le plus exceptionnel de ces événements était la retour à Chicago de plusieurs des architectes les plus importants du pays pour la construction de l'exposition universelle de 1893. Beaucoup d'architectes comme → Daniel Burnham, Racine, Frank Lloyd Wright, Adler, → Charles B. Atwood, Henry Hobson Richardson ou encore → Louis Sullivan ont continué tout au long de leur parcours à concevoir d'autres monuments classés historiques par la ville de Chicago (Chicago Landmark) bien connues en raison de l'exposition. En 1966 fut créée la (Chicago Architecture Foundation), pour permettre la sauvegarde de la → John J. Glessner House construite par l'architecte Henry Hobson Richardson, l'une des plus anciennes demeures de Chicago. Panorama urbain de Chicago. Historique Le Grand Incendie de 1871 Il ne reste pratiquement plus de bâtiments qui datent d'avant le Grand Incendie de 1871. La → Chicago Water Tower, construite en 1869, est l'un des rares bâtiments à avoir survécu à la catastrophe. L'exposition universelle de 1893 L'exposition universelle (World Columbian Exposition) attira 26 millions de visiteurs en 1893. Elle fut l'occasion pour les promoteurs du mouvement architectural City Beautiful de réaliser plusieurs édifices qui font désormais partie du patrimoine de Chicago : le Musée de la Science et de l'Industrie et le célèbre métro aérien dans le Loop. Architecture à Chicago 2 Les premiers gratte-ciel Il est difficile de dire quel est le premier gratte-ciel de l'Histoire. Les New-Yorkais affirment qu'il s'agit du New York Tribune Building, dessiné par Richard Morris Hunt (1873, 78 mètres). D'autres considèrent que c'est le Home Insurance Building (1884-1885) à Chicago édifié par les membres de l'→ école de Chicago : → Louis Sullivan, William LeBaron Jenney, → Daniel Burnham, William Holabird et Martin Roche. Ils militent pour un style simple et utilitaire ; certains considèrent qu'ils préfigurent le mouvement rationaliste. L'école de Chicago L'école de Chicago est un mouvement d'architecture et d'urbanisme nommé ainsi car les premières réalisations qui en Le Home Insurance Building découlèrent se firent à Chicago, aux États-Unis, à la fin du XIXe siècle. La phase d'apogée de ce mouvement est située approximativement entre 1875 et 1905. Ce mouvement est marqué par la construction rationnelle et utilitaire de bureaux, de grands magasins, d'usines, d'appartements et de gares. L'accent est mis sur la durabilité, avec l'utilisation de matériaux modernes tels l'acier, le ciment et le fer forgé, le verre armé (pour la construction de dômes). C'est l’→ École de Chicago qui mis au point et généralisa l'utilisation de l'acier dans la construction des gratte-ciel, réalisant ainsi la révolution structurelle qui permit de passer des bâtiments à murs et refends porteurs aux constructions de type poteaux-dalles sans façade porteuse. Ces gratte-ciel Photographie du bâtiment devinrent également récurrents afin de rationaliser au Carson Pirie Scott & Co en maximum l'emprise foncière des bâtiments dans des villes où le 1900 coût des terrains s'accroissait régulièrement. L'événement catalyseur de ce mouvement fut le grand incendie de Chicago qui eu lieu le 8 octobre 1871 : une grande partie du centre-ville fut détruite, et la nécessité de sa reconstruction permit l'émergence d'une nouvelle approche de la construction d'immeubles. • Le First Leiter Building, construit en 1879 par William LeBaron Jenney est le premier de ces immeubles sans mur porteur en façade, les planchers en bois reposant sur des colonnes de fonte. • Le Home Insurance Building qui a été construit également par William LeBaron Jenney à Chicago en 1885 et qui mesurait 42 mètres est le premier gratte-ciel dans l'histoire de l'architecture. Les premiers grand architectes de ce mouvement ont été → William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907), Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-1886), et pour la génération suivante Daniel Burnham, William Holabird, Martin Roche, → Louis Henry Sullivan (1856-1924), qui commencèrent tous les quatre leur carrière au sein de l'agence de Willliam LeBaron Jenney, et l'ingénieur Dankmar Adler (1844-1900), associé longtemps avec Louis Sullivan. Architecture à Chicago 3 Ils ont créé par leur œuvre et par leur influence un modèle de développement urbain qui a caractérisé toutes les villes américaines au XXe siècle Cette école est apparentée à la Prairie School qui traite, elle, de l'architecture résidentielle, avec pour principale figure de proue Frank Lloyd Wright(1867-1959), ancien collaborateur de Louis Sullivan. L'école de la prairie La Prairie School est un mouvement architectural de la fin du XIXe siècle et du début du XXe siècle qui concerna surtout le Midwest des États-Unis. Le style est marqué par la présence de lignes horizontales, de toits plats, de larges avant-toits en saillie et d'une ornementation maîtrisée. Il se place en rupture avec les façons de construire du XIXe siècle. L'horizontalité devait rappeler le paysage plan des Grandes Plaines, et expliquer le nom de cette école. Le principal initiateur fut → Louis Sullivan, mais d'autres architectes appartiennent à ce mouvement : • Frank Lloyd Wright • Walter Burley Griffin • Marion Mahony Griffin • William Gray Purcell • George Grant Elmslie Autres styles Comme dans les autres métropoles américaines, l'ecclectisme marque l'architecture des bâtiments publics : le mouvement du City Beautiful utilisa les styles Beaux Arts et Néoclassique (Muséum Field, Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago Cultural Center et Art Institute of Chicago en 1893). Les bâtiments du campus de l'Université de Chicago, plusieurs églises (comme la → Second Presbyterian Church) et la Tribune Tower sont de style néogothique. A la différence de New York, Chicago compte peu de bâtiments Art Déco. Le Style international s'est surtout imposé après 1945 (Crown Hall). Enfin, les quartiers ethniques se distinguent par leurs styles architecturaux importés : Chinatown, églises orthodoxes à bulbes, etc. L'architecture résidentielle Chicago possède de nombreuses maisons classées de styles divers. Les rowhouses sont typiques des villes américaines et souvent construites en briques. On en trouve dans presque tous les quartiers. Après le Grand Incendie de 1871, le style Second Empire connut un important succès dans les constructions civiles. La fin du XIXe siècle fut également marqué par l'architecture néocoloniale (quartiers de South Shore, Forest Glen et Beverly), néoroman (→ Palmer Mansion, 1885) et Queen Ann (Hyde Park et Lakeview). L'école de la Prairie compte plusieurs maisons dans les quartiers de Rogers Park, Hyde Park et Beverly. Architecture à Chicago 4 Emil Bach House, Frank Lloyd Wright Two-flat, quartier de La demeure de Ida B. Portage Park Wells dans le quartier de Immeubles de la Gold Bronzeville Coast Projets actuels À la fin du XXe siècle, un grand nombre de nouveaux buildings sortit de terre, manifestant ainsi la prospérité économique de Chicago. La superficie des espaces verts fut étendue et le centre de la ville fut rendu plus sûr la nuit. Le dernier projet en date est la Chicago Spire : les travaux ont commencé en juin 2007 et devraient s'achever en 2010. Le gratte-ciel, un immeuble résidentiel proposant 1200 appartements, est l'œuvre de l'architecte Santiago Calatrava, et devrait alors être le plus haut du continent américain avec 150 étages et 609,60 mètres de hauteur[1] . Quelques édifices de Chicago La liste suivant présente quelques édifices notables de Chicago, avec leur date et le nom du ou des architectes. • 1869 → Chicago Water Tower, William W. Boyington • 1872 → Second Presbyterian Church, 1936 S. Michigan, James Renwick, 1900 Howard Van Doren Shaw • 1877 St. Stanislaus Kostka Church 1327 N. Noble, Patrick Keely • 1885 Home Insurance Building, Chicago School, → William Le Baron Jenney • 1885 → Palmer Mansion, Néoroman, Henry Ives Cobb et Charles Sumner Frost • 1887 Marshall Field Warehouse, Henry Hobson Richardson Le Wrigley Building • 1889 Auditorium Building, → Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler. • 1889 St. Mary of Perpetual Help, Henry Englebert • 1890 and 1894–1895 Reliance Building, firm of → Daniel Burnham • 1891 Manhattan Building, → William Le Baron Jenney Architecture à Chicago 5 • 1893 Palais des beaux-arts qui devint ensuite le Museum of Science and Industry, Charles Atwood • 1893-1898 St. Jean Cantius, Alphonsus Druiding • 1897 St. Paul Church 2234 S. Hoyne, Henry Schlacks • 1897 Chicago Library (now Chicago Cultural Center), Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge • 1898 Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building, → Louis Sullivan • 1903 Holy Trinity Cathedral, Chicago • 1905-1906 Holy Trinity Polish Mission, Herman Manhattan Building (à droite) sur Olszewski and William G.
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