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Role and Application of Curcumin As an Alternative Therapeutic Agent

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Role and Application of Curcumin As an Alternative Therapeutic Agent Singh A, et al., Adv Microb Res 2020, 4: 014 DOI: 10.24966/AMR-694X/100014 HSOA Advances in Microbiology Research Review Article Keywords: Anti-cancer agent; Alternative therapeutics; Curcumin, Role and Application of Nanoparticles; PLGA-cur-nanoparticles Curcumin as an Alternative Introduction Therapeutic Agent Curcuma longa L. also known as turmeric is a perennial herba- ceous plant of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). Turmeric plant Akanksha Singh1, Zaryab Shafi1, Sanjeev Kumar Mahto1, reach about one meter in height and bear long leaves with petioles. Shilpi Yadav2, Ruchi Sankhwar1, Abhishek Kumar1 and Ravi The leaves emerge from the branching rhizomes that lie just below the Kr Gupta1* soil surface. Older rhizomes are scaly and brown in color while young rhizomes are pale yellow to brown-orange. The small yellow-orange 1Department of Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, India flowers are borne in the axil of waxy bracts that are pale green or tinged with purple [1]. Turmeric is traditionally used as a spice and 2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Med- coloring agent in food since many years and one of the most widely ical Sciences, Little Rock, USA used spices throughout the world. However, later turmeric has been recognized for its medicinal importance. Turmeric is known by nu- merous names i.e. Yukon, Indian saffron, kurkum, yellow ginger, and kunyitbasah [2]. Studies have also strongly indicated that curcumin, Abstract the active compound in turmeric, is the key ingredient responsible for the major therapeutic activities of turmeric. Turmeric owes its The golden spice, turmeric has been an essential element in Asian yellow color to the curcumin, the main curcuminoid demethoxycur- culinary since many years. Curcumin is the major and important constituent of turmeric obtained from Curcuma longa L. Due to poor cumin (4-hydroxycinnamoyl-(feruloyl) methane), and bisdemethoxy- stability, solubility and biodegradability the effective concentration of curcumin (bis- (4-hydroxycinnamoyl) methane) all belongs to the curcumin was not able to reach to the tissues by oral consumption diarylheptanoids. These pigments are obtained from the extraction of of turmeric in food. However, recent developments in drug delivery rhizome of turmeric [3]. Curcumin can be extracted from turmeric methods have elevated the formation of several nano-capsulation by different methods such as conventional extraction using Soxhlet, of curcumin. The formation of biodegradable nano-curcumin is one microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and en- of the major breakthroughs for its therapeutic translation in humans zyme assisted extraction of curcumin [4]. and animals against various diseases. Since, ancient time it has Curcumin is a tautomeric compound exists in the enolic form been used for various ailments and also as a supportive therapeutic in organic solvents and keto form in water. The molecular formula agent. Curcumin is now well-established therapeutic agent against is C H O , molecular weight is 368.4 g/mol and melting point is cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, microbial infections, arthri- 21 20 6 183℃. Curcumin has been used extensively in ayurvedic medicines tis and other inflammatory disorders. It has hepatoprotective, im- as it is non-toxic to the greater extent and exhibits a variety of ther- mune-enhancer, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal effects. In this apeutic properties, including antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflamma- mini review article, we have explored the therapeutic role and appli- tory, and antiseptic. Curcumin or diferuloylmethane or 1,7-bis(4-hy- cation of curcumin in human diseases specifically as anti-bacterial droxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadien-3,5-dione, is a polyphenolic and anti-cancer. The combinatorial study of curcumin with available natural compound and the major constituent of the rhizome of the drugs on different types of cancer has been discussed. We have turmeric. Previous studies showed that there is a difference in the also reviewed the types of nano-formulations available till date for curcumin content among different lines of C. longa species. Typi- curcumin and its role as therapeutic agent. cally, turmeric contains approximately 77 percent diferuloylmethane (curcumin I), 17 percent desmethoxycurcumin (curcumin II), and 6 *Corresponding author: Ravi Kr Gupta, Department of Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli road, Lucknow-226025, percent bisdemethoxycurcumin (curcumin III). Curcumin is an or- India, E-mail: [email protected] ange-yellow crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water and ether, but soluble in ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and acetone. Bio- Citation: Singh A, Shafi Z, Mahto SK, Yadav S, Sankhwar R, et al. (2020) Role and Application of Curcumin as an Alternative Therapeutic Agent. Adv Microb Res logical properties exhibited by curcumin include anti-fungal, anti-in- 4: 014. flammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-HIV, neuroprotective, chemo-preventive, and anti-tumor [5]. Received: June 12, 2020; Accepted: August 06, 2020; Published: August 14, 2020 Therapeutic Applications of Curcumin Copyright: © 2020 Singh A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed un- der the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unre- Curcumin is considered as a pleotropic molecule because it stricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original possesses multiple beneficial effects on human body and preventive author and source are credited. measurements against several diseases. Previous studies have Citation: Singh A, Shafi Z, Mahto SK, Yadav S, Sankhwar R, et al. (2020) Role and Application of Curcumin as an Alternative Therapeutic Agent. Adv Microb Res 4: 014. • Page 2 of 7 • established curcumin as a potent antimicrobial, anticancer, anti and Curcumin inhibited the development of intestinal adenomas and -inflammatory and anti-oxidant molecule. Moreover, it also shows reduced the frequency of mutation in BRCA genes. This combination hepatoprotective, cardio protective and gastro protective effects. led to a drastic reduction in inflammation and apoptosis [12]. Anti-Cancer Agent Colorectal cancer Curcumin exerts anticancer effects in different biological path- This is the third most diagnosed type of cancer all over the world ways involved in mutagenesis, apoptosis, and metastasis. Curcumin with high mortality. Bioactive dietary phytochemical compound res- helps in the elimination of reactive oxygen species, shows anti-in- veratrol used with curcumin for great therapeutic potential. The com- flammatory properties as a result of Cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) bination can induce apoptosis in cancer cells. They have been shown inhibition and inhibits cell signal transduction through various mech- to modulate several essential pro-apoptotic genes and signaling path- anisms. These activities lead to observe an antineoplastic effect, ways related to colorectal carcinogenesis on two colorectal cell lines which includes inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and suppression DLD-1 and CaCo-2. The study suggests that curcumin and Resvera- trol are more effective in a dose-dependent manner for inhibiting the of chemically induced carcinogenesis. Cancer is one of the major cell proliferation. In combination treatment IC value were 71.8 μm public health menaces and the second leading cause of death in the 50 (20.5μm curcumin + 51.3μm Resveratrol) for DLD-1 cell lines and world [6]. Although huge progress has been made in the field of can- 66.21μm (18.9μm curcumin + 47.3μm Resveratrol) for CaCo-2 cell cer therapeutics but almost all the anti-cancer treatments available lines respectively [13]. today have severe side effects on healthy cells and body. Therefore, it was hypothesized that we should include some supportive medicines Pancreatic cancer with available drugs against cancer to nullify the adverse effect of Pancreatic Cancer (PaCa) is a major health problem due to its anti-cancer therapy. Curcumin has multiple activities that are more ef- vicious behavior and early metastasis. It is the 5th most common fective for cancer treatment [6]. Curcumin has shown potential activ- cause of death in the United States [13]. Surgical resection is the only ity against many types of cancer either alone or in combination with curative therapy for this disease. However, systemic gemcitabine- other drugs. It is effective against colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, based chemotherapy and nab-paclitaxel are used for pancreatic cancer breast cancer, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, lung cancer, oral but it has many side effects and poor results. Several studies have cancer, Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) [6]. The demonstrated that curcumin has better pharmacological effects. A important mechanism by which curcumin has shown its anti-cancer combination of nano-formulated curcumin with drug Gemcitabine activity is by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation and inva- has been used to control the tumor growth [14]. sion of tumor by suppressing a variety of cellular signaling pathways. It is an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-kB and downstream HNSCC (Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma) gene products (c-myc, Bcl-2, COX-2, NOS, Cyclin D1, TNF-α, in- It is the sixth most common cancer all over the world. Some terleukins and MMP-9) [7,8]. Curcumin has been shown to suppress
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