MUSIC Model 161
Replication & Extension of the MUSIC Model 161 THE SONG REMAINS THE SAME: A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION OF THE MUSIC MODEL PETER J. RENTFROW University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom HAT IS IT ABOUT MUSIC THAT PEOPLE LIKE SO much? Is it the sound, the feelings it evokes, or LEWIS R. GOLDBERG the images it conjures up? Music is so central Oregon Research Institute W to human life and elicits such varied reactions that it is hard to know which aspects of it underlie preferences. DAVID J. STILLWELL & MICHAL KOSINSKI Theory and research in music psychology has focused University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom considerable attention on the effects that music can have on cognitive, physiological, and neurological processes. SAMUEL D. GOSLING We know that when individuals listen to their favorite University of Texas at Austin music, they experience “chills” or “shivers” (Grewe, Kopiez, & Altenmüller, 2009; Sloboda, 1991), heightened DANIEL J. LEVITIN levels of positive affect (Schellenberg, Peretz, & Vieillard, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 2008; Sloboda & O’Neill, 2001; Zentner, Grandjean, & Scherer, 2008) that may be accompanied by dopamine THERE IS OVERWHELMING ANECDOTAL AND EMPIRICAL release (Menon & Levitin, 2005), and mental stimulation evidence for individual differences in musical preferences. (Emery, Hsiao, Hill, & Frid, 2003; George, Stickle, However, little is known about what drives those preferences. Rachid, & Wopnford, 2007; Rickard, Toukhsati, & Field, Are people drawn to particular musical genres (e.g., rap, jazz) 2005). We also know that people use their favorite music or to certain musical properties (e.g., lively, loud)? Recent as an identity badge to broadcast information about findings suggest that musical preferences can be conceptual- themselves to others and that such social messages ized in terms of five orthogonal dimensions: Mellow, influence how individuals are perceived (Rentfrow & Unpretentious, Sophisticated, Intense, and Contemporary Gosling, 2006, 2007; Rentfrow, McDonald, & Oldmeadow, (conveniently, MUSIC).
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