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Moorings: Indian Ocean Trade and the State in East Africa
MOORINGS: INDIAN OCEAN TRADE AND THE STATE IN EAST AFRICA A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Nidhi Mahajan August 2015 © 2015 Nidhi Mahajan MOORINGS: INDIAN OCEAN TRADE AND THE STATE IN EAST AFRICA Nidhi Mahajan, Ph. D. Cornell University 2015 Ever since the 1998 bombings of American embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, especially post - 9/11 and the “War on Terror,” the Kenyan coast and the Indian Ocean beyond have become flashpoints for national and international security. The predominantly Muslim sailors, merchants, and residents of the coast, with transnational links to Somalia, the Middle East, and South Asia have increasingly become the object of suspicion. Governments and media alike assume that these longstanding transnational linkages, especially in the historical sailing vessel or dhow trade, are entwined with networks of terror. This study argues that these contemporary security concerns gesture to an anxiety over the coast’s long history of trade and social relations across the Indian Ocean and inland Africa. At the heart of these tensions are competing notions of sovereignty and territoriality, as sovereign nation-states attempt to regulate and control trades that have historically implicated polities that operated on a loose, shared, and layered notion of sovereignty and an “itinerant territoriality.” Based on over twenty-two months of archival and ethnographic research in Kenya and India, this dissertation examines state attempts to regulate Indian Ocean trade, and the manner in which participants in these trades maneuver regulatory regimes. -
Newspaper Visibility of Members of Parliament in Kenya*
Journalism and Mass Communication, ISSN 2160-6579 D July 2012, Vol. 2, No. 7, 717-734 DAVID PUBLISHING Newspaper Visibility of Members of Parliament in Kenya* Kioko Ireri Indiana University, Bloomington, USA This research investigates variables that predicted news coverage of 212 members of parliament (MPs) in Kenya by four national newspapers in 2009. The 10 variables examined are: ordinary MP, cabinet minister, powerful ministry, parliamentary committee chairmanship, seniority, big tribe identity, major party affiliation, presidential ambition, commenting on contentious issues, and criticizing government. Findings indicate that commenting on contentious issues, criticizing government, cabinet minister, ordinary MP, powerful ministry, and seniority significantly predicted visibility of the parliamentarians in newspaper news. However, a multiple regression analysis shows that the strongest predictors are commenting on contentious issues, cabinet minister, criticizing government, and big tribe identity. While commenting on controversial issues was the strongest predictor, major party identification and committee leadership were found not to predict MPs’ visibility. Keywords: Kenya, members of parliament (MPs), newspapers, newspaper visibility, politicians, visibility, visibility predictor Introduction Today, the mass media have become important platforms for the interaction of elected representatives and constituents. Through the mass media, citizens learn what their leaders are doing for them and the nation. Similarly, politicians use the media to make their agendas known to people. It is, thus, rare to come across elected leaders ignorant about the importance of registering their views, thoughts, or activities in the news media. In Kenya, members of parliament have not hesitated to exploit the power of the mass media to its fullest in their re-election bids and in other agendas beneficial to them. -
Devolution Conference 23Rd - 27Th April 2018 Kakamega High School Kakamega County
THE FIFTH ANNUAL DEVOLUTION CONFERENCE 23RD - 27TH APRIL 2018 KAKAMEGA HIGH SCHOOL KAKAMEGA COUNTY “Sustainable, Productive, Effective and Efficient Governments for Results Delivery” Our Vision Prosperous and democratic Counties delivering services to every Kenyan. Our Mission To be a global benchmark of excellence in devolution that is non-partisan; providing a supporting pillar for County Government as a platform for consultation, information sharing, capacity building, performance management and dispute resolution. Our Values Our core values are: professionalism, independence, equality and equity, cooperation and being visionary. Our Motto 48 Governments, 1 Nation. THE FIFTH ANNUAL DEVOLUTION CONFERENCE 2018 | i A publication by: The Council of County Governors (COG) Delta Corner, 2nd Floor, Opp PWC Chiromo Road, Off Waiyaki Way P.O Box 40401 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Email: [email protected] Phone: +254 (020) 2403313/4 Mobile: +254729777281 http://www.cog.go.ke ©November 2018 The production of this report was supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the Agile and Harmonized Assistance for Devolved Institutions (AHADI) Program. The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Contents Abbreviations v Foreword vii Statement By The Chairperson, Devolution Conference Steering Committee viii Acknowledgement ix Executive Summary xi 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Conference Objectives 1 1.3 Opening Ceremony 2 -
Parliament of Kenya the Senate
July 2, 2013 SENATE DEBATES 1 PARLIAMENT OF KENYA THE SENATE THE HANSARD Tuesday, 2nd July, 2013 The Senate met at the Kenyatta International Conference Centre at 2.30 p.m. [The Speaker (Hon. Ethuro) in the Chair] PRAYERS Sen. Orengo: On a point of order, Mr. Speaker, Sir. Did you see what Sen. Musila did while the Speaker’s retinue was in procession? He just joined and became part of the procession. He did not even wait for you to take your Seat. Is that in order for somebody who has been a Deputy Speaker? (Sen. Musila stood up in his place) The Speaker (Hon. Ethuro): Sen. Musila, are you standing there to confirm what Sen. Orengo is suggesting? Sen. Musila: Mr. Speaker, Sir, I was in the process of approaching the Chair on an important matter. Yes, I did actually follow way behind the Speaker’s procession. I came in to ensure that there is a quorum. So, Mr. Speaker, Sir, if I made any mistake, I apologize. QUORUM CALL AT COMMENCEMENT OF SITTING The Speaker (Hon. Ethuro): Order, Hon. Senators! Could we confirm if we have a quorum? The Clerk of the Senate (Mr. Nyegenye): Mr. Speaker, Sir, we have 20 Senators in the House. Yes, we have a quorum. Sen. Orengo: I need your direction, Mr. Speaker, Sir--- The Speaker (Hon. Ethuro): Order, Sen. Orengo. Even if you need my direction, it is not for you to speak whenever you want to speak. An hon. Senator: He is out of order! The Speaker (Hon. Ethuro): If you really believe the Chair is giving a ruling on such a mundane matter, then you must also follow the serious ones of seeking the Chair’s permission to speak. -
Macro Report Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 4: Macro Report September 10, 2012
Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 1 Module 4: Macro Report Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 4: Macro Report September 10, 2012 Country: Kenya Date of Election: 4 March 2013 Prepared by: Matthias Krönke, Abel Oyuke and Robert Mattes Date of Preparation: 23 November 2016 NOTES TO COLLABORATORS: . The information provided in this report contributes to an important part of the CSES project. The information may be filled out by yourself, or by an expert or experts of your choice. Your efforts in providing these data are greatly appreciated! Any supplementary documents that you can provide (e.g., electoral legislation, party manifestos, electoral commission reports, media reports) are also appreciated, and may be made available on the CSES website. Answers should be as of the date of the election being studied. Where brackets [ ] appear, collaborators should answer by placing an “X” within the appropriate bracket or brackets. For example: [X] . If more space is needed to answer any question, please lengthen the document as necessary. Data Pertinent to the Election at which the Module was Administered 1a. Type of Election [] Parliamentary/Legislative [X] Parliamentary/Legislative and Presidential [ ] Presidential [ ] Other; please specify: __________ 1b. If the type of election in Question 1a included Parliamentary/Legislative, was the election for the Upper House, Lower House, or both? [ ] Upper House [ ] Lower House [X] Both [ ] Other; please specify: __________ Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 2 Module 4: Macro Report 2a. What was the party of the president prior to the most recent election, regardless of whether the election was presidential? Party of National Unity and Allies (National Rainbow Coalition) 2b. -
Raila Odinga and the Comrades
By Isaac Otidi Amuke Forgive me, comrades If I say something apolitical And shamefully emotional But in the dark of night It is as if my heart is clutched By a giant iron hand: “Treachery, treachery” I cry out Thinking of you, comrades And how you have betrayed The things we suffered for – Dennis Brutus During a 1998 visit to Uganda by US President Bill Clinton, First Lady Hillary Clinton was meant to have dinner with representatives of the Makerere University students’ guild. However, the Makerere students took the risk and liberty to invite an extra guest to the table, a Kenyan student from the University of Nairobi with whom they had built a comradeship. The Kenyan was part of a group campaigning for the reinstatement of the Students Organisation of Nairobi University (SONU), a historically radical organisation in Kenya’s largest and oldest university that had been banned in 1987. The body was reestablished in 1992, after which it was banned again. Throughout this period, Kenya’s strongman, Daniel arap Moi, was eternally fearful that SONU would partake in an onslaught against his authoritarian regime. There was a history. In 1982, when Moi was barely half a decade into his 24-year reign of terror, tens of University of Nairobi students – seen as coup sympathisers of an attempted putsch by junior Kenya Air Force officers – got rounded up by the nudged state. The majority were released after brief detentions, while those identified as lead troublemakers, including SONU president Tito Adungosi, got locked up on trumped-up charges. Adungosi was jailed for five years, dying mysteriously barely days before his release date. -
Akiwumi.Rift Valley.Pdf
CHAPTER ONE TRIBAL CLASHES IN THE RIFT VALLEY PROVINCE Tribal clashes in the Rift Valley Province started on 29th October, 1991, at a farm known as Miteitei, situated in the heart of Tinderet Division, in Nandi District, pitting the Nandi, a Kalenjin tribe, against the Kikuyu, the Kamba, the Luhya, the Kisii, and the Luo. The clashes quickly spread to other farms in the area, among them, Owiro, farm which was wholly occupied by the Luo; and into Kipkelion Division of Kericho District, which had a multi-ethnic composition of people, among them the Kalenjin, the Kisii and the Kikuyu. Later in early 1992, the clashes spread to Molo, Olenguruone, Londiani, and other parts of Kericho, Trans Nzoia, Uasin Gishu and many other parts of the Rift Valley Province. In 1993, the clashes spread to Enoosupukia, Naivasha and parts of Narok, and the Trans Mara Districts which together then formed the greater Narok before the Trans Mara District was hived out of it, and to Gucha District in Nyanza Province. In these areas, the Kipsigis and the Maasai, were pitted against the Kikuyu, the Kisii, the Kamba and the Luhya, among other tribes. The clashes revived in Laikipia and Njoro in 1998, pitting the Samburu and the Pokot against the Kikuyu in Laikipia, and the Kalenjin mainly against the Kikuyu in Njoro. In each clash area, non-Kalenjin or non-Maasai, as the case may be, were suddenly attacked, their houses set on fire, their properties looted and in certain instances, some of them were either killed or severely injured with traditional weapons like bows and arrows, spears, pangas, swords and clubs. -
Somalis the Cruel Consequences of Kenya's Passbook System
Screening of Ethnic Somalis The Cruel Consequences of Kenya's Passbook System Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 The Procedure is Set in Place .............................................................................................. 3 Arbitrary Criteria Used to Determine Qualifications ......................................................... 4 Doubts about the Legal Basis of Screening Panels ........................................................... 5 Facilitating the Exploitation of Local Rivalries ................................................................. 6 Women at a Disadvantage ............................................................................................... 7 The Abandoned Children ................................................................................................ 8 The Deportations .............................................................................................................. 10 At the Border ................................................................................................................. 12 Over the Border ............................................................................................................. 15 Stranded and Stateless in Mogadishu, Somalia............................................................. 17 Internal "Deportations" .................................................................................................. 21 Screening -
Ethnic Politics and the Constitutional Review Process in Kenya Laurence Juma
Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law Volume 9 | Issue 2 Article 3 3-1-2002 Ethnic Politics and the Constitutional Review Process in Kenya Laurence Juma Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tjcil Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Laurence Juma, Ethnic Politics and the Constitutional Review Process in Kenya, 9 Tulsa J. Comp. & Int'l L. 471 (2001). Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tjcil/vol9/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law by an authorized administrator of TU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ETHNIC POLITICS AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW PROCESS IN KENYA t Laurence Juma I. INTRODUCTION When the Daniel Arap Moi regime in Kenya reluctantly acceded to the amendment of the Constitution to allow for multi-party politics in 1991,' many political observers and opposition groups believed that it was indeed possible to effect change of government and institute democratic governance through elections. The 1992 and 1997 elections proved them wrong. Moi is still in power, and neither the increased number of players in the political scene, nor the diminishing foreign aid allocations have shown the promise of ever tempering his dominance. 2 And yet his regime continues to stifle individual freedoms and rights,' fan ethnic indifferences, attract blame for political murders,4 and worst of all, tolerate the plunder of national resources for the benefit of a few through corruption and tLecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Nairobi, Kenya; currently a research fellow at the Danish Center for Human Rights, Copenhagen, Denmark; M.A., International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame; LL.M., University of Pennsylvania; LL.B., University of Nairobi. -
Conflict Assessment / 2014 Northern Kenya and Somaliland WRITTEN for DANISH DEMINING GROUP by DR
Conflict Assessment / 2014 Northern Kenya and Somaliland WRITTEN FOR DANISH DEMINING GROUP BY DR. KEN MENKHAUS, FINAL, CORRECTED VERSION, MARCH 2015 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............ 1 7. APPENDIX / NORTHERN KENYA COUNTY CASE STUDIES ..................... 86 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............ 2 APPENDIX A / ISIOLO COUNTY .......... 86 1. INTRODUCTION ....................... 5 APPENDIX B / MANDERA COUNTY ..... 93 2. CONTEXTS ............................. 9 APPENDIX C / WAJIR COUNTY ......... 104 3. CONFLICT ASSESSMENT / APPENDIX D / GARISSA COUNTY ..... 111 NORTHERN KENYA ................ 16 4. CONFLICT ASSESSMENT / APPENDIX E / MARSABIT COUNTY .... 117 SOMALILAND ........................ 54 5. CONCLUSIONS ...................... 76 APPENDIX F / ELECTED OFFICIALS ....123 6. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS ..... 81 REFERENCES ................................... 126 DANISH DEMINING GROUP Founded in 1997, the Danish Demining Group (DDG) is a specialised unit within the Danish Refugee Council. DDG works in more than 17 countries with the mission “to recreate a safe environment where people can live without the threat of landmines, explosive remnants of war, and small arms and light weapons”. Since 2008, DDG is applying a comprehensive approach to armed violence reduction under which the increasing problem of armed violence is addressed in five areas of intervention at mainly community, local and national levels. Each intervention area has a clear outcome and impact focus: • Security Governance: Enhancing Civic engagement in and influence over security -
Diplomatic Manoeuvre and Kenya's Military
Africa Amani Journal Vol. 1 | Africa Amani Journal (c) Copyright © 2014 Africa Amani Journal Chief Editor: Mumo Nzau (AAJ) Web: www.aaj.ipstc.org Editing Oversight: International Peace Support Vol. 1 Issue 1| July 2014 Training Centre Email: [email protected] Diplomatic Manoeuvre and Kenya’s Military Campaign in Somalia Author; Mumo Nzau Corresponding author; Maj. Gen. (Rtd) Charles Mwanzia Abstract From time to time, states resort to armed engagements with others for various reasons. War is mostly considered the last resort in the pursuit of the national interests of states. Throughout the modern nation- state system and more so since the end of the Second World War, states have been slow to resort to war. More often than not they may opt to interact with their potential adversaries through peaceful means before to armed campaigns. Such adversaries may take the form of state or non-state actors, which may include sub- national groups, belligerent movements or any other formation(s) perceived to be a threat to state survival. It was under such circumstances that Kenya sent its troops to Somalia in pursuit of the Al Qaeda-linked terror organization, Al Shabaab in mid-October 2011. In practical terms, Kenya did not declare war on Somalia but rather she invoked her right to self-defence against a threat emanating from her important neighbour, Somalia. Invoking Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, Kenya proclaimed self-defence as an inherent right and declared that she had to do whatever was necessary to keep her borders secure from terrorism and economic sabotage. -
Africa Amani Journal
l pecia A S ssue December 2014 unch I LaAFRICA AMANI VOLUME 1, ISSUE 1 JOURNAL A Journal of the International Peace Support Training Centre. Dedicated to Peace in Africa Table of Contents Editorial .....................................................................................................................v Research for Peace and Security; Brigadier Robert Kabage, Director................vi Diplomatic Manoeuvre and Kenya’s Military Campaign in Somalia; Mumo Nzau & Charles Mwanzia ...........................................................................1 Contesting Traditional Conflict Resolutions Mechanisms in a Neo-liberal setting: Lessons from Kenya; Samuel A. Nyanchoga ...........................................10 Predicting State Fragility in Africa: A Multi-factor Analysis; Gatara Timothy Henry ...........................................................................................18 The Changing Nature of Peace Keeping in Africa; Joseph Kioi Mbugua .........25 Action Research: IPSTC Experience in Eastern Africa; Joyce Sitienei Head of Applied Research ...............................................................................31 General information. This Journal is a publication of the International Peace Support Training Centre, IPSTC. The Journal will be issued quarterly, in February, May, August and November. Editorial Team: Col. E.M. Lusaala, Chairman. Editor: Prof. Timothy Gatara. Lt. Col. Joyce Sitienei, Member Editorial Assistant: Evans Adamba. Direct Articles to: The Editor, Africa Amani Journal, P.O. Box