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43º Encontro Anual Da Anpocs 43º ENCONTRO ANUAL DA ANPOCS ST40 SOCIEDADE E VIDA ECONÔMICA MUITO ALÉM DA CARNE: as práticas alimentares dos restaurantes e consumidores veganos de Porto Alegre Autores: Maycon Noremberg Schubert (UFRGS) Paulo André Niederle (UFRGS) INTRODUÇÃO As mudanças climáticas estão no centro dos debates mais tensos atualmente, tanto no âmbito dos Estados, com iniciativas de austeridade fiscal, intensificação na exploração de recursos naturais, soberania nacional e acordos internacionais, etc (SHUTTE, 2014; ALMEIDA, 2019), quanto no âmbito da sociedade civil, mudanças nos hábitos de consumo, engajamento político em movimento sociais e coletivos, etc (COLOMÉ, 2018; CARLSSON-KANYAMA e GONZÁLEZ, 2009), assim como nos mercados, startups, fusões e incorporações, inovação, e processos de industrialização mais intensos, etc (GERHARD, et all, 2019; SCHUBERT e TAVARES, 2019). Transversalmente a todo esse debate está presente o modo e a forma com que as sociedades se alimentam, produzem, beneficiam, transportam, comercializam, preparam e descartam os alimentos. Segundo relatório da FAO (2013), a produção alimentar é responsável por cerca de 19-29%, provocada pela indução humana, da emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE), 60% da perda de biodiversidade da terra, 70% do uso de água. A criação de animais é quem carrega esse maior ‘fardo’, sendo responsável por cerca de 14,4% dos GEE’s (FAO, 2013a). Porém, há distinção em relação aos diferentes tipos (Suínos, Frango, Bubalinos, Pequenos Ruminantes e Outras aves), sendo a produção de leite e carnes, de origem bovina, os maiores causadores desse impacto, representando 65% do total de emissão de GEE’s, referente à criação de animais (FAO, 2013a). Essa relação, entre as mudanças climáticas e a o padrão atual do sistema agroalimentar, é sinérgica, ou seja, uma ‘espiral’ autodestrutiva (FAO, 2015), cujos custos já representam um prejuízo no PIB mundial em torno de 5-10% (SWINBURN, et all., 2019). Uma das culturas mais afetadas, nesse cenário, seriam as commodities, especialmente a soja (EMABRAPA, 2008). Não obstante, o impacto na saúde da população se expressa no elevado índice de pessoas com excesso de peso, chegando a 2 bilhões no mundo todo, ou seja, 25% da população mundial, sendo que 650 milhões são consideradas obesas 8,4% da população mundial1. Esses dados contribuem com os altos índices de ‘Doenças não Comunicáveis’ (NCD em inglês) (HAWKES, et all., 2012), gerando um custo estimado em torno de 2,8% do PIB mundial (SWINBURN, et all., 2019). Por outro lado, a má nutrição e a fome são os principais desafios para os países africanos e asiáticos, que enfrentam um rápido e 1 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight intenso processo de urbanização (BATTERSBY, 2017), com custos girando em torno de 4-11% dos seus PIBs (SWINBURN, et all., 2019). Ademais, as mudanças climáticas afetam mais destrutivamente os países com baixa capacidade estrutural de resposta aos desastres naturais (FAO, 2015), vide o ciclone que atingiu Moçambique em 20192. Alguns proeminentes relatórios de pesquisa, recentemente lançados, apontam para um quadro de ‘Sindemia Global’, entre mudanças climáticas, obesidade e desnutrição, cuja omissão dos governos, o descaso das grandes indústrias e os maus hábitos alimentares da população, dentre outros fatores e contextos, se somatizam para o agravamento desse quadro de destruição global (SWINBURN, et all., 2019). Outros apontam para uma rápida entrada em uma nova era, o Antropoceno, cujas interferências humanas sobre o planeta seriam de tal monta a ponto de demarcar uma nova época (WILLET, et all., 2019). Para os primeiros, uma das alternativas possíveis seria o que chamam de ‘Ações de Trabalho Triplo’, ou seja, iniciativas de mudança que fossem transversais às epidemias elencadas, obesidade, desnutrição e mudanças climáticas. Para os segundos a alternativa seria nada menos que uma ‘Grande Transformação Alimentar’, especialmente nas dietas e nos modelos de produção de alimentos. Notadamente, ambos confluem para o que muitos autores têm buscado refletir e apontar saídas, que são as dietas sustentáveis e suas conexões entre a nutrição e os sistemas alimentares (BURLIGAME e DERNINI, 2018). Porém, uma questão chama a atenção entre todos estes estudos, relatórios e discussões, a necessidade de mudanças na dieta alimentar, destacadamente na redução do consumo de carnes, especialmente carnes vermelhas. Não obstante, grandes empresas estão adentrando esses mercados, com destaque aos ‘laboratórios de cultivo de carne’3, e a chamada ‘carne à base de plantas’4, já com fortes disputas pelo paladar, consciência e bolso dos consumidores5. O grande foco dessas empresas tem sido o consumidor que potencialmente está inclinado a consumir mais produtos veganos, não necessariamente que sejam veganos6. Tal fato corrobora com os dados que o IBGE (2018) divulgou recentemente, que 63% dos brasileiros, por exemplo, 2 https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-47622803 3 https://cellbasedtech.com/lab-grown-meat-companies 4 Esse mercado comporta uma diversidade grande de produtores/empresas. Desde grandes empresas, Beyond Meat (com investimentos da Cargil), até mesmo informais que vendem em feiras veganas (salsicha, almôndegas, etc). 5 https://forbes.uol.com.br/colunas/2019/07/novas-pesquisas-indicam-que-ninguem-quer-carnes-de- laboratorio/ 6 Ver o programa da Globo News Munda S/A – ‘Foodtech – a comida do futuro’, exibido em 1 de julho de 2019. querem reduzir o consumo de carnes, porém apenas 14% se consideram vegetarianos, atualmente. Cabe notar que o número de pessoas que se declaravam veganas/vegetarianas em 2009, foi de 9% e 8% em 2012, segundo o IBGE. Ou seja, subiu 50%, 10 anos depois, demostrando o quão recente é esse movimento e ainda pouco clara as razões desse aumento. Diante desse quadro, as perguntas que se impõe são: é uma tendência em crescimento, que perdurará e mudará significativamente os hábitos alimentares de grande parte da população? Ou, uma moda, que em algumas poucas décadas se dissipará? Ou, ainda, seguirá outros rumos não conhecidos por nós? São perguntas ainda em aberto e que esse trabalho, inclusive, refletirá sobre. Essa ‘onda’ em torno de lutas contra as mudanças climáticas, a obesidade e a desnutrição, fomenta um ‘despertar’ político – como amplo processo social –, que gera expectativas em diferentes setores da sociedade, especialmente nos mercados e na sociedade civil. Este último apresenta uma grande diversidade e totipotência em termos de pautas éticas, estéticas e culturais. O anterior, está mais centrado nas ordens econômicas, ‘lendo’ as primeiras e canalizando-as aos processos de mercantilização. Exemplo de fenômenos que vem passando pelo processo de mercantilização são inúmeros: feminismo, com o femvertising (ABTIBOL e STERNADORI, 2016), agroecologia, pela apropriação dos selos de origem, qualidade e indicações geográficas (NIEDERLE, 2018), veganismo, com apoio do pragmatismo vegano e a entrada de grandes players industriais nesse setor (LEENAERT, 2017), o movimento LGBTQ+ e os mercados ‘Pink Money’ (MORESCHI, et all, 2011), dentre outros. Notem que, por detrás de cada um dos movimentos de mercantilização, há, na sua base social, um engajamento político diverso e complexo da sociedade civil, refletindo na demanda por produtos/mercadorias/bens. Porém, talvez o leitor se pergunte: e o Estado? Esse é um espaço em permanente disputa, diríamos, ora tendo suas agendas públicas ocupadas pelo lado da demanda (conselhos, comissões, mobilizações, petições, eleições, etc), ora pelo lado da oferta (lobby), oscilando entre proibir, fomentar, regular, liberar ou corromper-se. Como exemplos que ocorrem nas disputas dessa agenda, no caso brasileiro, poderíamos citar a inserção dos movimentos ambientalistas nas agendas e espaços da administração pública, especialmente ao longo da década de 1990, tendo como ícone a formação do CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente); e, mais recentemente, a partir dos anos 2000, a entra de movimentos ligados à saúde coletiva nestes espaços e agendas, tendo como ícone a retomada7 do CONSEA (Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional). Outros estão apenas começando a adentrar esses espaços e essas agendas, como é o caso dos movimentos feministas, LGBTQ+ e veganos, para citar alguns que mais vem se destacando, ao nosso ver, atualmente. Conquanto, já é possível perceber alguns processos de interseccionalidade entre todos estes movimentos, como é o caso da presença de consumidores veganos em feiras agroecológicas (debates muito recentes, sem estudos sistematizados no momento), de movimentos feministas veganos (CAROL, 2012 [1990]), de movimentos agroecológicos feministas8, etc. Tais aspectos até aqui abordados nos mostram um quadro complexo de articulação e disputa, entre os diferentes setores da sociedade – mercados, estado e sociedade civil – e entre diferentes pautas políticas, feminismo, agroecologia, veganismo, LGBTQ+, ambientalismos, agricultores familiares, etc. Alguns vezes convergindo, outras divergindo, ou, ainda, algumas vezes, não dialogando. Tudo isso diante de desafios alarmantes, como já apontados, as mudanças climáticas, a obesidade e a desnutrição. Diante desse cenário, nosso objetivo é discutir um pouco mais sobre o veganismo, buscando compreender como tem se manifestado nas práticas sociais dos indivíduos e seus coletivos, as conexões que tem feito com outras práticas sociais, e como tem se ramificado pelos mercados alimentares. A proposta não é buscar explicações que sintetizem esse cenário acima
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