Problems with Fiber Reactive Dyeings Not Repeating - .A Look at Five Typical Cases

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Problems with Fiber Reactive Dyeings Not Repeating - .A Look at Five Typical Cases Appendix A Problems With Fiber Reactive Dyeings Not Repeating - .A Look at Five Typical Cases By: Brent Smith, Keith Beck, and Tod Uadderra College of Textiles, NCSU Raleigh, NC Reprinted with permission f” American Dyestuff Reuorter (September 1990) Problems With Fiber Reactive Dyeings Not Repeating- A Look At Five Typical Cases -! By Brent Smith, Keith Beck, Tod Madderra School of Textiles, N.C.S.U. Raleigh, NC Introduction igure 1-Data acquisition system. demonstrated by our real-time data While it’s a fact that the fiber reac- acquisition system. tive dyeing of cellulosic materials is of great commercial importance, it is also one of the most difficult batch Case I: A “Normal” Dyeing with prdcesses to control. As part of a Triazines Consortium for Research in Apparel, Dyeings known to have good pro- .. Fiber and Textile Manufacturing duction history generally use dye (CRAFTM), the authors have de- combinations with similar exhaus- : I veloped a system for acquiring real- tion and substantivity characteris- time on-line data from batch dyeings. tics. A typical case is shown in Figure Actual production dyeing problems 2 for a combination of two mono- can now be diagnosed in our own chloro triazine dyes, Orange 13 and laboratory using data from this data Violet 1. The kinetics of exhaustion acquisition system. This information as well as the substantivity of the is a great asset to both laboratory dyes clearly produce similar exhaust ’. I and production dyers in establishing curves up to the time of alkali addi- dye recipes and procedures which, tion (25 minutes). Addition of alkali, due to their inherent design, repeat which in this case produces essen- consistently and resist shade varia- tially no further exhaustion of the tions. le dye procedures and recipes. bath, initiates the reaction phase of The data acquisition system is de- To control fiber reactive dyes, onc the dyeing. The overall reaction rate scribed in more detail elsewhere’.*. lust consider many important fac is controlled by several factors: con- Data from this system include infor- )rs, such as diffusion, reactivity anc centration of dye present, concentra- mation about dye concentration in Jbstantivity. In addition, there arc tion of nucleophile (i.e., cellulose or the dye bath at any time, conductiv- nportant differences between type! hydroxyl anions), and reaction rate ity, pH and temperature. In addition ‘hich must be taken in account constant. The fixation efficiency de- to diagnosis of dyeing problems, hese differences are graphicall) pends on the relative reaction rate of . -. these data can be used for other pur- .. poses such as modelling and study- .. igure 2-Dye exhaustion vs. time-Violet 1 and Orange 13. .. ing dyeing processes, and real time process control. The system consists of sensors to detect pH. conductivity, temperature, dye and chemical concentrations in the dyebath on a real time basis; sig- nal- conditioners; micro and mini computers; displays and peripherals, as shown in the block diagram in Figure 1. We have used this appa- .. ratus to examine dyeing recipes and procedures with exceptional produc- tion history (good and bad). Data from such dyeings show exactly why some dyeings “went wrong,“ and also indicate how to improve the per- formance of these shades in terms of I ~~~ The dye with cellulose compared to Case II: Triazine Dyes of Differe tive efficiency of fixation of the two water, which in turn depends on the Substantivity dyes will depend on their relative re relative amounts of dye in the fiber Figure 3 shows another combin action rates which in turn depend on and in the dyebath respectively. Note tion shade of two monochloro tri their relative concentrations in the that, at the time of alkali addition, ex- zine dyes, Yellow 135 and Blue 5. I fiber. Even with all other factors (e.g., haustion has essentially reached a in case I, exhaustion of each dye hi reactivity of the dyes) being equal, steady state, thus the timing of the reached a relatively steady state pril the fraction of blue dye in the fiber is alkali addition is not critical. Also, to alkali addition. But in this cas about half as great, giving much the exhaustion is moderate to high the yellow component is nearly 80 lower fixation efficiency and more for fiber reactive dyes-about 60% at exhausted at the time of alkali adc hydrolysis. Thus, the “hot patch” the time of alkali addition. Under tion, compared to just over 40% fl taken before washing will contain these conditions, reaction of the dye the blue. much more unfixed hydrolyzed blue with the fiber occurs reproducibly This has important practical imp dye, which will wash out and the and efficiently. cations to the dyer because the re1 shade will wash down to a more yel- low cast. The dyer will be faced with a hot patch decision requiring con- siderable judgment as to how much the shade will change on washing. Case 111: Alkali Added Too Soon Figure 4 shows a combination of !wo dichloro triazine dyes, Yellow 7 and Blue 4. Although alkali was added after the same time (25 min- Jtes) as in the two previous cases, :he data clearly indicate that, in this :ase, dye is still exhausting. There- ‘ore, the timing of the alkali add has f great effect upon the ultimate shade. If alkali is added slightly ear- ier than specified, more dye will re- nain in the bath and thus relatively ess of the dye will be fixed. Control If the alkali add must be almost Introducing.. ?xact,since any deviation in the tim- ng of alkali addition or even at the ime it takes to circulate the alkali hroughout the dyeing machine Stater by Washex :ould well produce shade variation. lther factors (e.g., fabric prepara- ion, temperaturehate of rise, salt The Features The Results :oncentration) might well advance Superior STATIC EXTRACTION Improved productivity-no straight- )r retard dye exhaustion slightly, and CAPABILITY is a reality with a ening is required; and this design hereby significantly affect shade re- unique and revolutionary design feature costs less than specialized jeatability. feature found only in Washex static dye machines. In cases I and II exhaust to a steady Textile Dyein&xtractors. tate existed prior to alkali addition. :or those processes, ultimate dye The Benefits lxhaustion depends primarily on the call toll-free outside Texas: inal conditions in the exhaust Ideal for dyeing pantyhose, knit (800) suits, lingerie, and panties. Recent 433-0933 ihase, e.g.. temperature, salt con- tests confirm that STATEX inside Texas: entration and liquor ratio. Mo- dyeing/extractors reduce picks and (817)855-3990 nentary fluctuations do not substan- tangles more than 50%. ially affect the final exhaustion. But, i this case, dye continues to ex- laust after the addition of alkali, giv- -- - -.-e*-zz ig simultaneous exhaustion and re- WASHEXe9 ction. The dyeing results then D.,..- -. ,.-~,-~~~”,.- &.,-A&:q lecome highly path dependent and IY ny fluctuation in the factors previ- Washex Machinery Company usly mentioned is likely to result in Division White Consolidated Industries, Inc. poor shade repeat or unlevel dye- 5000 Central Freeway ig. This is a higher risk situation and Wichita Falls, Texru 76306 ?quires more careful control to P132a chieve good shade repeats. Circle 24 on Reader Service Card 40 American Dyestuff Reporter 0 September 1990 a .-- Gigure &Dye exhaustion vs. time-Yellow 135 and Blue 5. Figure &-Dye exhaustion vs. time-Yellow 7 and Blue 4. 0 YOllOW 135 - Yellow 7 - BlrU.5 --- Blue4 --- 0 a-- - - - __ I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Tlm (Minuter) :igure -ye exhaustion vs. time-Blue 3R and Blue 21 Figure &Dye exhaustion vs. time-Blue 19 and Red 180. , 0 .-0 T- ElW33R - Blue19 --- Elm21 --- Red180 - I m0. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 TIM (Mlnuter) :ase IV: Vinyl Sulfones of Different leactivlty Figure 5 shows the performance of combination of two sulfatoethyl ulfone dyes, Remazol Blue 3R (no .I. Number) and Blue 21. (Note- ue to pH sensitivity of the dyes in lis reme, a scale factor adjustment was made at the time of addition of ilkali.) These dyes have very compat- ble exhaustion prior to alkali addi- ion and reach a fairly steady state. 3ut, in contrast to the triazine dyes fescribed in the preceding, these fyes commence exhaustion again 42 I I ently unstable shade repeats can b identified by examination of dyebat The Textile data. Dye recipes and procedure which are high risk can be identifie1 Industry’s in advance using real time dyebatl data acquisition. Air In these studies the authors suc don similar to cases Ill and IV. Thi: cessfully identified several specifit Pollution y!, .-_-muires careful control of many fac situations leading to higher risk o tors, e.g.. temperature and alkali ad poor shade repeats in fiber reactivc Solution dition, to achieve good shade re - _--------. -- dyeing as demonstrated by thesc peats and level dyeings. - cases. A few of the most prominen problems included (a) selection o 1- Conclusions dyes of different affinity or reactivit! Fiber reactive dye formulation: and (b) addition of alkali toc and procedures vary greatly in theii soon. 0 0 0 performance. Even if dyers had es sentially perfect control over theii processes, shade variations would leferences 1 ) Madderra. Tod. Development of a Rea still result from uncontrollable fac. Time Data Acquisition System for Batct tors such as fiber maturity, ambienl Dyeing, Master’s Thesis, NCSU College conditions, water quality, dye and of Textiles, 1990. chemical variances. Therefore, it is 2) Beck. Keith, Madderra. Tod and Smith, important to devise dyeing protocols Brent. Real-Time Data Acquisition in Batch Dyeing, in press, Proceedings oi which ale highly resistant to varia- the 1990 AATCC National Technical Photo: Third precipitator on the far tions.
Recommended publications
  • Alum Mineral and the Importance for Textile Dyeing
    Current Trends in Fashion Technology & Textile Engineering ISSN: 2577-2929 Mini-Review Curr Trends Fashion Technol Textile Eng Volume 3- Issue 4 - April 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Ezatollah Mozaffari DOI: 10.19080/CTFTTE.2018.03.555619 Alum Mineral and the Importance for Textile Dyeing Ezatollah Mozaffari* and Bijan Maleki Imam khomeini international university, Qazvin, Iran Submission: Published: April 25, 2018 *Corresponding April author: 10, 2018; Email: Ezatollah Mozaffari, Imam khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran, Tel: +9828-33901133; Abstract The importance of alum as a natural mordant in textile dyeing is explained. The history of alum mineral processing was reviewed to emphasise on the heritage knowledge inherited by current trends in fashion technology and textile engineering. The review will also demonstrate the conservative environmental preservation nature of alum mineral as mordant. The need for modern evaluation of natural dyes and mordants will be highlighted. Keywords: Alum; Mordant; Industrial heritage Introduction the calcined mass the calcined shale was barrowed to a series Alum was known as one of the most imperative components of stone leaching pits nearby with typical dimensions of 9 x of textile industry before the introduction of chemical dyes in 4.5 x 1.5m. Fresh liquid was added to the leaching tanks and the process repeated for several weeks. The waste solids were alum quarrying and trade in several geographical areas [1]. In the 1850s. Its significance could be explored when studying the literature, interesting notes on alum as a mordant for textile liquor from leaching rose to 1.12, indicating 12 tons of dissolved dyeing of yarn, cloth and leather in North America, China, Libya, eventually dug out and discarded.
    [Show full text]
  • Memoirs Faculty of Engineering
    ISSN 0078-6659 MEMOIRS OF THE FACULTY OF ENG THE FACULTY MEMOIRS OF MEMOIRS OF THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OSAKA CITY UNIVERSITY INEERING OSAKA CITY UNIVERSITY VOL. 60 DECEMBER 2019 VOL. 60. 2019 PUBLISHED BY THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING OSAKA CITY UNIVERSITY 1911-0402大阪市立大学 工学部 工学部英文紀要VOL.60(2019) 1-4 見本 スミ 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 This series of Memoirs is issued annually. Selected original works of the members 㻌 of the Faculty of Engineering are compiled in the first part of the volume. Abstracts of 㻌 㻌 papers presented elsewhere during the current year are compiled in the second part. List 㻌 of conference presentations delivered during the same period is appended in the last part. 㻌 All communications with respect to Memoirs should be addressed to: 㻌 Dean of the Graduate School of Engineering 㻌 Osaka City University 㻌 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku 㻌 Osaka 558-8585, Japan 㻌 㻌 Editors 㻌 㻌 㻌 Akira TERAI Hayato NAKATANI This is the final print issue of “Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Osaka City Masafumi MURAJI University.” This series of Memoirs has been published for the last decade in print edition as Daisuke MIYAZAKI well as in electronic edition. From the next issue, the Memoirs will be published only Hideki AZUMA electronically. The forthcoming issues will be available at the internet address: Tetsu TOKUONO https://www.eng.osaka-cu.ac.jp/en/about/publication.html. The past and present editors take Toru ENDO this opportunity to express gratitude to the subscribers for all their support and hope them to keep interested in the Memoirs.
    [Show full text]
  • (Cudrania Javanensis) Wood Extract Dyeing Quality on Silk Batik
    Proceeding Indonesian Textile Conference (International Conference) 3rd Edition Volume 1 2019 http://itc.stttekstil.ac.id ISSN : 2356-5047 Effect of Different Solvent on Tegeran (Cudrania javanensis) Wood Extract Dyeing Quality on Silk Batik Vivin Atika 1 ,Tin Kusuma Arta 1, Dwi Wiji Lestari 1, Agus Haerudin 1and Aprilia Fitriani 1 1 Balai Besar Kerajinan dan Batik - Kementerian Perindustrian * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: - Abstract: Tegeran (Cudrania javanensis) wood has been used as natural yellow dyes source for batik that traditionally obtained from extraction process by boiling in some amount of water. Tegeran dyes gives deep yellow color in cotton and silk batik with good fastness properties, but rarely reported about its result quality using different type of solvents in extracting process. Therefore, we conducted this research to find out how much different type of solvent in extracting process giving influence on dyeing result quality of silk batik. In this research has been carried out Tegeran wood extraction using four different solvent such as alcohol 70%, aquadest, acid/acetic acid solution pH 2.5 and alkaline/sodium hydroxide solution pH 12. The extract then used to dye batiked silk fabric. Tegeran wood extract coloring result in silk batik giving range colour from yellow to deep cream. The color strength values obtained were batik fabric dyed with Tegeran wood extract from alcohol 70% solvent 0.49, acid 0.57, aquadest 1.15, and alkaline 1.78. From color difference testing results, we obtain value of batik fabric colored with tegeran wood extract from alcohol 70 % L*=79.34, a*=6.37, b*=53.51; aquadest L*=87.91, a*=-0.69, b*=34.53; alkaline L*=76.06, a*=9.41, b*=14.76; and acid L*=77.70, a*=8.21, b*=36.72.
    [Show full text]
  • Eosin Staining
    Science of H & E Andrew Lisowski, M.S., HTL (A.S.C.P.) 1 Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining “The desired end result of a tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin is based upon what seems to be almost infinite factors. Pathologists have individual preferences for section thickness, intensities, and shades. The choice of which reagents to use must take into consideration: cost, method of staining, option of purchasing commercially-prepared or technician-prepared reagents, safety, administration policies, convenience, availability, quality, technical limitations, as well as personal preference.” Guidelines for Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining National Society for Histotechnology 2 Why Do We Stain? In order to deliver a medical diagnosis, tissues must be examined under a microscope. Once a tissue specimen has been processed by a histology lab and transferred onto a glass slide, it needs to be appropriately stained for microscopic evaluation. This is because unstained tissue lacks contrast: when viewed under the microscope, everything appears in uniform dull grey color. Unstained tissue H&E stained tissue 3 What Does "Staining" Do? . Contrasts different cells . Highlights particular features of interest . Illustrates different cell structures . Detects infiltrations or deposits in the tissue . Detect pathogens Superbly contrasted GI cells Placenta’s large blood H&E stain showing extensive vessels iron deposits There are different staining techniques to reveal different structures of the cell 4 What is H&E Staining? As its name suggests, H&E stain makes use of a combination of two dyes – hematoxylin and eosin. It is often termed as “routine staining” as it is the most common way of coloring otherwise transparent tissue specimen.
    [Show full text]
  • Blocking Knits 101 with Faith Hale
    Blocking Knits 101 with Faith Hale Chapter 1 - Blocking Knits 101 Overview - Hi there, I'm Faith. I'm a resident knitter here at Creativebug and I have been knitting for over 20 years. And one question you ask any knitter is whether or not they are a blocker. If they block their knitting. And the best ones always say yes. Blocking is one of those steps that can take a bit of time but it really lends polish to your finished garment. If you design your own knitwear, you'll want to block all of your swatches so that you can see how they'll behave when the piece is completed. In this class, we'll cover three different kinds of blocking, wet blocking, steam blocking, and spot blocking. And I'll share with you some tips for working with different kinds of yarns and different kinds of techniques. Blocking can feel a bit tedious, but it's also super meditative. And I love taking my time with it as the final step for knitwear that I'm planning myself or giving to someone else. (upbeat music) Materials - You'll need a blocking surface, which can be as simple as a bed or a piece of cardboard, but I really prefer these blocking mats. They're interlocking, you can get a budget version as kids play mats. They're made out of this foam and I really like that they break down and you can pack them up and put them away. But if you don't have access to these, you can use a guest bed or even your rug covered with a clean towel.
    [Show full text]
  • Colour and Textile Chemistry—A Lucky Career Choice
    COLOUR AND TEXTILE CHEMISTRY—A LUCKY CAREER CHOICE By David M. Lewis, The University of Leeds, AATCC 2008 Olney Award Winner Introduction In presenting this Olney lecture, I am conscious that it should cover not only scientific detail, but also illustrate, from a personal perspective, the excitement and opportunities offered through a scientific career in the fields of colour and textile chemistry. The author began this career in 1959 by enrolling at Leeds University, Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing; the BSc course was followed by research, leading to a PhD in 1966. The subject of the thesis was "the reaction of ω-chloroacetyl-amino dyes with wool"; this study was responsible for instilling a great enthusiasm for reactive dye chemistry, wool dyeing mechanisms, and wool protein chemistry. It was a natural progression to work as a wool research scientist at the International Wool Secretariat (IWS) and at the Australian Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) on such projects as wool coloration at room temperature, polymers for wool shrink-proofing, transfer printing of wool, dyeing wool with disperse dyes, and moth-proofing. Moving into academia in 1987 led to wider horizons bringing many new research challenges. Some examples include dyeing cellulosic fibres with specially synthesised reactive dyes or reactive systems with the objective of achieving much higher dye-fibre covalent bonding efficiencies than those produced using currently available systems; neutral dyeing of cellulosic fibres with reactive dyes; new formaldehyde-free crosslinking agents to produce easy-care cotton fabrics; application of leuco vat dyes to polyester and nylon substrates; cosmetic chemistry, especially in terms of hair dyeing and bleaching; security printing; 3-D printing from ink-jet systems; and durable flame proofing cotton with formaldehyde-free systems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Do-Gooder Donation Hat Knitting Pattern This Pattern Is Copyright Little Red Window Design 2016 and Is Intended for Personal Use Only
    the do-gooder Donation Hat knitting pattern This pattern is copyright Little Red Window Design 2016 and is intended for personal use only. Please do not distribute, reproduce or sell this pattern or sell items made from this pattern. You can find step by step photos at: littleredwindow.com/knitting-patterns The Do-Gooder Hat Free Knitting Pattern for Donations Sizes: 0-3 months (6 months, 12 -24 months, Child) Gauge: 16 stiches = 4 inches US 10 16" or 12" circular knitting needles US 10 double pointed needles Bulky weight yarn (I used Lion Brand Tonal, but I also love their Baby's First and Homespun yarns) Yarn needle Using a long-tail cast on, cast on 40 (48, 56, 64) stitches on your circular needles. Join to knit in the round and k1, p1 in a rib stitch for 5 rounds. Then knit all rounds until the hat is 4(4 1/2, 5, 5 1/2) inches long. Decrease (distribute stitches among 3 double pointed needles and knit with the 4th): Round 1: (k6, k2tog) and repeat to the end of the round. Round 2: Knit all stitches Round 3: (k5, k2tog) and repeat to the end of the round. Round 4: Knit all stitches Round 5: (k4, k2tog) and repeat to the end of the round. Round 6: Use the fourth double pointed needle to knit all stitches for one round. Round 7: (k3, k2tog) and repeat to the end of the round. Round 8: Knit all stitches to the end of the round Round 9: (k2, k2tog) and repeat to the end of the round.
    [Show full text]
  • Sorptive Elimination of Alizarin Red-S Dye from Water Using Citrullus Lanatus Peels in Environmentally Benign Way Along with Equilibrium Data Modeling
    Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 25, No. 10 (2013), 5351-5356 http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.14179 Sorptive Elimination of Alizarin Red-S Dye from Water Using Citrullus lanatus Peels in Environmentally Benign Way Along with Equilibrium Data Modeling * RABIA REHMAN and TARIQ MAHMUD Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan *Corresponding author: Fax: +92 42 99230998; Tel: +92 42 99230463; Ext: 870; E-mail: [email protected] (Received: 7 June 2012; Accepted: 3 April 2013) AJC-13203 Textile industry effluents comprised of various toxic and non biodegradable chemicals, especially non-adsorbed dyeing materials, having synthetic origin. Alizarin Red-S dye is one such examples. In this work, sorptive removal of Alizarin Red-S from water was investigated using Citrullus lanatus peels, in batch mode on laboratory scale. It was observed that adsorption of dye on Citrullus lanatus peels increases with increasing contact time and temperature, but decreases with increasing pH. Isothermal modeling indicated that physio- sorption occurred more as compared to chemi-sorption during adsorption of Alizarin Red-S by Citrullus lanatus peels, with qm 79.60 mg g-1. Thermodynamic and kinetic investigations revealed that this process was favourable and endothermic in nature, following pseudo- second order kinetics. Key Words: Citrullus lanatus peels, Alizarin Red-S, Adsorption, Isothermal modeling, Kinetics. INTRODUCTION Textile industries use a variety of dyeing materials for developing different colour shades. A massive amount of these dyes is wasted during processing which goes into effluents and poses problems for mankind and environmental abiotic and biotic factors by creating water pollution.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 3,923,453 Lazar Et Al
    United States Patent (19) 11 3,923,453 Lazar et al. (45) Dec. 2, 1975 54 NEW DYE COMPOSITIONS twenty parts by weight of a dye assist consisting of a 75 Inventors: Remus I. Lazar, Berwyn; Richard C. mixture of benzyl alcohol and Reichel, Chicago, both of Ill. 73) Assignee: Welsicol Chemical Corporation, Chicago, Ill. 22 Filed: Dec. 3, 1973 (21) Appl. No.: 420,998 52 U.S. Ci............................ 8/39; 8/42 R; 8/42 B; 8/93; 81173 5 l l Int. Cl......................... D06P 1120; D06P 5/04 (58) Field of Search................... 8/93, 173, 39, 42 R Primary Examiner-Lewis T. Jacobs having a boiling point of about 1 17°C at 9 mm Hg Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Robert J. Schwarz; Dietmar pressure, a refractive index of about 1.5262 at 20°C H. Olesch and an infrared spectrum having strong bands at about 9.4, 10. 1, 12.7 and 14.4 microns, in a weight ratio of (57) ABSTRACT from 4:1 to 1:4. This invention discloses a dye composition comprising one part by weight of an acid dyestuff and from one to 5 Claims, No Drawings 3,923,453 1 2 anthraquinone, exemplified by CI Blue 45 (C.I. No. NEW DYE COMPOSITIONS 63010); azine, exemplified by CI Acid Blue 59 (C.I. This invention relates to dye compositions which are No. 50315); and quinoline, exemplified by CI Acid useful in the dyeing of natural proteinaceous and syn Yellow 3 (C.I. No. 47005). thetic polyamide fibers. r The mordant acid dyes similarly fall into several The art of dyeing is a complex procedure requiring a chemical types, such as anthraquinone, exemplified by variety of techniques and chemicals: The dyeing of nat CI Mordant Red 3 (C.I.
    [Show full text]
  • 2591ES | 3391ES | 4191ES Scissor Lift
    Introduction. 1 Safety. 2 Safety Alert Symbols . 3 Fall Protection . 4 Electrocution Hazard . 5 Tip-over Hazards. 6 Fall Hazards . 7 Collision Hazards . 7 Additional Safety Hazards. 8 Battery Safety . 8 Jobsite Inspection . 9 Function Tests. 9 Operating Instructions . 10 Prestart. 10 Base Controls Operation and Test . 11 Platform Control Operation and Test . 12 Joystick Operation . 12 Outrigger Operation (optional). 15 Shutdown Procedure . 15 Emergency Systems. 16 Emergency Lowering – 2591ES – 3391ES . 16 Emergency Lowering – 4191ES. 16 Deck Extension . 17 Fold Down Platform Railings . 18 Machine Inspections and Maintenance . 20 Pre-Start Inspection Checklist . 21 Monthly Inspection Checklist . 22 Quarterly Inspection Checklist . 23 Maintenance . 25 Routine Maintenance . 26 Scheduled Maintenance . 26 ART_2849 Maintenance Lock . 26 Lubrication . 27 2591ES | 3391ES | 4191ES Battery Charger . 28 Component Locations. 30 Scissor Lift Warning and Instructional Decals . 34 2591ES Serial #11400001 – up Troubleshooting. 36 3391ES Serial #11500001 – up Transport and Lifting Instructions.. 38 4191ES Serial #11600001 – up Loading . 38 Lifting and Tie Down Instructions . 40 91831 December 2008 —Specifications— 2591ES 3391ES 4191ES Working Height* 31 FT* 9.62 m* 39 FT* 12.06 m* 47 FT* 14.50 m* Platform Height 25 FT 7.62 m 33 FT 10.06 m 41 FT 12.50 m Platform Entry Height 57 IN 1.45 m 66 IN 1.67 m 74 IN 1.88 m Stowed Height Rails Up 100.5 IN 2.55 m 109.5 IN 2.78 m 119 IN 3.02 m Rails Folded Down 71 IN 1.80 m 79 IN 2.01 m 87.5 IN 2.22 m Maximum Number
    [Show full text]
  • The Many Shades of Cochineal Red Workshop Review and Recap
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 9-2012 The Many Shades of Cochineal Red Workshop Review and Recap Tal Landeau Workshop Scholarship Recipient Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Landeau, Tal, "The Many Shades of Cochineal Red Workshop Review and Recap" (2012). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 706. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/706 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The Many Shades of Cochineal Red Workshop Review and Recap Tal Landeau Workshop Scholarship Recipient Michel Garcia’s workshop The Many Shades of Cochineal Red at the in Arlington Arts Center in Arlington, Virginia, was packed with multiple steaming pots, a couple of blown fuses and multiple vibrant hues of red, purples and oranges. Garcia demonstrated how the selection of mordanting processes used in conjunction with cochineal dye resulted in different nuances of the color red in the final dyed cloth and yarn. As a bonus and demonstration of other reds from natural dyes, Garcia also used madder to dye more fiber. The three mordanting methods outlined by Garcia were what he called the classical method, the forgotten method and the unknown method. The classical method uses the mineral salt alum (aluminum sulfate) and cream of tartar to mordant the fiber.
    [Show full text]
  • Tub Dyeing Basics Step by Step Instructions on the Next Page G with Fiber Reactive Dyes
    tub dyeing basics Step by step instructions on the next page g with Fiber Reactive Dyes Use this method to dye fabric or clothing, made of natural fibers one uniform or solid color. Also called Garment Dyeing or Vat Dyeing, this method can also be done in a washing machine. Fiber Reactive Dye is the dye of choice for all cellulose (plant) fibers, like cotton, Rayon, hemp, linen, Tencel®, Modal®, bamboo, etc. (For dyeing silk, wool and other protein fibers, see Dyeing Wool and Silk with Fiber Reactive Dyes on our website) The chemical bond of these dyes is permanent, so once all the excess dye is washed out an infant can chew on the fabric and it will not come off! Fiber Reactive Dyes work in lukewarm water so these directions can also be used to dye batik (waxed) fabrics in successive colors without fear of melting the wax. WHAT You’ll need: SALT & SODA ASH REQUIREMENTS • Fiber Reactive Dye • A bucket large enough The amount of Non-Iodized Salt and Soda Ash are for your item to move a function of the amount of water used. For each • Soda Ash around in, or a top pound of dry fabric you will need about 3 gallons of • Non-Iodized Salt loading washing machine warm water. The water must cover the fabric with • Urea (optional) • Pitcher & cup enough room for thorough, tangle-free stirring; oth- erwise you get uneven dyeing and streaks. For each • Calsolene Oil (optional) • Measuring cups 1½ gallons of water use 1½ cups of Non-Iodized • Synthrapol • Spoons Salt and 1/6 cup of Soda Ash.
    [Show full text]