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Educational Opportunity for All: Overcoming Inequality Throughout the Life Course, OECD Publishing, Paris

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Educational Opportunity for All: Overcoming Inequality Throughout the Life Course, OECD Publishing, Paris Educational Research and Innovation Educational Opportunity for All OVERCOMING INEQUALITY THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE Educational Research and Innovation Equitable educational opportunities can help to promote long-lasting, inclusive economic growth and social cohesion. Successful education and skills policies can empower individuals reach their full potential and enjoy Educational Opportunity for All the fruits of their labour, regardless of their circumstances at birth. However, as this report shows, far too many children, students and adults from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds fall behind. In many OVERCOMING INEQUALITY THROUGHOUT countries, substantial learning gaps exist between students at opposite ends of the socio-economic scale, and these differences tend to increase in the transition into adulthood. THE LIFE COURSE All countries have ample room for improvement to ensure better learning outcomes for all. Early childhood Course Inequality Life Opportunitythe Educational throughout Overcoming All for education has been identified as an important element in future success, and requires investment, as do family and community-based support and programmes for children from families that have not attained a high level of education and skills. In the schools, targeted support is necessary for low performers from disadvantaged backgrounds and for poorly performing schools. As for the adult population, learning should be focused on improving employability, through a combination of education and practical job training. Barriers to participation in learning need to be removed, and delivery methods need to be more innovative and flexible. Targeted support is needed for the most vulnerable members of society. Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264270695-en This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases.Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. ISBN 978-92-64-28744-0 96 2017 07 1P 9 789264 287440 Educational Research and Innovation Educational Opportunity for All OVERCOMING INEQUALITY THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2017), Educational Opportunity for All: Overcoming Inequality throughout the Life Course, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264287457-en ISBN 978-92-64-28744-0 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-28745-7 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-64-28746-4 (epub) Series: Educational Research and Innovation ISSN 2076-9679 (online) ISSN 2076-9660 (print) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Prixel Creative/Shutterstock.com Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. © OECD 2017 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of the source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. Foreword Foreword Many OECD countries are experiencing an increase in social inequalities, not only with regard to earnings, income and wealth, but also in access to many other social goods and opportunities. Social inequalities are responsible for weakening the fabric of societies, a growing disconnect between citizens and public institutions, and a feeling amongst many individuals that they have been disempowered. Social inequalities are also connected to weakened economic growth, a waste of human capital and the failure to translate rapid technological change into shared productivity growth across all firms and economic sectors. In 2012 the OECD launched the Inclusive Growth initiative to develop a strategic policy agenda for rethinking economic growth in such a way that all socio-economic groups can contribute and derive fair benefits from their participation. The evidence shows that education plays a vital role in mitigating against the drivers of rising social inequalities. Equitable education systems allow disadvantaged students to succeed. But it doesn’t always work like this. Education can be seen as a system of distributing the cards of social opportunity, but it does this not only on the basis of talent, effort and merit, but by taking into account the economic, social and cultural resources that students bring from their families into the school. Equity in educational opportunities and learning outcomes has featured prominently in OECD’s education and skills work over the past fifteen years. A number of reports produced by the OECD Directorate for Education and Skills have provided evidence and analytical insights into the complex mechanisms through which education systems simultaneously reproduce social inequalities and compensate for social disadvantage and into the policies that seem to be more effective in moving the balance from the former towards the latter. Because of the importance of education in the framework of inclusive growth, the time seems ripe for a new synthesis. This book brings together the wealth of knowledge produced in OECD education and skills work over the past years. It integrates the evidence on educational inequalities in a life course perspective, demonstrating that what happens in one stage in the educational trajectory builds upon the previous one, but also that opportunities are available in each stage to compensate for or bring corrections to the missed ones in previous stages. Dirk Van Damme, Head of Division, Education Ambassador for Inclusive Growth Educational Opportunity FOR ALL: OVERCOMING Inequality Throughout THE LIFE COURSE © OECD 2017 3 ACKnowledgements Acknowledgements This contribution to the OECD Inclusive Growth initiative was generously supported by a grant of the Open Society Foundations, negotiated by the Inclusive Growth unit in the Office of the Secretary-General.. The authors would like to thank Hugh Mclean, Director of Education Support Programme, Daniel Pop, Senior Team Manager of Education Support Programme, Aleesha Taylor, Deputy Director of the Open Society Education Support Programme, and Nora Henter, Administration Officer of Education Support Programme, for their commitment and support. The publication was prepared by Ji Eun Chung, analyst in the OECD Directorate for Education and Skills, with the assistance of Stephanie Hagen, François Keslair and Lindsey Ricker and under the supervision of Dirk Van Damme. The authors would also like to thank Andreas Schleicher, Montserrat Gomendio, Paulo Santiago, and Simon Field for their guidance. Marissa Colón-Margolies and Victoria Elliot provided editorial support. Rachel Linden was responsible for the production of the report. Members of OECD’s Centre for Education Research and Innovation and Education Development Policy Committee provided valuable comments and support for this publication. The authors would like to also thank the following group of experts: Jack Anders, Francesca Borgonovi, Alvaro Choi, Daniel Caro, Alper Dincer, Morag Henderson, John Jerrim, Anna Katyn Chmielewski, Philip Kirby, Sarah Klaus, Mary Metcalfe, Philip D Parker, Pauline Rose, Ingrid Schoon and Anna Vignoles for providing comments on the outline and the draft. 4 Educational Opportunity FOR ALL: OVERCOMING Inequality Throughout THE LIFE COURSE © OECD 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Executive summary . 9 Chapter 1. Overview: Towards equitable learning opportunities throughout life . 11 Background rationale . 12 What this report offers . 12 Various factors affecting individuals’ life outcomes . 16 Policy recommendations on ensuring equitable educational outcomes at each stage of life . 21 References . 24 Chapter 2. Accumulation of disadvantages over the life course. 27 Opportunity for all?. 28 Accumulation of disadvantages over life course: the vicious cycle . 30 A set of equity-relevant indicators over the life course. 33 Various factors affecting individuals’ life outcomes . 38 What does it take to improve educational equity?. 42 Notes . 49 References . 49 Chapter 3. Start by investing in education . 53 The importance of early childhood education and care (ECEC) . 54 Benefits of early enrolment in ECEC . 54 Long-term gains from participation in ECEC for children with low socio-economic status . 54 School outcomes for children with ECEC experience. 55 Accessible and affordable ECEC and mothers’ participation in the labour market . 55 The cause of inequality in early childhood
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