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Phenomenology and Models of Dark Matter and Neutrinos

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Phenomenology and Models of Dark Matter and Neutrinos Dissertation submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Put forward by Miguel David Campos Vidal Born in Talcahuano, Chile Oral examination: 25th July 2018 Phenomenology and Models of Dark Matter and Neutrinos Referees: Dr. rer. nat. Werner Rodejohann Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Tilman Plehn Zusammenfassung Die schwer fassbare Natur dunkler Materie stellt seit Jahrzehnten eine Herausfor- derung für theoretische und Experimentalphysiker dar. Um beide Herangehens- weisen zusammenzuführen, untersuchen wir die Phänomenologie, durch die sich verschiedene vereinfachte Modelle in diversen Experimenten manifestieren wür- de und betonen dabei die Wichtigkeit ihrer Komplementarität. Wir behandeln die unterschiedlichen Rollen, die Neutrinos im dunkle Materie Problem spielen können. Schließlich betrachten wir eine vollständigere Theorie, welche Neutrino- massen erklärt und einen dunkle Materie Kandidaten stellt. Zunächst analysie- ren wir das dark sequential Z0 portal, bezüglich dessen direkte Detektions- und Beschleunigerexperimente die Eigenschaften des Majorana-Fermions, welches die Rolle der Dunklen Materie übernimmt, am stärksten einschränken lassen. Im Anschluss nehmen wir an, dass ein schweres rechtshändiges Neutrino das Austauschteilchen zwischen Standardmodell und dem dunklen Sektor darstellt, wodurch dunkle Materie Massen unter 200 GeV durch indirekte Detektionsex- perimente ausgeschlossen werden konnten. Wir betrachten auch die Möglich- keit, dass ein keV steriles Neutrino selbst das dunkle Materie Teilchen ist und untersuchen, inwiefern aktuelle und zukünftige Detektionsexperimente dies ein- schränken können. Schließlich analysieren wir die Phänomenologie eines Two Higgs-Doublet-Modells mit einer zusätzlichen U(1)X Eichsymmetrie um flavour changing neutral interactions zu vermeiden und gleichzeitig Neutrinomassen zu erzeugen. Das Hinzufügen dunkler Materie führt dabei zu weiteren Einschrän- kungen. Abstract The evasive nature of dark matter has been challenging experimentalists and theorists alike for decades. In order to bridge both approaches, we investigate the phenomenology that different simplified models would imprint on various experiments, stressing the importance of the complementarity that they offer. We also address the different roles that neutrinos can play in the dark matter problem. Finally, we consider a more complete theory able to explain neutrino masses and provide a dark matter candidate. We start by analysing the dark se- quential Z0 portal, where direct detection and collider searches put the strongest bounds to the Majorana fermion, which plays the role of dark matter. Then we consider a heavy right-handed neutrino as the mediator between the Stan- dard Model and the dark sector, ruling out dark matter masses below 200 GeV through indirect detection. We also explore the possibility of a sterile neutrino in the keV mass range being the dark matter particle itself, assessing how cur- rent and future direct detection experiments can impose limits. We conclude by analysing the phenomenology of a Two Higgs-Doublet Model, with the addition of a U(1)X gauge symmetry in order to avoid flavour changing neutral inter- actions and produce neutrino masses at the same time. Further constraints are imposed when dark matter is added in this context. Disclaimer The research presented in this thesis was published in peer-reviewed journals, as follows • The simplified models presented in chapter2 were published in “Dark se- quential Z0 portal: Collider and direct detection experiments”, Phys. Rev. D 97, no. 4, 043009 (2018), in collaboration with Giorgio Arcadi, Man- fred Lindner, Antonio Masiero and Farinaldo S. Queiroz (section 2.2); and “Search for right-handed neutrinos from dark matter annihilation with gamma-rays”, JCAP 1707, no. 07, 016 (2017), in collaboration with Fari- naldo S. Queiroz, Carlos E. Yaguna and Christoph Weniger (section 2.3). • The study performed in chapter3 contains work published in “Testing keV sterile neutrino dark matter in future direct detection experiments”, Phys. Rev. D 94, no. 9, 095010 (2016), in collaboration with Werner Rodejohann. • The model introduced in chapter4 is based on “Neutrino masses and absence of flavor changing interactions in the 2HDM from gauge princi- ples”, JHEP 1708, 092 (2017), in collaboration with D. Cogollo, Manfred Lindner, T. Melo, Farinaldo S. Queiroz and Werner Rodejohann. Acknowledgments This has been certainly an interesting journey. Not quite that of a hero, but full of rough patches and incredibly rewarding moments all the same, as any journey worth telling about. Luckily, it was about both, the journey and the destination. And I could have not possibly made it without the help of a few people I would like to acknowledge. I am most thankful to my advisor, Werner Rodejohann for believing in me in the first place, for encouraging me through different scientific endeavours and for his general support and advice along the way. I am very fortunate to have had the opportunity of spending these years at the Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, for which I would like to thank the director of our division, Manfred Lindner; its incredibly helpful administrative staff, Ludmila Hollmach, Britta Schwarz and Anja Berneiser; and all its members, both past and present, who not just created an enjoyable work environment but also were always ready to share their valu- able insights into the different aspects of physics and otherwise. I am grateful to all of them, but particular thanks must go to Farinaldo Queiroz, whose sharp and solid advice put me back on track more than once. I’m certain that the experiences he shared will come handy in the future. Special thanks also go to my officemate, Anatoly Smolnikov, for his anecdotes and Russian chocolates. I am indebted to those who sacrificed their time proofreading different parts of this thesis: Sebastian Ohmer, Thomas Hugle, Alex Helmboldt, Julia Haser and Marvin Lüben. If it approaches to any good is thanks to them, while its many shortcomings are my own. I want to additionally thank Julia for her encouraging words and all the hours spent dissecting the many aspects of life as a scientist; and Marvin for his friendship and his guidance through the German wilderness. I owe thanks to the many friends I have encountered in the glorious little town of Heidelberg. And also to my former bachelor peers, scattered through Europe. I thank them for their kind words, their quips and for generally being there for me to lean on when I needed it. They greatly contributed to the bright sides of this journey. vi I would like to express my gratitude to the people who have gone through our wonderful WG, for their warmth and all the amazing moments we spent to- gether. A very special thanks to those who helped me towards the completion of this thesis, Marcel Laqueur and Jonas Kuhn, for their care, their time invested and their English and German advice, respectively. And to Mr. Spock, who was always willing to contribute by sitting on my keyboard. Me gustaría también expresar mi gratitud por el cariño de mis amigos en Chile, quienes siempre han estado presentes, a pesar de la distancia. Finalmente, quiero agradecer de la manera más profunda el apoyo incondicional de mi fa- milia. Mi hermana siempre ha tenido las palabras adecuadas cuando las he necesitado, tanto en lo personal como en lo científico, mientras que el amor y entrega invariable de mis padres ha sido un faro en todo momento. Sin ustedes jamás podría haber llegado a este punto. Gracias. Heidelberg, May 2018 Miguel D. Campos The evolution of the world can be compared to a display of fireworks that has just ended: some few red wisps, ashes, and smoke. Standing on a cooled cinder, we see the slow fading of the suns, and we try to recall the vanished brilliance of the origin of the worlds. Georges Lemaître Table of Contents Abstracti Disclaimer iii Acknowledgmentsv 1 Introduction 1-1 1.1 The Current State of Affairs . 1-1 1.2 The Area of Knowledge: The Standard Model . 1-3 1.2.1 The Dawn of the SM . 1-3 1.2.2 The SM Symmetry Group . 1-5 1.3 The Perimeter of Ignorance: Dark Matter . 1-9 1.3.1 The Evidence . 1-9 1.3.1.1 Early Evidence . 1-9 1.3.1.2 Modern Evidence . 1-10 1.3.2 The Standard Halo Model . 1-17 1.3.3 The Usual Suspects . 1-18 1.3.3.1 WIMPs . 1-19 1.3.3.2 Axions . 1-20 1.3.3.3 Sterile Neutrinos . 1-20 1.3.4 Experimental Approaches . 1-24 1.3.4.1 WIMP Detection . 1-24 1.3.4.2 Sterile Neutrino Detection . 1-28 1.3.5 Theoretical Approaches . 1-29 1.3.6 Issues with ΛCDM . 1-30 1.4 Neutrino Physics . 1-32 1.4.1 The Story so Far . 1-32 1.4.2 Unsolved Mysteries . 1-33 1.4.3 The Riddle of the Mass . 1-37 References . 1-39 2 Simplified Models and Complementarity 2-1 2.1 Introduction . 2-1 2.2 The Dark Sequential Z0 Portal . 2-2 2.2.1 The Model . 2-2 x 2.2.2 The Constraints . 2-3 2.2.2.1 Relic Abundance . 2-3 2.2.2.2 Direct Detection . 2-5 2.2.2.3 Indirect Detection . 2-6 2.2.2.4 Collider Searches . 2-7 2.2.2.5 Perturbativity . 2-9 2.2.3 The Results . 2-9 2.3 The Neutrino Portal . 2-13 2.3.1 The Method . 2-13 2.3.2 The Constraints . 2-18 2.3.2.1 Fermi-LAT Dataset . 2-18 2.3.2.2 H.E.S.S. Dataset . 2-21 2.3.3 The Results . 2-23 References . 2-26 3 Direct Detection of Sterile Neutrinos as Dark Matter 3-1 3.1 Introduction .
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